Rocks and Minerals Midterm Review Packet PDF

Name:_____________ Rocks and Minerals; Midterm Review Packet 1. The diagrams below represent the crystal shape and type of cleavage of two different minerals. The crystal shape and type of cleavage of these two minerals are determined mainly by the minerals' A) streak and ha...

Name:_____________ Rocks and Minerals; Midterm Review Packet 1. The diagrams below represent the crystal shape and type of cleavage of two different minerals. The crystal shape and type of cleavage of these two minerals are determined mainly by the minerals' A) streak and hardness B) composition and atomic arrangement C) density and magnetism D) color and type of luster 2. Which process is necessary for the formation of 6. The table below indicates the presence of various igneous rocks? minerals in different rock samples. A) solidification B) metamorphism C) erosion D) deposition 3. What is a common use of the mineral composed of Fe 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12? A) jewelry B) building stones C) ceramics D) plaster of paris 4. Which statement best describes a general property of rocks? A) All rocks contain fossils. B) Most rocks are composed of a single mineral. Which statement is an accurate conclusion based on the information provided in the table? C) All rocks contain minerals formed by compression and cementation. A) All rocks are polymineralic. D) Most rocks have a number of minerals in B) Most rocks are monomineralic. common. C) Many rocks have a number of minerals in 5. The flowchart below illustrates the change from common. melted rock to basalt. D) Only igneous rocks contain quartz. 7. Which two minerals are commercial sources of iron? A) muscovite mica and biotite mica B) garnet and flourite C) galena and graphite The solidification of the melted rock occurred D) hematite and magnetite A) rapidly, resulting in fine-grained minerals 8. What is the origin of fine-grained igneous rock? B) slowly, resulting in fine-grained minerals C) rapidly, resulting in coarse-grained minerals A) lava that cooled quickly on Earth's surface D) slowly, resulting in coarse-grained minerals B) silt that settled slowly in ocean water C) lava that cooled slowly on Earth's surface D) silt that settled quickly in ocean water  Base your answers to questions 9 and 10on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral. 9. The luster of this mineral could be determined by A) using an electronic balance B) observing how light reflects from the surface of the mineral C) observing what happens when acid is placed on the mineral D) using a graduated cylinder 10.Which mineral was tested? A) galena B) quartz C) amphibole D) graphite 11.Diagrams A and B represent magnified views of the arrangement of mineral crystals in a rock before and after being subjected to geologic processes. Which geologic processes are most likely responsible for the banding and alignment of mineral crystals represented in diagram B? A) melting and solidification B) compaction and cementation C) weathering and erosion D) heating and increasing pressure 12. The diagram below indicates physical changes that accompany the conversion of shale to gneiss. Which geologic process is occurring to cause this conversion? A) intrusion of magma B) sedimentary layering C) weathering D) metamorphism 13. Equal masses of basalt, granite, iron and copper 16. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? received the same amount of solar energy during the A) fluorite B) hematite day. At night, which of these materials cooled down C) talc D) galena at the fastest rate? 17. What is the color and type of rock that forms oceanic A) iron B) granite crust at mid-ocean ridges? C) basalt D) copper A) light colored and sedimentary 14. Which two kinds of adjoining bedrock would most B) dark colored and igneous likely have a zone of contact metamorphism between them? C) dark colored and sedimentary D) light colored and igneous A) shale and conglomerate B) limestone and sandstone 18. Which mineral resource is used in making both furnace bricks and jewelry? C) limestone and granite D) shale and sandstone A) olivine B) pyroxene C) dolomite D) garnet 15. The diagram below shows a drill core of sediment that was taken from the bottom of a lake. 19. Most of the sediment that is compacted and later forms shale bedrock is A) sand B) clay C) pebbles D) silt 20. Scoria is a type of rock that forms most directly from the process of A) erosion B) solidification C) cementation D) metamorphism 21. Which mineral has cleavage in two directions and is commonly used to manufacture ceramics? A) fluorite B) potassium feldspar Which types of rock would most likely form from C) muscovite mica D) olivine compaction and cementation of these sediments? 