Motives for Imperialism & Imperialism in Africa 2 PDF

Looking Back - Review What is required for What is the incentive nation to for a nation to industrialize? industrialize? 1 – Factors of 1 – WEALTH Production (land, 2- Power & labor, capital) Nationalism 2 – Political Stability 3...

Looking Back - Review What is required for What is the incentive nation to for a nation to industrialize? industrialize? 1 – Factors of 1 – WEALTH Production (land, 2- Power & labor, capital) Nationalism 2 – Political Stability 3 – Spreading of 3 – Transportation culture network 4 – Trading Markets  Industrial Revolution CAUSES: DEFINITION: Agricultural Revolution Age of increased output of machine-made goods Increased demand for goods WHERE: New inventions England Then around Europe United States (Beginning in New England)  IMPERIALISM DEFINITION: the takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of natives. WHO: England Italy France Germany Spain Portugal Belgium USA  Motives for Imperialism Think EMPIRE 1. Open google doc (link on Canvas) 2. Complete the chart as we discuss the motives 3. Submit completed chart to Canvas  EXPLORATORY GOALS to map new territory QUOTE to locate indigenous “All great nations in the (native) people fullness of their strength have to identify natural desired to set their mark resources available upon barbarian lands and (animals, plants, etc.) those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will play a pitiable role in time to What does it sound like? come” “We need their - (German historian) Heinrich resources”, “Landgrabs”, von Treitschke, 1879 “They are misusing the land”  Political GOALS to claim land for the “mother QUOTE country” “Nations are great in our times to make sure their country had only by means of the activities more resources than other which they develop…(France) out to countries propagate this influence throughout to control another country’s the world and carry everyone that Government she can her language, her customs, her flag, her arms, and her genius.” -Jules Ferry, 1883 (prime minister What does it sound like? of France in the years 1880 -1881 “Bring them democracy”, and 1883- 1885) “Help them remove a dictator  IDEOLOGICAL GOALS QUOTE to “improve” non- “I repeat, that the superior races have a Europeans’ way of life right because they have a duty. They have to make others more like the duty to civilize the inferior races.... In Europeans the history of earlier centuries these duties, to make them adopt a gentlemen, have often been misunderstood. European Perspective.. But, in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with What does it sound like? sincerity of this superior civilizing duty.” “Ethnic Cleansing”, “Racial superiority”, -Jules Ferry, 1883 (prime minister of France in the in the years 1880 -1881 and “Our destiny” 1883-1885)  RELIGIOUS GOALS to convert native people to the QUOTE Christian religion “The Catholic/Christian faith to convince native people that and the Christian religion be their religion is wrong/“evil” exalted and everywhere to change the beliefs of the next increased and spread, that the Generation health of souls be cared for and that barbarous nations be What does it sound like? overthrown and brought to the “Gifting them Christianity”, faith itself.” “Assimilating them” -Inter Caetera, May 3, 1493  ECONOMIC GOALS to obtain raw materials to QUOTE “The majority of the raw produce goods – supply materials were agricultural to get the native people to products produced purchase European goods and on plantations. Plantation services – demand crops/cash crops to make money! included tea, coffee, cotton, and jute. Another crop was opium. The What does it sound like? British shipped opium to China “New markets”, “Modernize and exchanged it for tea, which the land”, “Debt peonage” they then sold in Britain” Just how big is Africa?  The Age of Imperialism in Africa Setting the Stage: Layers of History a. Ancient Egyptians and Nubians in the north left Africa with impressive ruins b. Rule by the Persians and Greeks spread culture c. The Ottoman Empire brought Islam d. The Roman Empire controlled northern Africa after the defeat of Carthage The Age of Imperialism in Africa a. Prior to European domination, African people were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups and continued to follow traditional beliefs b. Some converted to Islam and Christianity c. Due to industrialization, Europeans competed for new markets to buy goods/raw materials d. This led to European imperialism in Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries e. Imperialism: the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country  Africa before European Imperialism African Trade [15c-17c] Pre-19c European Trade with Africa  Read : Whole Class What was the Driving Force Behind European Imperialism in Africa?  The Age of Imperialism in Africa 1. Disease and African armies had discouraged European exploration in the past 2. Humanitarians, explorers, and missionaries who were against the Atlantic Slave Trade were allowed to travel to the interior 3. In the 1860s, David Livingstone, a missionary from Scotland travelled to Africa Feared dead, American Henry Stanley found Livingstone in near Lake Tanganyika and his greeting “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” became world famous 4. Stanley’s further exploration of the Congo sparked the interest of King Leopold II of Belgium who took control of these lands with treaties and exploited the people European Explorers in Africa 19c → Europeans Map the Interior of Africa Where Is Dr. Livingstone? Doctor Livingstone, I Presume? Sir Henry Morton Stanley Dr. David Livingstone European Explorations in mid-19c: “The Scramble for Africa” The Scramble for Africa begins…..  What was the “Scramble for Africa” The process of the invasion, occupation, and domination of African territory by European powers from 1880-1914 (the start of World War I). In about 1880, Europeans only controlled 10% of the continent of Africa. In 1913, at the end of “Scramble for Africa,” (only 33 years later) Europe controlled ALMOST ALL of Africa. Only Liberia and Ethiopia remained independent.  CONFERENCE OF BERLIN, 1884-1885 CARVING UP AFRICA European powers knew that the tensions were mounting, so to avoid war, they came together in Berlin. Made an agreement to end slavery and allow for free trade in Africa. BUT, they drew lines on the map. They decided who would get what parts of Africa. Everyone present at the Conference of Berlin got a piece of the “great African cake.”  