Cycle II Nervous Tissue PDF

**Which statement regarding nerve tissue is true?** A. Dendrites contain Nissl bodies. B. Sensory Neurons conduct nerve impulse to CNS. C. Synapses are structures responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to the other. D. Nissl bodies are present in perikaryon an...

**Which statement regarding nerve tissue is true?** A. Dendrites contain Nissl bodies. B. Sensory Neurons conduct nerve impulse to CNS. C. Synapses are structures responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to the other. D. Nissl bodies are present in perikaryon and dendrites E. Nissl bodies are represented by mitochondria F. Nodes of Ranvier are interruptions occurring in the myelin sheaths at regular intervals along the length of the axon G. Nervous tissue is vascularized H. Ependymocytes are present in the ganglia. I. Neuronal signals are conducted faster in electrical synapses than in chemical J. Pseudounipolar neurons can be found in the olfactory epithelium K. Sensory neurons are efferent L. Motor neurons are efferent M. Only bipolar neurons consist of 2 axons N. Melanin granules are found in neurons in certain regions of the CNS O. Axons transmits impulses to other neurons or effector cells P. Arachnoid is the outermost layer of meninges Q. Neuronal damage within the CNS appears to be irreparable R. Epineurium covers each bundle of nerve fibers S. White matter covers each bundle of nerve fibers T. Ganglia are aggregation of perikaryons of neurons outside of the CNS U. Motor neurons are sending impulses to effector organs/tissues **Which statement regarding glial cells is true?** A. Protoplasmic astrocytes are present in the grey matter of the CNS. B. Schwann cells form myelinated and unmyelinated coverings over axons of the PNS C. Their function is the metabolic and mechanical support and protection of neurons. D. Ependymal cells can be ciliated in some regions. E. Microglial cells are macrophages of CNS. F. Astrocytes regulate neuronal activity and metabolism. G. Ependymal cells are macrophages of CNS. H. Ependymal cells are epithelial-like cells lining the ventricle of brain and central canal of the spinal cord I. Microglial cells derive from precursor cells in bone marrow J. Protoplasmic astrocytes are present in the white matter of the CNS K. Astrocytes belong to mononuclear phagocytic system L. Astrocytes form pedicels (vascular feet) M. Astrocytes form pia-glial membrane. N. Oligodendrocytes are myelin-forming cells in CNS O. Each swan cell is covered by basal lamina P. Fibrous astrocytes and astrocytes are found in CNS **Which statement regarding neuron is true?** A. Nissl bodies are found in perikaryon and dendrites. B. Most neurons have only one dendrite. C. Neuron is metabolic inactive cell. D. Neuron is metabolic active cell E. Multipolar has many axons and one dendrite. F. Its composed of perikaryon and processes, G. Contains automatic nucleus H. Contains euchromatic nucleus I. Nissl body is formed by mitochondria **Which statement regarding ganglia is true?** A. Are divided into sensory or an autonomic ganglion B. Sensory ganglia are surrounded by connective tissue capsule C. Are composed of both perikaryons and nerve fibers D. Consists only of ganglion cells E. Multipolar neurons are present in autonomic ganglia F. Pseudounipolar neurons present in sensory ganglia G. Are surrounded by endoneurium H. Are composed of nerve fibers only **Which statement regarding unmyelinated axons is true?** A. Schwann cells envelop multiple axons  B. Oligodendrocytes envelop axons in PNS. C. Nodes of Ranvier are commonly visible along unmyelinated nerve D. Myelin sheath wraps each axon. E. Schwann cells envelop just one axon F. Nodes of Ranvier are not seen along unmyelinated nerve fibers **Which statement regarding epineurium is true?** A. Surrounds the whole nerve B. Contains the blood vessels. C. Is dense, irregular fibrous connective tissue. D. Surrounds one fascicle of nerve fibers E. Is covering the CNS F. Is covering axons and Schwann cells G. Have a rich network of reticular fibers  H. Surrounds single nerve fibers I. Is covering the cerebellum J. Directly surrounds the external laminae of the Schwann cells K. Is loose connective tissue **Which connection: cells - place of presence, is correct?** A. Satellite cells - ganglia B. Oligodendrocytes - Central nervous system C. Ependymocytes - central canal D. Ependymocytes -- PNS E. Microglial - central nervous system F. Microglial -- PNS G. Schwann cells -- PNS H. Schwann cells -- CNS I. Oligodendrocytes -- PNS J. Astrocytes -- CNS **Which statement regarding lemmocytes is true?