AirGuard: Air Quality Monitoring Device PDF

PS-T-D16-D03 AirGuard: Air Quality Monitoring Device of Particle Pollution (PM 2.5) and Carbon Dioxide Levels, Utilizing Repurposed Components. ABUDA JOHN PATRICK BALDOZA CHARMELLE DIZON JULIAN RHEIN SISIK MARK JUSTI...

PS-T-D16-D03 AirGuard: Air Quality Monitoring Device of Particle Pollution (PM 2.5) and Carbon Dioxide Levels, Utilizing Repurposed Components. ABUDA JOHN PATRICK BALDOZA CHARMELLE DIZON JULIAN RHEIN SISIK MARK JUSTIN SUBA MARIA ANGELA DENICE Student Researchers G11 STEM-Section Grade and Section MARC JOSEPH CANINDO Research Adviser SY 2023-2024  CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Air quality concerning particulate matter (PM 2.5) and carbon dioxide are significant inputs that affect health. Fine PM 2.5 is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. For CO₂ levels, although indirectly a pollutant, high readings indicate poor indoor ventilation and might affect comfort levels, cognitive levels, and the human overall well-being. Monitoring these is important to understand and manage air quality. Despite the advances in air quality monitoring technology, most commercials are too expensive and inaccessible. There is a growing demand for cost-effective, scalable, real-time air quality monitoring systems. By reusing discarded electronics and components, we are giving new life to materials that would otherwise contribute to growing e-waste, a significant global environmental issue. Furthermore, this approach lowers the demand for new electronic products associated with their production and disposal, a cost-effective approach to the implementation of traditional air quality monitoring systems, both by reducing costs and waste.​ ​ These repurposed components will be tested by the following: ​ I.VISUAL INSPECTIONS Check for Damage - Verify labels and markings to ensure that the component is the one we need and that we are able to identify it. ​ II.FUNCTIONAL TESTING Bench Testing - evaluate the performance and functionality of components or systems outside of their intended operational environment. Load Testing - test how much stress it can handle or apply our expected stress needed for AirGuard. ​ III.ELECTRICAL TESTING Continuity Testing - Use a multimeter to check for proper electrical connections.  Insulation Resistance Testing - Verify that there are no short circuits or insulation failures. ​ IV.PERFORMANCE TESTING Compare Against Specification - Measure the component's performance by comparing it to other components with the same specification. Stress Testing - Push the component to its limits to identify failure points. ​ V.ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING Temperature and Humidity Tests - how the component performs under various environmental conditions. ​ VI.COMPLIANCE TESTING Standards Verification - Ensure that the component meets relevant industry standards. ​ VII.COST-EFFECTIVENESS Experimental Cost-Benefit Analysis - measure the cost-effectiveness of the components. Our AirGuard project aims to give solutions to these challenges through the development of an affordable air quality monitoring device that utilizes repurposed components. This innovation not only offers a low-cost solution for PM 2.5 and CO₂ level monitoring but also promotes a circular economy by reducing e-waste and supporting the sustainable use of resources. It uses available, environmentally friendly technology to create real-time data that can be used to enhance environmental health. From urban environments to underprivileged communities, AirGuard is working to make air quality monitoring a practical, scalable, and eco-friendly tool for understanding and addressing air pollution Statement of the Problem This study aims to develop an affordable and efficient real-time air quality monitoring sensor. We want to produce a sensor that will reach the standard qualities of the existing sensors, in which, the existing ones, are not within everyone's budget but are a growing demand. Specifically, we aim to tackle the issues of: air pollution, poor indoor ventilation, e-waste generation, and expensive solutions that hinder the adoption of air quality monitoring sensors in many communities. And, unlike outdoor air, indoor air tends to be continuously recycled, causing it to trap pollutants and allow them to build up. Many households may not also be aware of the potential health risks and pollution levels of PM 2.5 and CO2. For the experimental cost-benefit analysis, we will conduct systematic testing. This involves a series of planned and methodical processes to verify the accuracy, reliability, and functionality of all electrical components under controlled conditions. This process starts with a thorough visual inspection to confirm the component's identity and authenticity by conducting functional testing, electrical testing, and performance testing of the e-parts to ensure their effectiveness and efficiency, and if those e-components can reach the standard of the existing sensors. Additionally, environmental testing is conducted to evaluate its performance under various temperature and humidity conditions, and compliance testing is performed to verify that the component meets relevant industry standards. Our AirGuard project is dedicated to solving these problems to contribute to a more sustainable environment, by helping to lower the chance of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases — especially for children, elderly individuals, and individuals with pre-existing medical conditions. With AirGuard, a cost-effective approach reduces costs and waste while maintaining effective air quality monitoring systems. Research Questions: 1.