22. The tendency of a mineral to split along flat surfaces A) conglomerate and siltstone indicates the mineral property called B) sandstone and limestone A) fracture B) hardness C) breccia and rock salt C) composition D) cleavage D) shale and coal  Base your answers to questions 23 and 24 on the block diagram below, which shows a portion of Eath's crust. Letters A, B, C, and D indicate sedimentary layers. 23. The igneous rock is mostly composed of potassium feldspar and quartz crystals that have an average grain size of 3 millimeters. The igneous rock is most likely A) gabbro B) granite C) pumice D) pegmatite 24. Which processes produced rock layer B? A) subduction and melting B) heat and pressure C) uplift and solidification D) compaction and cementation 25. Base your answer to the following question on the block diagram below which shows a cross section of Earth's crust. Letter A identifies a lake, and letters B through G represent different types of bedrock. Rock C most likely resulted from the A) regional metamorphism of a previously existing rock B) precipitation of minerals from evaporating water C) rapid cooling of lava from volcanic eruptions. D) compaction and cementation of angular quartz fragments 26. Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross section below. Location A is within the metamorphic rock. The metamorphic rock at location A is most likely A) marble B) quartzite C) slate D) phyllite 27. The data table below shows a student's observations 30. Which type of rock is represented by the map of a mineral sample. symbol below? A) contact metamorphic rock that results from the alteration of limestone by contact with an igneous intrusion B) regional metamorphic rock with block like foliation Based on the student's observations, the mineral can C) clastic sedimentary rock formed from organic best be identified as substances A) sulfur B) magnetite D) chemically formed sedimentary rock that C) hematite D) pyrite consists mainly of the mineral calcite 28. Most sandstone bedrock is composed of sediment 31. Which rock is classified as an evaporite? that was A) foliated phyllite A) sorted by size and layered B) nonfoliated marble B) unsorted and not layered C) crystalline rock salt C) sorted by size and not layered D) clastic shale D) unsorted and layered 32. Which mineral is usually present in pegmatite, 29. Which material requires the least amount of heat phyllite, and siltstone? energy to raise its temperature one Celsius degree? A) quartz B) pyroxene A) liquid water B) granite C) olivine D) garnet C) basalt D) ice 33. Which graph best represents the relative densities of three different types of igneous rock? A) B) C) D) 34. Which rock is composed of a mineral that can be 35. Which property is most useful in distinguishing used for the production of cement? pyroxene from amphibole? A) limestone B) rock gypsum A) type of luster B) sample size C) basalt D) rock salt C) hardness D) angles of cleavage 36. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals. The minerals listed in the table are varieties of which mineral? A) quartz B) olivine C) garnet D) magnetite 37. What are the rock name and map symbol used to 39. The photograph below shows an igneous rock. represent the sedimentary rock that has a grain size of 0.006 to 0.2 centimeters? A) B) What is the origin and rate of formation of this rock? A) volcanic with rapid cooling C) B) volcanic with slow cooling C) plutonic with rapid cooling D) plutonic with slow cooling 40. Which process led to the formation of thick salt deposits found in the bedrock at some locations in New York State? D) A) melting B) runoff C) evaporation D) condensation 41. Which processes lead directly to the formation of igneous rock? A) heat and pressure 38. Which two rocks contain the mineral quartz? B) melting and solidification C) compaction and cementation A) gabbro and schist D) weathering and erosion B) pumice and scoria C) dunite and sandstone 42. Which igneous rock has a vesicular texture and contains the minerals potassium feldspar and quartz? D) granite and gneiss A) scoria B) pegmatite C) pumice D) andesite 43. Which rock most probably formed directly from lava 45. A student classified the rock below as sedimentary. cooling quickly at Earth's surface? A) B) Which observation about the rock best supports this classification? A) The rock has a vesicular texture. B) The rock shows distorted and stretched pebbles. C) The rock contains fragments of other rocks. D) The rock is composed of several minerals. C) 46. The photograph below shows actual crystal sizes in a light-colored igneous rock that contains several minerals, including potassium feldspar, quartz, and biotite mica. D) The rock should be identified as 44. Which igneous rock could physically weather to beach