** A. Are present in the PNS B. Are present in CNS C. Form unmyelinated fibers in PNS D. Sheath composed of lemmocytes will always form myelin around the axons. E. Are responsible for myelination in the PNS F. Surround and insulate PNS axons and myelinate those having large diameter G. Allows for faster action potential propagation along an axon in the PNS H. Are responsible for myelination in the CNS I. In CNS axons are sheathed by lemmocytes. J. Small nerves don't have lemmocytes K. Are called also ependymocytes L. Line the central canal of the spinal cord **Which statement regarding interneurons is true?** A. Can connect motor neurons with sensory neurons. B. Can be multipolar neurons. C. Are association neurons. D. Creates the majority of neurons in the human CNS E. Are a type of sensory neurons.   F. Their axons are always myelinated. G. Creates the minority of neurons in the human CNS. NEURAL CREST **Which molecules are permissive for neural crest cells migration?** A. Molecules present in basal lamina B. Ephrin B1 C. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans D. Fibronectin E. Type IV collagen F. Laminin **What is true about the Neural Crest?** A. The neural crest originates from the mesenchyme. B. The neural crest originates from the mesoderm C. Neural crest cells arise as a result of an inductive action by neuroectoderm D. Neural crest cells arise as a result of an inductive action by mesoderm (possibly). E. Neural crest cells arise as a result of an inductive action by non-neural ectoderm F. The neural crest originates from cells located along the lateral margins of the neural plate. G. They separate the outflow tract of the heart into aortic and pulmonary segment **Mark proper pairs** A. Neural groove -- 18^th^- 21^st^ day of pregnancy B. Closure of the neuropores [anterio]r -- 25^th^ day of pregnancy C. Closure of the neuropores [posterior] -- 28^th^ day of pregnancy D. Neural plate -- 17^th^ day of pregnancy E. Neural groove -- 6^th^ week of pregnancy **What is true about the cranial neural crest cells?** A. The never differentiate into bone B. They differentiate into cells and tissues that constitute much of soft and hard tissues of the face C. They migrate toward the gut D. They leave the future brain well before closure of the neural folds **Which cells or structures are differentiated from neural crest cells?** A. Adrenal medulla B. Astrocytes C. Satellite cells D. Oligodendrocytes E. Melanocytes F. Parafollicular cells (thyroid) / C-cells G. Microglial H. Schwann cells I. Merkel cells **From the neural crest arise** A. Medulla of the adrenal gland B. Parathyroid glands C. Follicular cells of the thyroid gland D. C-cells of thyroid gland (parafollicular cells) **What is the inductive role of levels bone morphogenic protein (BMPs)?** A. High levels - formation of epidermal ectoderm. B. Intermediate levels - induction of neural crest. C. High levels - induction of neural crest. D. Low levels - formation of epidermal ectoderm E. High levels -- formation of neuroectoderm F. Low levels -- formation of neuroectoderm **What is the function of snail 1 and 2?** A. They allow the neural crest cells to migrate away as mesenchymal cell B. They allow the neural crest cells the mesenchymal-2-epithelial transformation C. They allow the neural crest cells to differentiate into mesodermal cell D. They allow the neural crest cells to break free from the neural epithelium BLOOD AND BONE MARROW **Which of the following statements about blood is/are true?** A. Plasma contains fibrinogen  B. Serum contains fibrinogen C. The reticulocytes are not fully mature erythrocytes D. Lymphocytes constitute 4-8% of circulating leukocytes  E. Membrane of normal erythrocytes has high flexibility F. The biconcave shape of erythrocytes facilitates gas exchange G. Lymphocytes can return from CT to blood H. Neutrophils are less numerous than eosinophils I. Dense tubular system is present in hyalomere of platelets J. Lymphocytes have oval horseshoe or kidney-shaped nucleus K. Leukocytes are the predominant cells of blood L. Hemoglobin could be found within eosinophil cytoplasm M. The red blood cells can leave the blood vessels by diapedesis N. Basophils are the most numerous granulocytes O. Reticulocytes are not fully mature erythrocytes **What is true about megakaryocytes?** A. Are the largest haematopoietic cells B. Have polyploidy nucleus C. Circulate in blood D. Are the least numerous white blood cells E. Belong to granulocyte lineage. F. Are cytoplasmic remnants of monocytes G. Are the most numerous granulocytes H. Are a part of the mononuclear phagocyte system **Which parts includes stromal part of bone marrow?