​ How do repurposed components in the AirGuard monitoring system adhere to established standards for measuring particulate matter (PM 2.5) and carbon dioxide levels through experimental validation? 2.​ What is the cost-effectiveness of using repurposed components in air quality monitoring systems based on experimental cost-benefit analysis? 3.​ How accurate is the real-time data collected by AirGuard compared to established air quality standards and commercial systems? 4.​ How does the accuracy of real-time data collected by AirGuard vary under different environmental conditions like humidity, temperature, and airflow? 5.​ How does the reliability of the AirGuard prototype's measurements fluctuate under varying environmental conditions, such as changes in humidity, temperature, and airflow? 6.​ How does the data collected by AirGuard align with existing air quality regulations and standards for PM 2.5 and CO₂ levels, as determined through systematic testing? Objectives of the Study The main objective of the study is to develop an affordable and efficient real-time air quality monitoring sensor utilizing repurposed components to measure PM 2.5 and CO₂ levels. To achieve this, the objectives are: 1.​ Ensure that the repurposed components meet established standards for measuring particulate matter (PM 2.5) and carbon dioxide levels through experimental validation. 2.​ Conduct an experimental cost-benefit analysis to determine the cost-effectiveness of using repurposed components in air quality monitoring systems. 3.​ Assess the accuracy of real-time data collected by AirGuard compared to established air quality standards and commercial systems. 4.​ Investigate how the accuracy of real-time data collected by AirGuard varies under different environmental conditions, including humidity, temperature, and airflow. 5.​ Analyze the reliability of the AirGuard's measurements, which fluctuate under varying environmental conditions, such as changes in humidity, temperature, and airflow. 6.​ Determine how the data collected by AirGuard aligns with existing air quality regulations and standards for PM 2.5 and CO₂ levels through systematic testing. Hypotheses The following hypotheses will be tested to accept or reject the proposed study on developing an affordable and efficient real-time air quality monitoring sensor utilizing repurposed components to measure PM 2.5 and CO₂ levels. H₀1 The repurposed components do not meet relevant industry standards for air quality monitoring devices. H₀2 The cost of the AirGuard device is not significantly different from that of existing air quality monitors H₀3 The data collected by AirGuard does not significantly align with existing air quality regulations and standards for PM 2.5 and CO₂ levels. Significance of the Study: This study on the development of AirGuard holds significant implications for the environment. Its main purpose is to determine the amount of pollutants(PM 2.5 and Carbon Dioxide) in the air while making use of repurposed components. This study will also help environmentalists to know the importance of determining the level of PM 2.5 and CO2 pollution in the air and providing early notice of potential health risks from the said health risk. The benefits of this study can be seen in the following aspects: Researchers: Future studies could utilize this study as a reference and baseline on relevant themes on PM 2.5 and CO2 pollution in the air, and its indicator determining pollution levels. Environmentalist: The results of the AirGuard monitoring system can help monitor air pollution levels while minimizing waste using repurposed components. Definition of Terms: Carbon dioxide (CO2) - is a colorless, odorless gas that is a natural waste product of the body's metabolic processes. It is transported from the body's tissues to the lungs through the bloodstream, where it is exhaled out of the body through breathing. (National Cancer Institute 2011 Feb 2) CO2 levels - The amount of carbon dioxide in the air or in the blood. (CO2 blood test Information | Mount Sinai - New York 2023 July 20) ‌Electronic waste (e-waste) - consists of electronic products that are no longer wanted, not functioning, or nearing the end of their lifespan. Examples of e-waste include computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, and fax machines. (Great Lakes Electronics Corporation 2020 Mar 12) Air quality sensor - a device that