sand that contains the minerals pyroxene, A) granite B) gabbro plagioclase feldspar, and olivine? C) basalt D) rhyolite A) dunite B) gabbro 47. Which mineral can be found in the rocks phyllite, C) granite D) peridotite sandstone, and granite? A) calcite B) gypsum C) pyroxene D) quartz 48. Base your answer to the following question on the photograph below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The photograph shows a sandstone erosional feature that formed near the Grand Canyon, in southwestern United States. What is the range of grain sizes that are most commonly found in rock making up this feature? A) 6.4 cm – 25.6 cm B) 0.2 cm – 6.4 cm C) 0.0004 cm – 0.006 cm D) 0.006 cm – 0.2 cm 49. The diagrams below show the crystal shapes of two 51. The diagram below represents rock A changing into minerals. rock B. Which process causes rock A to change into rock B? A) solidification B) precipitation C) metamorphism D) melting 52. The element silicon (Si) is used in the production of Quartz and halite have different crystal shapes cell phones. Which mineral could be a possible primarily because source of this silicon? A) of impurities that produce surface variations A) calcite B) halite B) of the internal arrangement of the atoms C) quartz D) galena C) light reflects from crystal surfaces D) energy is released during crystallization 53. Which rock is foliated, shows mineral alignment but not banding, and contains medium-sized grains of 50. Obsidian's glassy texture indicates that it formed quartz and pyroxene? A) quickly, on Earth's surface A) schist B) quartzite B) slowly, deep below Earth's surface C) phyllite D) gneiss C) quickly, deep below Earth's surface D) slowly, on Earth's surface 54. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a rock composed of cemented pebbles and sand. This rock should be classified as A) an extrusive igneous rock B) an intrusive igneous rock C) a bioclastic sedimentary rock D) a clastic sedimentary rock 55. The diagrams below represent four rock samples. 56. The photograph below shows the mineral muscovite Which rock was formed by rapid cooling in a mica. volcanic lava flow? [The diagrams are not to scale.] A) B) Which physical property can be observed in this photograph? A) magentism B) hardness C) streak D) cleavage 57. Which two physical properties of graphite make it a C) good mineral for use in pencils? A) hardness and streak B) luster and fracture C) cleavage and color D) greasy feel and composition 58. Which texture best describes an igneous rock that formed deep underground? D) A) glassy B) fine grained C) vesicular D) coarse grained 59. What is the texture of inorganic land-derived sedimentary rocks? A) crystalline B) vesicular C) clastic D) bioclastic 60. The diagram below represents geological processes that act continuously on Earth to form different rock types. Which table correctly classifies each rock type? A) B) C) D) 61. What do most igneous, sedimentary, and 62. Which rock is only formed by regional metamorphic rocks have in common? metamorphism? A) They are composed of minerals. A) slate B) marble B) They exhibit crystals, banding, and distinct C) hornfels D) dunite layers. 63. Which type of rock most likely contains fossils? C) They are produced by heat and pressure. D) They are formed from molten material. A) shale B) schist C) scoria D) gabbro 64. Base your answer to the following question on the passage and photograph below, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The photograph shows a banded iron rock formation located in northwestern Australia where iron ores are mined. The colors of two layers are labeled. Banded Iron Formations Iron (Fe) is responsible for the red color in many rocks. However, iron is not usually found in pure form within rocks; instead, it is combined with oxygen in ore minerals such as hematite and magnetite. Most deposits of iron ore in the world are found in rocks known as banded iron formations. In Earth's early history, there was little to no oxygen in the atmosphere or dissolved in oceans. However, oceans contained a lot of dissolved silica (SiO2), which came from the weathering of land rocks. Deposition of this silica often produced the sedimentary rock chert, which is almost entirely composed of SiO2. About 3000 million years ago, the oceans became inhabited by organisms that developed the ability to undergo photosynthesis, which produced oxygen as a waste product. This oxygen reacted with iron dissolved in the oceans to produce iron oxides that settled to the ocean floor in layers, alternating with the fine-grained silica layers. Over millions of years, these processes of precipitating iron oxide minerals and silica were repeated over and over again, producing banded iron formations. Once the iron levels in