** A. Reticular Fibers B. Reticulocytes C. Adipocytes D. Reticular Cells E. Stem cells F. Hematopoietic cells G. Megakaryocytes H. Macrophages I. Fibroblasts J. Platelets **Hematopoietic stem cells -- what is true** A. All blood cells are derived from one hematopoietic stem cell B. They have differentiated functional activity C. The have a high potential for self-renewing D. They morphology is similar to neutrophils E. They morphology is similar to megakaryocytes F. Hematopoietic stem cell is a totipotent cell **Where are formed blood cells during embryonic development respectively (in correct order)?** A. Yolk Sac, AGM, liver, spleen, bone marrow. B. AGM, yolk sac, liver, spleen, bone marrow. C. AGM, liver, bone marrow, spleen D. Yolk Sac, liver AGM, bone marrow, spleen **Which of the following statements about erythrocytes is/are true?** A. Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. B. Are called red blood cells. C. Are also called white blood cells. D. Can leave blood vessels by diapedesis.  E. Are anucleate F. Hemoglobin of erythrocyte is protein specialized for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide G. Their life span is approximately 120 days H. Lysosomes are present in cytoplasm I. Are usually 1 mm in dimeter **Which statement(s) regarding the leukocyte is correct?** A. Basophils are the least numerous white blood cells B. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages C. Neutrophils are the largest leukocytes with basophilic cytoplasm and kidney shaped D. Monocytes make up about 25-35% of leukocytes E. When activated lymphocyte B proliferate to produce plasma cells F. Monocytes contain azurophilic granules G. Eosinophilic specific granules contain major basic protein H. Important in the body´s defence against disease I. Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues **What is true about bone marrow?** A. Great number of adipose cells are present in yellow bone marrow. B. Red bone marrow is present in flat bones and vertebrae. C. Red bone marrow is a place of maturation of T Cells. D. Red bone marrow is not hematogenous. E. Its stroma is formed by reticular tissue F. Yellow bone marrow is not found in adult G. Sinusoids are not present in red bone marrow H. In adult hemopoiesis takes place in red bone marrow I. Yellow bone marrow never can be replaced by red bone marrow **Which connection: blood cells and their feature is/are true?** A. Eosinophils - increase in number during parasitic infestation. B. Eosinophiles - have nucleus divided into 8-10 lobes. C. Monocytes - gases exchange. D. Monocytes -- the precursors of mononuclear phagocyte system E. Eosinophils -- phagocytose antigen-antibody complex F. Eosinophils - contain heparin and histamine in their granules. G. Erythrocytes -- determination of blood groups H. Basophils -- clotting of blood I. Lymphocytes B -- have no nucleus J. Lymphocytes -- fat storage K. Basophils -- the most numerous granulocyte L. Neutrophils -- phagocytosis of bacteria M. Lymphocytes B -- mature in thymus N. Eosinophils -- contain heparin and histamine in their granules **What is true about platelets?** A. Promote blood clotting B. Platelets produce blood-clotting factors C. Are involved in coagulation process D. Are cytoplasmic remnants of monocytes E. Dense tubular system is present in hyalomere of platelets F. Platelets originate in thymus G. Have kidney shaped nucleus H. Derive from megakaryocytes I. Have granules containing ADP J. Megakaryocytes produce platelets by releasing them from the ends of cytoplasmic processes called proplatelets K. Have small and segmented nuclei **Which stage is the first stage of nondividing cells during erythropoiesis?** A. Reticulocytes B. Orthochoromatophilic erythroblasts C. CFU-GEMM D. E. Polychondromatofilic erythroblasts F. Erythrocytes G. Basophilic erythroblasts **What is true about hemopoiesis?