measures the concentration of pollutants in the air, typically detecting multiple indicators such as temperature, humidity, and various gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It often tracks particulate matter like PM2.5 and PM10, providing crucial data for air purification and fresh air systems. (Air Quality Sensor - What You Need to Know - Renke)  CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Air Quality Monitoring Technologies For compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), instruments such as sensors (AirGuard) must meet specific requirements outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) - Part(s) of Title 40, Protection of Environment, or other relevant state environmental regulations. Technical requirements include detailed sampling, siting, and quality assurance requirements. (Idsal 2020) The three key areas for air sensors (data quality, interpretation, and management) aim to address uncertainties in air sensor measurements. These uncertainties include: Accuracy of measurements under various conditions Validity of data algorithm assumptions Meeting basic data quality indicators (precision, accuracy) Device performance over time Interpreting short-term values Data privacy and ownership issues (Idsal 2020) The EPA acknowledges the need for context and guidance on interpreting real-time, non-regulatory sensor data. This interpretation should be grounded in both health science and measurement science, as short-term exposure data may not directly translate to individual health risks. (Idsal 2020) Real-time monitoring capabilities can provide rapid feedback on adverse weather conditions and air quality. This involves processing raw data to convert readings into relevant metrics, such as:Temperature and humidity levels, CO and CO2 concentrations (in parts per million, ppm)  Statistical analysis can be used to identify trends, patterns, and inconsistencies in the data. Additionally, the integration with an IoT platform enables real-time remote access and automatic notifications. This approach ensures the effectiveness and reliability of monitoring in analyzing and solving air quality problems. (Venkatesh Shankar et al. results and discussion 2024) Real-time air quality data is displayed on an LCD screen, allowing users to easily monitor levels and take action to improve indoor air quality. Clear instructions provide access to important information, enabling timely intervention. The integration of voice warnings also enhances user safety by providing increased warning time during adverse weather conditions. [Venkatesh Shankar et al. (7) 2024] Repurposing Electronic Components for Environmental Applications To achieve effective air quality monitoring, the AirGuard project employs various techniques for repurposing electronic components. Visual inspections are conducted to check for damage and verify labels, ensuring component suitability (Qima, 2023). Functional testing includes bench and load testing to assess performance and stress limits. Electrical testing methods, such as continuity and insulation resistance testing, are used to verify electrical integrity. Additionally, performance testing compares components against specifications and includes stress testing to identify potential failure points. Compliance testing ensures that all components meet relevant industry standards. Repurposing electronic components not only addresses the issue of e-waste but also offers significant environmental benefits. By reusing existing materials, the demand for new raw materials is reduced, which lessens the environmental impact associated with extraction and manufacturing processes. This aligns with the principles of a circular economy, where resources are kept in use for as long as possible, minimizing waste and promoting sustainability.Refurbishing electronics can lead to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption, contributing to a more sustainable future (Reecollabb, 2024). Studies have shown that repurposing can lead to substantial energy savings compared to producing new components, thereby reducing the overall carbon footprint of electronic devices (Compucycle,2022). Moreover, the development of affordable air quality monitoring devices, such as AirGuard, exemplifies how repurposed components can contribute to public health by enabling real-time monitoring of pollutants like PM 2.5 and CO₂.  