the oceans began to decrease, the extra oxygen produced by these photosynthetic organisms began entering Earth's atmosphere. Which mineral has a chemical composition most similar to chert? A) garnet B) calcite C) pyrite D) quartz 65. Biotite mica and muscovite mica have different 66. Which is an accurate statement about rocks? chemical compositions. Compared to the magma A) Rocks seldom undergo change. from which biotite mica forms, the magma from B) Most rocks have several minerals in common. which muscovite mica forms is usually C) Most rocks contain fossils. A) more felsic and more dense D) Rocks are located only in continental areas of B) more mafic and more dense the Earth. C) more mafic and less dense D) more felsic and less dense 67. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents rock units labeled A through E that have not been overturned. A lava flow is represented between rock units A and B. Letter X represents a location in the igneous rock. Which two minerals would most likely be found in the igneous rock if the rock is highly mafic? A) olivine and pyroxene B) quartz and potassium feldspar C) quartz and pyroxene D) olivine and potassium feldspar 68. The photograph below shows a large outcrop of rock 69. The photograph below shows a magnified view of a composed primarily of visible crystals of mica, portion of a rock that can float if placed in quartz, and feldspar. water. Which terms best describe this rock? Based on the composition and foliated texture, this rock can best be identified as A) non-crystalline and vesicular A) anthracite coal B) slate B) foliated and banded C) schist D) marble C) coarse and non-vesicular D) elastic and fragmental 70. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man's Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. — Crowds of visitors were drawn to Franconia Notch on Sunday to mourn the loss of New Hampshire's well-known symbol — the Old Man of the Mountain granite profile. The 700-ton natural formation was just a pile of rocks after breaking loose from its 1,200-foot-high mountainside perch. It was unclear when the outcropping fell because clouds had obscured the area Thursday and Friday; a state park trail crew discovered the collapse Saturday morning. The famous mountain's history dates millions of years. Over time, nature carved out a 40-foot-tall profile resembling an old man's face, and it eventually became New Hampshire's most recognizable symbol. The Buffalo News, May 5, 2003 The granite bedrock formed when A) limestone recrystallized B) sediments were buried C) a volcano erupted D) magma cooled underground 71. Which chart correctly matches rock salt and rock gypsum with how the minerals from these rocks are used? A) B) C) D) 72. Base your answer to the following question on the passage and photograph below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The photograph shows a portion of the Patagonia Marble Caves found in South America. Patagonia Marble Caves The Patagonia Marble Caves of South America are found on the shores of General Carrera Lake at a location of 46.5° S 72° W. Most of the water in the lake comes from the melting of nearby glaciers. Many small particles carried by the glacier remain suspended in the meltwater that fills this lake, causing a distinct blue color. Over the last 6200 years, the water of the lake has been weathering and eroding the marble bedrock found along the shores and within the lake itself. The marble dissolved faster at the water surface, where the moving water is interacting with the marble bedrock, producing countless caves, mazes, columns, and tunnels in the marble. Most marble is composed primarily of A) pyroxene and/or plagioclase feldspar B) calcite and/or dolomite C) halite and/or olivine D) quartz and/or potassium feldspar 73. The table below shows the hardness of some 74. Which map symbol is used to represent rock that common items. formed as a result of the evaporation of seawater? A) B) C) Which mineral could be scratched by an iron nail, but not by a penny coin? A) amphibole B) quartz D) C) halite D) dolomite 75. Base your answer to the following question on the information and pie chart below. The pie chart shows percentages of different rock types used to make crushed stone in the United States during 2017. Crushed Stone Crushed stone is the world's most basic mineral commodity. It is abundant, widely available, and inexpensive. In 2017, the United States produced 1.3 billion tons of crushed stone, most of which is used in highway and building construction. When the driver of a dump truck raises the bed of the dump truck to release its load, quartzite tends to scratch the bottom and sides of the bed easier than limestone. Which property of the minerals in quartzite causes them to more