** A. Hemopoietic growth factors stimulate proliferation of progenitor and precursors cells B. Red blood cells develop from myeloid cells C. Red blood develops from lymphoid cell D. Hemopoiesis depends on a microenvironment with specific endocrine, paracrine and juxtracrine factors E. Hemopoietic growth factors promote cell differentiation and maturation within specific lineages F. Hemopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow of children and adults G. Megakaryocytes develop from lymphoid cell H. Erythropoiesis requires approximately a week **Find cells present during granulocytes development** A. Promyelocyte B. Myelocyte C. Reticulocyte D. Monoblast E. Megakaryoblast **Maturation of granulocytes** A. Involves changing of the shape of the nucleus B. Involves synthesis of proteins for the azurophilic granules and specific granules C. Stages of granulocytes maturation in proper order are: myeloblast, metamyelocytes, promyelocyte, myelocyte D. Stages of granulocytes maturation in proper order are: myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte E. Stages of granulocytes maturation in proper order are: promyelocyte, myeloblast, myelocyte, metamyelocyte **Lymphopoiesis:** A. Begins in the lymphoid organs B. T-cells travel to the cortex of thymus where they complete maturation C. B-cells mature in bone marrow and then they migrate to lymphoid organs D. Is under mainly EPO control E. Prolymphocytes are the first stage in lymphocytes development **Formation of platelets:** A. Is under thrombopoietin control B. Depends on megakaryocytic C. Organelles + granules of platelets are tacked to the newly forming platelets D. Organelles + granules of lately are synthesized in newly forming platelets E. Microtubule slide to power proplatelet elongation LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM **Which statement regarding adaptive immunity is correct?** A. Its response is very rapid B. Includes antigen-presenting cells C. Is because of phagocytic activity of neutrophils D. Includes action of B lymphocytes E. Is evolutionary older than acquired immunity F. It could be because of existence of IgA within saliva or tears  G. is because of clonal expansion of B cells. H. is because of action of lysozyme I. One of its examples is low pH of gastric juice **Which organs of lymphatic system are uncapsulated (without capsule)?** A. Palatine tonsil B. Payer's patches C. Solitary nodules D. Thymus E. GALT F. Lymph node G. Lymphatic nodules H. MALT **Which statement regarding lymphatic system is true?** A. Penicillar arterioles are typical for thymus B. HEV's (high endothelial venules) are present in lymph nodes C. Spleen contains outer cortex D. Secondary lymphatic nodules have germinal center. E. Appendix is so-called tonsil of digestive tract. F. Open blood circulation is specific for lymph node G. Palatine tonsil is covered by pseudostratified epithelium H. Spleen is the organ of red blood cells degradation I. The mantle of secondary lymphatic nodules contains mature B lymphocytes J. Lymphatic nodule of spleen has central arteriole K. Lymphatic nodule of lymph node has central arteriole L. Payers patches are situated in appendix M. Primary lymphatic nodules have germinal center N. Include central and peripheral organs O. The cortex of thymus is composed of lymphoid nodules P. The germinal center of lymphoid nodule is site of plasma cell product Q. Tonsils have not got thymus-dependant zone **Which statement regarding thymus is true? / Which statement about thymus is correct?** A. Belongs to central lymphoid organ. B. Produces immunoglobulins C. Its stroma is composed of connective tissue D. Has not got any connective tissue capsule. E. It is uncapsulated organ F. is covered by connective tissue capsule G. It is covered by simple squamous epithelium H. It contains a lot of lymph nodes I. Filters lymph from antigens J. Undergoes involution during postnatal life K. Blood-thymus barrier in the medulla L. Blood-thymus barrier is in the cortex M. Has not got any lymphatic nodules N. contains white pulp O. is covered by stratified squamous epithelium P. its medulla contains thymocytes Q. Contains red pulp R. Is a lymphoepithelial organ S. Is divided into incomplete lobules T. Its epithelial cells of cortex are antigen-presenting cells U. Hassal corpuscles are found in cortex **Which organs of the lymphatic system are capsulated (covered by capsule)?** A. Thymus B. Lymph Node C. Spleen D. Bone Marrow E. GALT F. BALT G. MALT **Which statement regarding spleen is correct?** A. It contains numerous lymph nodules B. Its capsule contains smooth muscle cells C. Its capsule is made of connective tissue D. It is central lymphatic organ E. It is peripheral lymphatic organ F. Red pulp is composed of splendid cords and sinusoids G. It's the biggest lymphoid organ H. Its pulp is white and red I. Its stroma is formed by epithelial reticular cells J. PALS of white matter is thymus-dependant zone K. White pulp includes limped, central artery, and PALS **Which statement is true?