Several obstacles hinder the widespread adoption of e-waste repurposing practices. Despite the increasing amount of e-waste, there are only a limited number of formal e-waste collection systems in place. A significant portion of e-waste is improperly mixed with household waste, ending up in landfills or being handled by unregulated entities such as scrap dealers, cooperatives, and waste collectors. There are also few government-approved, large-scale recycling facilities. Additionally, the recycling of e-waste is not financially viable in many cases, requiring strategic planning and technological advancements for long-term sustainability(Ahmed, AZoCleanTech, 2024). e-waste repurposing faces challenges like limited collection systems, improper disposal, and economic barriers. To address these issues, investments in infrastructure, regulations, and technology are essential for creating a sustainable solution to the growing e-waste problem. Health Effects of Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and Carbon Dioxide Exposure Particulate matter, especially PM2.5, has been linked to numerous harmful health impacts. Short-term exposure (24 hours or less) to PM2.5 has been linked with premature death, hospitalization for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, acute and chronic bronchitis, asthma exacerbation, emergency department visits, respiratory symptoms, and limited activity days (Inhalable Particulate Matter and Health (PM2.5 and PM10) | California Air Resources Board, n.d.).These negative impacts are especially noted in infants, children, and elderly individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular or pulmonary disease. In addition, among the prevalent air pollutants, PM2.5 accounts for the largest percentage of air pollution health impacts in the United States as well as globally, according to the World Health Organization's Global Burden of Disease Project (Inhalable Particulate Matter and Health (PM2.5 and PM10) | California Air Resources Board, n.d.).Long-term PM2.5 exposure (months to years) has been linked with premature death, especially in people with pre-existing heart or lung conditions, and impaired growth of lung function in children(Inhalable Particulate Matter and Health (PM2.5 and PM10) | California Air Resources Board, n.d.). The health effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) exposure varies with the concentration breathed and the exposure duration. CO2 exposure at 1000 ppm for short duration has been reported to induce a substantial change in physiology, such as changes in respiratory movement amplitude, peripheral blood flow increase, and cerebral cortex function changes (Azuma et al., 2018).  Chronic exposure to high CO2 concentrations, even in low doses, has been associated with poor cognitive performance and possible harmful effects on the lungs, kidneys, and bones (Chronic Carbon Dioxide Exposure: An Unrecognized Health Risk of Climate Change?, 2020). Lethal exposure to CO2 in high doses, and prolonged exposure in low doses can still bring about severe health impacts (Chronic Carbon Dioxide Exposure: An Unrecognized Health Risk of Climate Change?, 2020). Some populations are disproportionately exposed to air pollution because they have higher exposures or greater sensitivities. Individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular or respiratory disease, children, the elderly, minority groups, and low socioeconomic individuals are at a higher risk of adverse health effects from exposure to particulate pollution (Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter (PM) | US EPA, 2024). It has been shown by research that certain populations, such as children, pregnant women, elderly, and those suffering from chronic heart and lung disease, are more vulnerable to air pollution (Research on Health Effects From Air Pollution | US EPA, 2024). Moreover, poor communities can be exposed to increased vulnerability through issues such as being located near industrial pollution sources, underlying health status, inadequate nutrition, and higher levels of stress, all of which lead to more health effects (Research on Health Effects From Air Pollution | US EPA, 2024). The findings indicate that safe levels of PM2.5 are 12 μg/m³ and below, posing no or very slight risk to human health through exposure (Devadmin, 2021). Once this value is surpassed, it becomes more probable that bad health effects occur, especially for those who are at risk like children, older persons, and those with prior heart or lung illnesses. The impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) exposure is concentration- and time-dependent. Exposure limits have been set by regulatory bodies to reduce health hazards. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established a Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 5,000 ppm (0.5%) for an 8-hour workday, which is also the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (FSIS Environmental, Safety and Health Group). At various exposure levels, the following effects were observed: 10,000 ppm (1.0%) – Usually no adverse effects; may cause drowsiness. 15,000 ppm (1.5%) – Some people have mild respiratory stimulation. 30,000 ppm (3.0%) – Moderation respiratory stimulation, elevated heart rate and blood pressure; ACGIH TLV-Short Term. 40,000 ppm (4.0%) – Regarded as Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH). 50,000 ppm (5.0%) – Excessive respiratory stimulation, dizziness, confusion, headache, and breathlessness. 80,000 ppm (8.0%) – Severe symptoms such as dulled vision, profuse sweating, tremors, unconsciousness, and possible death (FSIS Environmental, Safety and Health Group). ​