Berlin Conference During the 1880’s and 1890’s, Europeans armed with new weaponry and a sense of entitlement descended, as if overnight. Europe had captured a continent. The Act of Berlin legalized the “Scramble for Africa.” No one asked any Africans to attend the Berlin Conference. Europe thought of Africa as the “Dark Continent” - wild, exotic and in need of enlightenment. Read: Berlin Conference (whole class)  IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA By 1914 African continent almost entirely controlled by European imperial powers Took control of economy, society, government of the conquered peoples  Read: White Man’s Burden (whole class) EXAMPLE 1: Judge, 1899 Against Social Darwinism “All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will play a pitiable role in time to come.” - Heinrich von Treitschke  Devilfish in Egyptian Waters 1. What is about to occur in the picture? 2. What does this cartoon say about England and Imperialism? 3. Why do you think this cartoon earned such a title?  Views on Partition of Africa Cecil Rhodes in Favor: Chief Kabongo of Kenya Opposing: “I contend that we are the first race “ A Pink Cheek man came one day in the world and that the more of the to our Council… and he told us of world we inhabit the better it is for the King of the Pink Cheek who… the human race. I contend that lived in a land over the seas. ‘This every acre added to our territory great King is now your King,’ he said. This was strange news. For provides for the birth of more of the this land was ours… We had no English race, who otherwise would king, we elected our Councils and not be brought into existence……. I they made our laws. With believe it to be my duty to God, my patience, our leading Elders, tried to tell this to the Pink Cheek… But Queen, and my country to paint the at the end he said, “This we know whole map of Africa red, red from but in spite of this what I have told the Cape to the Cairo. That is my you is a fact.. You have now a creed, my dream my mission.” king… and his laws are now your laws.” What is Cecil Rhode’s argument for imperialism? What is Chief Kabongo’s argument against We’ll examine one region in more detail... THE CONGO  TODAY THE CONGO RIVER BASIN IS MADE UP OF SIX DIFFERENT COUNTRIES  THE CONGO RIVER BASIN BEFORE IMPERIALISM The Congo was never fully united under one government before the arrival of Europeans. Instead, more than 200 ethnic groups occupied this region, each with its own customs and history. Some groups, controlled territories of thousands of square miles under the rule of one leader. Other groups lived in small village-based societies.  KONGO KINGDOM: SOPHISTICATED & WELL- DEVELOPED The ManiKongo (king) sat on a throne, had symbols of royalty, and was responsible for justice - just like European kings of the time. The ManiKongo appointed governors, collected taxes, and controlled currency. The nobility were ironworkers, but most Bakongo were farmers  KING LEOPOLD II OF BELGIUM SEIZES THE CONGO IN 1885 King Leopold II of tiny Belgium wanted to take his place among the great colonial powers of Europe. Land was not available in Europe, or anywhere else. Inspired by a book - J.W.B. Money’s How to Manage a Colony. Tells of how the Netherlands made a fortune in Java (SE Asia) by using forced labor to run coffee, sugar, indigo, and tobacco plantations. Leopold would take the lessons he learned from this book and apply them to the Congo.  LEOPOLD’S IMPERIALISM IN THE CONGO The area King Leopold II seized as his own personal property in 1885 was made up of over 200 ethnic groups. It was the size of France, Germany, Britain, Spain and Italy COMBINED. 76x larger than Belgium. Leopold named it the “Congo Free State.” Cash crops: rubber, timber, palm oil. During the roughly 20 years that Leopold was in power: the population of the Congo plummeted from about ~20 million to 10 million. Read: The Congo Harvesting Rubber Punishing “Lazy” Workers A father stares at the hand and foot of his A missionary points to the severed five-year-old daughter, severed as a hand of a Congolese villager. Severed punishment for having harvested too little hands were the most potent symbol of rubber. colonial brutality in the Congo. 5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official  European Advantages/African Vulnerability Strong economies, well-organized governments, and powerful armies and navies. Superior technology: riverboats, telegraph, medical knowledge, and the MAXIM GUN; in 1885, it was the first fully automatic machine gun. It could fire 500 rounds per minute, about as many as 100 rifles (Africans and Asians had no weapons to equal the Maxim gun). In West Africa, the slave trade had undermined established empires, and there were many wars among African people (no unification) Newer African states were not strong enough to resist the Western onslaught African Resistance Which parts of Africa saw rebellions against European rule? Which European nations attempted to suppress rebellions in Africa?  The Age of Imperialism in Africa 5. Clash over South Africa a. The Zulus under leader Shaka fought bravely against the British b. Zulus almost win but the Zulu nation fell to Britain in 1887 c. Dutch settlers known as Boers settled the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 d. Fought the British when the British took over e. Led to the Boer War between the British and the Boers f. Britain finally won and created the Union of South Africa in 1910 Dutch Landing in 1652 Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)  The Boer War: 1899 - 1900 The British The Boers A Future British Prime Minister British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill Diamond Mines Raw Diamonds  The Age of Imperialism in Africa 6. Legacy of Colonial Rule a. Negative Effects i. Africans lost control of their lands and their independence ii. Many died of smallpox iii. Thousands died resisting European rule iv. Traditional culture broke-down v. Division of Africa combined or unnaturally divided groups vi. Valuable goods such as gold, salt, and diamonds were taken out of the continent as well as the profit that was made  The Age of Imperialism in Africa b. Positive Effects i. Reduced local warfare ii. Sanitation was provided; hospitals & schools built iii. Life spans and literacy rates increased iv. Railroads, dams, and telephone/telegraph wires were built; mostly benefitted Europeans