** A. Th lymphocytes belong to CD8-possitive cells B. Adaptive immunity includes antigen-presenting cells C. The antibodies are produced by T lymphocytes D. The antibodies are produced by plasma cells E. T suppressor cells regulate cellular and humoral adaptive immunity F. The lymphocytes belong to CD4-postive cells **Which statement regarding lymph node is true?** A. Lymph vessels enter the convex side B. Is distributed along the course of the blood vessels C. Has not got any T helper cells D. Are distributed along the course of the lymphatic vessels E. Is the place of B cells proliferation F. Never change its size G. Outer cortex contains PALS H. Possesses afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels I. Outer cortex contains lymph nodules **Lymphopoiesis:** A. Begins in the lymphoid organs B. T-cells travel to the cortex of thymus where they complete maturation C. B-cells mature in bone marrow and then they migrate to lymphoid organs **Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)** A. Are found in many tissues B. Include macrophages, dendritic cells C. No MHC molecules on their surface D. They are enucleated cells E. Are absent in lymphoid organs F. They process antigens and show them to T lymphocyte G. They have on their surface MHC I H. Produce only IgA among all immunoglobulins I. They have on their surface only MHC I without MHC II **When Does the lymph nodes development begin?** A. 16-17th week of prenatal life. B. 12-13th week of prenatal life. C. 23-24th week of prenatal life. D. 6-7th week of prenatal life. **From which pouch a thymus arises?** A. Ventral wing of 4th pouch B. Ventral wing of 3rd pouch C. Dorsal wing of 3rd pouch D. 2nd pouch SKIN **Which of the following structures of skin are ectodermal origin?** A. Epidermis B. Blood vessels C. Sebaceous glands D. Hair E. Dermis F. Langerhans Cells G. Keratinocytes H. Sweat glands I. Hypodermis J. Collagen fibers K. Nails **Which of the statement regarding skin derivates is true?** A. Eccrine sweat glands are limited to the axilla, areolar and the nipple of the mammary B. Hairs are elongated keratinized structures derived from invaginations of epidermal epithelium C. Apocrine sweat glands are limited to the axilla, areola and nipple, around the anus external genitalia D. Apocrine sweat glands secreting oily substances are example of holocrine gland E. The hair follicle is responsible for the production and growth of hair F. Sebaceous glands secrete sebum that coats hair and skin surface G. Eccrine sweat glands are distributed over the entire body surface H. Hairs are found mainly on the palm, soles I. Sweat glands are ectodermal in origin J. Each hair composed of a shaft of committed cells and root K. Each hair is composed of a shad of cornified cells and root L. Sebaceous glands are endodermal in origin **Which statement regarding Langerhans cells of epidermis is true?** A. Produce and secrete sweat B. Are derived from bone marrow C. Are present exclusively in the stratum corneum D. Are macrophages E. Serve as mechanoreceptors F. Synthesize melanin pigment G. In thick skin they are located in stratum lucidum H. Belong to APC´s system I. Are present mainly in the stratum basale J. Are present mainly in stratum spinosum K. Are dendritic cells L. Do not contain nucleus M. Are mesenchymal in origin N. Are absent in stratum spinosum O. Are bipolar neurons **In which layer of the epidermis desmosomes are present in highest number?** A. stratum basale B. stratum spinsoum C. stratum granulosum D. there are no desmosomes in epidermis E. In each layer the number of desmosomes is the same F. Stratum corneum G. In stratum granulosum and stratum lucidum **Which statement regarding skin is true?** A. Sebaceous glands secrete sebum in holocrine process B. Sebaceous glands are branched multicellular saccular glands C. Cells of stratum basale have high mitotic activity D. Stratum lucidum is present in epidermis of thin skin E. Keratinocytes have no function in immunological system of the skin (SALT) F. Skin contains SALT system G. Dermal reticular layer is composed of dense irregular CT H. Dermal reticular layer is composed of reticular CT I. Human adult epidermis is renewed about every 64 days J. Melanocytes are present only in stratum corneum K. Thick skin covers almost all surface of human body L. Stratum basale and initial portion of stratum spinosum are called Malpighian layer M. No basal lamina is present in epidermis N. SALT system includes keratinocytes, T lymphocytes and Langerhans cells O. Thickness of dermis vary depending on the region of the body P. Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands release its secretion by a merocrine process Q. Mammary gland is modified sebaceous gland R. Langerhans cells are B type of lymphocytes S. Stratum corneum consist if anucleate, flattened horny cells T. Bulb region of the follicle contains stem cells U. Arrector pill muscle is formed by smooth muscle cells V. Arrector pill muscles are composed of skeletal muscle cells W. Layers of dermis do not contain collagen and elastic fibers X. In thick skin there are many sebaceous glands only Y. Keratinocytes are main population of hypodermis Z. Langerhans cells are T type of lymphocytes A. Papillary layer of dermis is composed of dense regular CT B. Keratinocytes of Malpighian layer are responsible for renewal of epidermis C. Stratum basale is also called stratum germinativum D. Gap junctions (nexuses) occur between horny cells E. Gap junctions (occludens) occurs between horny cells F. Dermis supports epidermis and binds it to hypodermis G. The content of lamellar bodies is found in granulosum and conrneum **Which statement regarding epidermis is true?** A. Melanocytes are present only in thin skin B. Merkel´s cells constitute the main population C. Stratum basale is also called stratum germinativum D. There is no stratum lucidum in thin skin E. Stratum lucidum is rich in discontinuous capillaries F. Stratum corneum consists of anucleate flattened horny cells G. Keratinocytes are main population of cells H. Bundles of keratin filaments in keratinocytes are called tonofilaments I. Is derived from mesoderm J. Is derived from ectoderm K. Langerhans cells are sensory cells L. Merkel´s cells are antigen-presenting cells M. Is composed of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium N. Is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium O. Keratinocytes produce keratins (cytokeratin) P. Keratinocytes of stratum basale begin to produce lamellar bodies Q. The content of lamellar bodies is found in stratum granulosum and corneum R. The content of lamellar bodies is released into the intercellular space S. Cells in stratum basale are the most differentiated cells from all layers T. Lamellar bodies of stratum granulosum and spinosum U. Is avascular structure **Which statement regarding dermis is true?** A. Support epidermis and binds it to the hypodermis B. Is divided into papillary and reticular layers C. Is composed of reticular CT D. In thin skin is only papillary layer E. Reticular layer is composed of dense irregular CT F. Its thickness is different in each region of the body G. Dermis is poor in blood vessels H. Secretory parts of eccrine sweat glands are located in deeper dermis I. Its thickness is the same in each region J. Both layers contain collagen and elastic fibers **Which gland releases its secretion by holocrine way** A. Sebaceous gland B. Liver C. Sweat gland D. Salivary gland E. Gall bladder **Mark true sentence about skin** A. In the skin of external auditory meatus there are only "eccrine" sweat glands B. Thick skin covers palms C. No bodies of the melanocytes are present in the stratum corneum D. No bodies of the melanocytes are present in the hypodermis E. Melanocytes are not attached to the adjacent keratinocytes F. There are zonula occludens between stratum Basale cells and basal lamina G. Thick skin covers soles H. Thick skin covers almost all surface of human body I. Melanin is synthesized in melanocytes J. Melanin is synthesized in Merkle cells K. Langerhans cells can bind, process and present antigens to T lymphocytes **RESPIRATORY SYSTEM** **Which answer/s regarding type 2 pneumocyte is/are true?** A. Produces surfactant B. Has many organelles C. Is called alveolar type 2 cell D. It's typical feature are lamellar bodies E. Forms blood-air barrier F. Protect against oxidative pollutants G. Phagocyte lamellar bodies taken from alveolar lumen H. Exhibit mitotic activity I. In result of exocytosis of lamellar bodies, the components of surfactants cover the alveoli lumen J. Created almost whole wall of alveolus **Which answer/s regarding alveoli is/are true?** A. Type 1 pneumocytes make up 97% of the alveolar surface  B. Type 1 pneumocytes make up 3% of the alveolar surface  C. Type 1 pneumocytes of epithelium produce surfactant D. Are separated by interalveolar septa E. Are lined with squamous epithelium simple F. Lamellar bodies give rise to pulmonary surfactant G. Type II pneumocytes are interspersed among type I pneumocytes H. Surfactant of alveoli consists of mucus I. Type I pneumocytes contain lamellar bodies J. Type I pneumocytes are extremely attenuated cells K. Are the site of gas exchange L. Epithelium has type I and II pneumocytes M. Dust cells are present in lumen N. Have Clara cells O. Possesses in cytoplasm opening called pores of Kohn **Which answer/s regarding trachea is/are true?