easily scratch the bed of the dump truck? A) luster B) cleavage C) hardness D) streak 76. Soil that contains large quantities of calcium was most likely formed by the weathering of A) quartzite B) coal C) rock salt D) limestone 77. Which two minerals have cleavage planes at right angles? A) sulfur and amphibole B) quartz and calcite C) biotite mica and muscovite mica D) halite and pyroxene 78. The graph below shows the relationship between the cooling time of magma and the size of the crystals produced. Which graph correctly shows the relative positions of the igneous rocks granite, rhyolite, and pumice? A) B) C) D) 79. The cross section below represents a portion of Earth's crust. Letters A through D are locations within the rock units. At which location is quartzite most likely found? A) A B) B C) C D) D 80. The photograph below shows the intergrown crystals of a pegmatite rock. Which characteristic provides the best evidence that this pegmatite solidified deep underground? A) light color B) low density C) felsic composition D) very coarse texture  Base your answers to questions 81 and 82 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science Carrara Marble Carrara marble is named for the town of Carrara on the west coast of Italy. This dazzling white marble has been mined since the time of the ancient Romans and remains the major industry of the area today. The marble has many commercial uses, such as tombstones, countertops, tiles, and building stones. Its chemical purity, uniform color, and hardness make this marble an ideal material for artists who carve statues from rock. Major museums around the world have statues carved from Carrara marble. The formation of Carrara marble began 200 million years ago when a great thickness of tiny shells was deposited at the bottom of a warm, shallow sea. Over time, burial and compaction of these sediments formed sedimentary rock primarily composed of pure calcite. Approximately 27 million years ago, tectonic forces caused this area of the seafloor bedrock to be deformed and metamorphosed, forming the Carrara marble. Uplift and erosion later exposed huge formations of this famous marble. 81. Identify the change in pressure and the change in temperature that most likely occurred to metamorphose the sedimentary seafloor bedrock into the Carrara marble. 82. Identify the most likely sedimentary rock that formed when the sediments of tiny shells were buried and compacted. Base your answers to questions 83 through 85 on the flow chart below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The flow chart represents the three different rock types, the processes by which these rock types form, the environment in which these rock types form, and the names of some specific examples of these rocks. Letters A, B, C, D and E represent missing information on the chart. 83. Compared to the texture of basalt, describe how the texture of granite is different. 84. Identify one possible Earth material that was most likely buried or compacted during the process of rock formation represented by letter C that resulted in the formation of bituminous coal. 85. State the name of one rock that could be represented by letter D. Base your answers to questions 86 through 90 on the photographs below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The photographs show magnified portions of three thinly sliced pieces of rock (thin sections), labeled A, B, and C. Using a microscope, the observer is able to see the shapes and arrangements of the minerals within the rock in greater detail. Letter X indicates a mineral in rock A. 86. The photograph below shows another magnified thin section of an igneous rock consisting of coarse-grained crystals scattered among fine-grained crystals. During the formation of the rock, the cooling rate changed. Describe how the cooling rate that produced the coarse-grained crystals differed from the cooling rate that produced the fine-grained crystals. 87. Thin section C shows a coarse-grained igneous rock containing crystals of potassium feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, quartz, and mica. Identify the rock shown by thin section C. 88. Mineral X in rock A is very hard, composed of four elements, and fractures when broken. It is dark red in color, and can be used in jewelry and abrasives. Identify the name of this mineral. 89. The white, rounded quartz grains that are cemented together in rock B have an average diameter of 0.05 centimeter. Identify the name of the sedimentary rock shown in thin section B. 90. Describe how the arrangement of minerals in thin section A indicates that the sample is a metamorphic rock. 91. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Salt — A Valuable Commodity In New York State, salt is a valuable natural resource. Approximately 8500 square miles of New York State has bedrock that contains rock salt. The layers of rock salt formed after parts of New York State were covered by a shallow inland sea, which eventually evaporated. Groundwater dissolved some of the deeper rock salt layers and carried salty water up to the surface in central New York. Commercial salt production began in the Syracuse area in the late 1700s. Early production of salt involved heating the salty water by burning wood from the surrounding area. The heat vaporized the water, leaving salt behind. When lumber supplies dwindled, solar methods were used to evaporate the water. Although the salt industry had an overall positive effect on Syracuse, the industry in Syracuse closed down in the 1920s, leaving negative environmental effects. There are currently salt mines operating south of Syracuse and in the Finger Lakes region of New York State. Identify one process that formed rock salt from the shallow inland sea that covered parts of New York State. 92. Base your answer to the following question on your knowledge of Earth science. Waimea Canyon Waimea Canyon is located on the west side of the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Waimea Canyon has been referred to as the "Grand Canyon of the Pacific." But unlike the Grand Canyon, which was carved through horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks, Waimea Canyon was cut through basalt. The formation of this igneous rock began about 4 million years ago. Numerous lava flows followed as magma rose from deep within Earth. The canyon then was formed over time by erosional agents, causing deep, V-shaped valleys that exposed the basalt layers along the canyon walls. Over time, the composition of the basalt, where it was exposed at the surface, was changed due to oxidation (rusting) of iron-bearing minerals, such as pyroxene and olivine. The result is a canyon with red rocks and soils. In addition to pyroxene and olivine, identify the name of one other mineral commonly found in basalt that could oxidize to produce red soils. 93. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below, the cross section in your answer booklet, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents a portion of the Grand Canyon, indicating the location of the Great Unconformity. Letter A identifies an igneous rock unit. Line BC represents another unconformity. The Great Unconformity One of the world's most famous unconformities is located in North America. This dramatic gap in the geologic record (The Great Unconformity) stretches from Arizona in the United States to Alberta in Canada. Perhaps the best place to see this unconformity is in Grand Canyon National Park, where, over the last 5 to 6 million years, the Colorado River has cut down through the overlying sedimentary rock layers to reveal the 2-billion-year-old Vishnu schist. In the Grand Canyon, the Great Unconformity exists at the bottom of the Tapeats sandstone. At certain locations, where the Vishnu schist is in contact with the Tapeats sandstone, it is possible to touch two rock units that are over 1.5 billion years apart in age with the span of your hand. Identify one process that produced the Vishnu schist from a previously existing rock. 94. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. A Geologist's Tour of New York City When taking a tour of New York City, one can find many geologic points of interest at locations such as Federal Plaza, Wall Street, Foley Square, and Central Park. Federal Plaza: These buildings contain granite from Avalon, a small continent that was once attached to our east coast when Africa, Europe, and North America pulled apart. Wall Street: Some buildings contain stone that comes from Morocco in North Africa and contains coral fossils. The same 370-million-year-old coral fossils are also found in some New York State surface bedrock. Foley Square: A building here is made of limestone that came from Indiana, a region that was a sea floor during the Pennsylvanian Period. Central Park: The exposed bedrock is schist, and is what remains of an ancient mountain that stood 15,000 feet high. This mountain formed from ocean-bottom mud that was heated, squeezed, and folded upward under pressure. State the composition of the rock at Federal Plaza as either mafic or felsic, and list two minerals likely to be found in this rock. 95. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The geologic cross section represents a portion of Earth's crust. Letters A, B, C, and D identify rock units. Two unconformities and a fault are labeled. Line XY represents a third unconformity. State the diameter, in centimeters, of the largest particle size that is possibly found in the sedimentary rock represented by rock layer B.