** A. Its wall consists of mucosa, submucosa, adventitia  B. Mucosa consists of epithelium and lamina propria  C. Tracheal cartilages are elastic type D. Lamina propria of mucosa is rich in mucous glands E. The adventitia lies peripheral to the cartilage rings F. Tracheal cartilage is C-shaped G. Is lined with simple cuboidal H. The open end of cartilage rings is located on its posterior part I. The adventitia is the inner most layer J. Lamina propia contains element of MALT K. Its lumen stays open because of arrangement of cartilaginous rings L. Connective tissue is perichondrium of cartilages M. About 16-20 cartilaginous rings can be found in wall of human trachea N. Lined with respiratory epithelium O. Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium **Does respiratory portion of respiratory system include?** A. Main (primary) bronchi B. Respiratory bronchioles C. Nasal cavity D. Respiratory epithelium E. Olfactory epithelium F. Alveolar duct G. Trachea H. Terminal bronchioles I. Alveoli J. Oral cavity K. Nasopharynx L. Larynx M. Blood vessels **Which answer/s regarding nasal cavities is/are true?** A. Internal portion is called nasal fossae B. External portion is called vestibule C. Superior conchae are covered by olfactory epithelium D. Nasal fossae communicate with paranasal sinuses E. Within vestibule, the air undergo turbulence F. In mucosa are lamellar bodies G. External portion is located within the skull H. In mucosa are swell bodies I. Covering mucosa acts as trap for unneeded particulate J. Mucosa of vestibule contains vibrissae K. Acts as area needed for conditioning of inspired air **What is included in the interalveolar septa?** A. Dust cells B. Fibrocytes C. Elastic cartilage D. Sinusoidal capillaries E. Reticular fibers F. Macrophages G. Leucocytes H. Plenty of very thick collagen bundles I. Dense network of capillaries J. Fibroblasts K. Elastic fibers **Are Clara cells?** A. cells that belong to typical ions-pumping cells B. cells that apically possess cilia C. cuboidal in shape D. present in respiratory bronchioles E. Can be found in alveolar septa F. Are cells that possess many lamellar G. Produce among other lysosomes H. Produce many proteins with enzymatic activity I. Have no hot rER J. Are stem cells for odoriferous epithelial cells K. Detoxifies potentially harmful compound of air L. Are called bronchiolar exocrine cells M. Are flattened cells of alveoli N. Secretion of surfactant lipoproteins and mucins in the layer of the epithelial surface **Which answers regarding bronchus is true** A. Contains in epithelium the Clara cells B. The largest one histologically is very similar to trachea C. Possess diameter higher than about 1 mm D. Instead, cartilage plates possess plenty of muscle cells E. Its lumen is covered by surface-active agent or surfactant F. Segmental are in number, 10 in right, 8 in left G. Contains in epithelium the goblet cells H. In the wall contains glands I. The goblet cells are the only one glandular cells type if their wall J. Segmental bronchi arise from terminal bronchioles **Ventilation process is because of** A. Contraction of diaphragm B. Presence of elastic fibers in stroma of the lungs C. Contraction of intercostal muscle cells D. Movement of cilia of respiratory epithelium E. Presence of hyaline cartilage plates in bronchi F. Different pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in air passages and external environment G. Concentration gradient between oxygen and carbon dioxide **What is true regarding respiratory epithelium** A. Basal cells undergo mitosis and differentiate into another epithelial cell type B. Lines superior conchae C. Is present in conducting portion of respiratory system D. Consists of ciliated cells E. Can be found in alveoli F. Can be found in trachea G. Clara cells constitute the most abundant type H. Ciliated columnar cells constitute the most abundant type I. Ciliated columnar cells undergo mitosis frequently J. Brush cells have numerous microvilli on the apical surface K. Basal cells lie on the basal lamina L. Small granule cells are stem cells M. Phagocyte lamellar bodies taken from alveolar lumen N. Protect against oxidative pollutants O. Connective tissue of submucosa is connected with perichondrium of cartilages P. Its wall consists of mucosa, submucosa, adventitia Q. Tracheal cartilages are c-shaped R. Lamina propia of mucosa is rich in mucous glands S. There is no stem cell in the epithelium T. Goblet cells are also present in the epithelium U. Changes its height during subsequent branching of the bronchial tree V. Columnar cells with microvilli are called enterocytes or absorptive cells W. In the bronchi is covered by mucous X. Contains nerve cells Y. Is pseudostratified columnar Z. Brush cells have afferent ending on their basal lamina **What is true about respiratory system** A. Respiratory epithelium contains ciliated cells B. Includes paired lungs C. Clara cells are main type of primary bronchi epithelium D. Alveolar macrophages are also called dust cells E. Respiratory (gas exchange) occurs in trachea F. Nasal cavity Is part of respiratory portion G. Is divided into conducting and respiratory portion H. Air conduction, air filtration and gas exchange are main functions of the system I. Includes system of tubes that link the site of gas exchanging with external environment J. Alveolar macrophages are also called histiocytes K. Pulmonary surfactant lowers alveolar surface tension L. Contain nerve cells **Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)** A. In other words, it is respiratory distress syndrome (RDS.) B. Is result of incomplete separation of foregut into the digestive and respiratory system C. Is often accompanied by esophageal atresia (EA) D. In other words, it is hyaline membrane disease E. Can co-exist with stenosis and atresia of trachea F. In other words, it is esophageal atresia **Lung development -- choose correct** A. Caudal lung´s lobes develop earlier/faster than cranial B. The embryonic right main bronchus is longer and located more vertically then left one C. Some of the bronchial tree branching are made after birth D. Primary bronchus buds appear at the beginning of the 5ht week of prenatal development E. Primary bronchus buds appear at the beginning of the 20^th^ week of prenatal development F. Cranial lung´s lobes develop earlier/faster than caudal G. Initially, the lungs together with other organs lie in a common cavity (celoma) called pericardioperitoneal canals H. All branching takes place prenatal **Stages of respiratory system development** A. Alveolar stage finished during the first years of postnatal life B. Alveolar stage begins at about 32 weeks of pregnancy C. The first stage is pseudoglandular D. Canalicular stage is the first stage E. Alveolar stage is the last stage F. The respiration of foetus is possible during pseudoglandular stage G. In lungs of new-borns are the alveoli in number like in adult H. Primary septa are thinner than secondary alveolar septa I. Primary septa are thicker than secondary alveolar septa J. During pseudoglandular stage the conducting portion of lungs is fully developed K. During pseudoglandular stage arise the first alveoli L. Alveolar stage finishes just at birth M. Primary bronchus bud appears at beginning of week 5^th^ N. Cranial lungs develop faster/earlier than caudal **Development of respiratory system -- choose correct** A. Starts at about 4^th^ week of prenatal life B. Starts at about 4^th^ month of prenatal life C. Starts just before birth D. During the development the respiratory diverticulum is separated from foregut by tracheoesophageal septum E. During the development the respiratory diverticulum is separated from hindgut by tracheoesophageal septum F. The epithelium lining the respiratory diverticulum arise from ectoderm G. The epithelium lining the respiratory diverticulum arise from endoderm H. Dorsal part of foregut develops into respiratory diverticulum I. Lateral part of foregut develops into respiratory diverticulum J. Caudal part of foregut develops into respiratory diverticulum K. Dorsal-ventricular position of alimentary and respiratory tract is because of mitogens (retinoids) concertation L. Diverticulum parts at about 4^th^ week of prenatal life M. Surfactant is perticullary important for survival of premature infant N. Respiratory diverticulum starts developing because of influence of mesenchymal factors **Pulmonary agenesis vs. pulmonary aplasia** A. Pulmonary aplasia is because of lack of bronchial parenchyma (alveoli) B. Pulmonary aplasia is because of lack of bronchi, bronchioles and bronchial venules C. Pulmonary aplasia is because of mutation of gene encoding EFE 10 D. Pulmonary agenesis is because of lack of bronchial tree E. Pulmonary agenesis is because lack of bronchial parenchyma F. Pulmonary agenesis is the same as pulmonary hypoplasia G. Pulmonary agenesis could be result of mutation in gene encoding EFE 10 H. Both congenital syndromes because of incorrect development of cartilage plates in wall of bronchial tree