Fundamental Chemical Laws PDF

Lesson 4.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws General Chemistry 1 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Have you ever been fascinated whenever you look at a burning flame? During ancient Greek, many are also fascinated with the concept of how things burn and how others are not....

Lesson 4.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws General Chemistry 1 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Have you ever been fascinated whenever you look at a burning flame? During ancient Greek, many are also fascinated with the concept of how things burn and how others are not. 2 The importance of fire in daily lives draws the attention of philosophers to explain the process of burning things and the component of combustible materials. 3 This lesson will tackle how the pure curiosity of studying the burning of materials led to the development of the fundamental laws of matter. 4 What determines the burning ability of materials? 5  Learning Competency At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following: Explain how the basic laws of matter (law of conservation of mass, law of constant composition, law of multiple proportions) led to the formulation of Dalton’s Atomic Theory (STEM_GC11AM- Ic-e-15). 6  Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the Describe following: the experiments that led to the establishment of the basic laws of matter. State the fundamental chemical laws of matter. Illustrate the applications of fundamental chemical laws of matter. Explain how fundamental chemical laws of matter led to the formulation of Dalton’s 7  Fundamental Laws of Matter In ancient Greek philosophy, the concept of “nothing comes from nothing” is an important idea. During the 18th century, Aristotle’s adaptation of the concept of the four elements of matter is still dominant. 8  Fundamental Laws of Matter German scientist, Georg Ernst Stahl, introduced the concept of phlogiston. ○ Phlogiston is a universal component of fire that came from a Greek word for inflammable. ○ Every combustible substance contained a specific amount of phlogiston. 9 According to this theory, metal calx, when heated with charcoal, produces metal. In this reaction, he explained that the phlogiston of charcoal had united with calx. Therefore, metals are also combustibles. 10  Fundamental Laws of Matter In the late 18th century, a French chemist, Antoine Lavoisier, made the first breakthrough in the study of chemical reaction. Antoine Lavoisier 11 Due to his curiosity about the study of combustion and the concept of phlogiston, he first tried to burn phosphorus and sulfur. In his experiment, both gained weight which resulted in both elements gaining weight. 12  Fundamental Laws of Matter Lavoisier later on concluded that combustion involves the reaction of a metal or an organic substance to a “common air.” He named this “common air,” as oxygène (oxygen). 13 What are the fundamental laws of matter? 14  Law of Conservation of Mass In June 1783, Lavoisier reacted oxygen with inflammable air, obtaining "water in a very pure state." He concluded that water was not an element but a compound of oxygen and inflammable air, or hydrogen as it is now known. 15  Law of Conservation of Mass He also decomposed water into oxygen and hydrogen. Both reactions gained the same weight. Lavoisier, explained the phenomenon in his famous textbook, Trait lmentaire de Chimie, that "... in every operation, an equal quantity of matter exists both before and after the operation." This concept was also known as the law of conservation of mass. 16  Law of Conservation of Mass The law of conservation of mass states that matter can be neither created nor destroyed. 17  Law of Conservation of Mass For example, when four molecules of hydrogen gas reacts with two molecules of oxygen gas, it will result in four molecules of water. 18 Remember The law of conservation of mass revolves to the idea that the total mass of the reactants is the same as the total mass of the products. 19  Law of Constant Composition Joseph Proust, a french chemist proposed the law of constant composition. He stated that if a pure compound is broken down into its constituent elements, the masses of the constituents will always have the same proportions, regardless of the quantity or source of the original substance. 20 For example, any amount of sodium chloride will always have a ratio of 1:1 ratio for sodium and chloride ions. 21 In the same manner, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) from limestones will have the same 1:1:3 ratio for calcium, carbon, and oxygen as the calcium carbonate found in chalk. 22  Law of Constant Composition What will be produced if 1 gram of sodium reacts with 8 grams of chlorine? 23  Law of Constant Composition What will be produced when 2 grams of sodium react with 16 grams of chlorine? 24  Law of Multiple Proportion John Dalton studied gases and gaseous mixtures under different external conditions. Building on Proust's work, he noted that mathematically discrete manner in which elements combined to form different compounds. 25  Law of Multiple Proportion In the law of multiple proportions, which states that when two elements form a series of compounds, the masses of one that combine with a fixed mass of the other are in the ratio of (small) integers to each other. 26 Law of Multiple Proportion Law of multiple proportions applied to nitrogen oxides 27 What is the difference between the law of constant composition and the law of multiple proportions? 28  Formulation of Dalton's Atomic Theory Dalton’s Atomic Theory Source of the Idea Postulate 1 Democritus Idea of an Elements are composed of atom An atom is an extremely small particles, indestructible and called atoms. indivisible particle. 29  Formulation of Dalton's Atomic Theory Dalton’s Atomic Theory Source of the Idea Postulate 2 All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass, and chemical properties. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all 30  Formulation of Dalton's Atomic Theory Dalton’s Atomic Theory Source of the Idea Postulate 3 Law of Constant Proportion Compounds are composed of If a compound is broken down atoms of more than one into its constituent elements, the element. In any compound, the masses of the constituents will ratio of the numbers of atoms always have the same of any two of the elements proportions, regardless of the present is either an integer or a quantity or source of the original simple fraction. substance. 31  Formulation of Dalton's Atomic Theory Dalton’s Atomic Theory Source of the Idea Postulate 3 Law of Multiple Proportion Compounds are composed of When two elements form a atoms of more than one series of compounds, the element. In any compound, the masses of one that combine ratio of the numbers of atoms of with a fixed mass of the other any two of the elements present are in the ratio of (small) is either an integer or a simple integers to each other. fraction. 32  Formulation of Dalton's Atomic Theory Dalton’s Atomic Theory Source of the Idea Postulate 4 Law of A chemical reaction involves Conservation of Mass only the separation, combination, or Matter can be neither rearrangement of atoms; it created nor does not result in their destroyed. creation or destruction. 33  Check Your Understanding Identify the terms or person described in each of the following items. 1. It is the Greek word for inflammable. 2. He discovered the law of conservation of mass. 3. He proposed the phlogiston theory. 4. He conceptualizes the law of multiple proportions. 5. He experiments on metal compounds, metal oxides, carbonates, and sulfides. 34  Check Your Understanding Using the diagram below, sketch a timeline of the discovery of the fundamental laws of matter. Each box should have a year, if available, the name of discovery, and its proponent. 35  Let’s Sum It Up! The law of conservation of mass states that matter can be neither created nor destroyed. 36  Let’s Sum It Up! The law of constant proportion states that if a pure compound is broken down into its constituent elements, the masses of the constituents will always have the same proportions, regardless of the quantity or source of the original substance. 37  Let’s Sum It Up! The law of multiple proportion states that when two elements form a series of compounds, the masses of one that combine with a fixed mass of the other are in the ratio of (small) integers to each other. 38 Challenge Yourself Heat increases the energy of the particles of matter. When water is heated for some time in a tightly closed container, the water undergoes no change in mass. When water is heated for some time in a kettle, there is a loss of mass. Does the second observation violate the law of conservation of mass? Explain. 39 Bibliography Chang, Raymond, and Kenneth A. Goldsby. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014. Handwerker, Mark J. Science Essentials. San Francisco, CA.: Jossey-Bass, 2005. Hawe, Alan, Dan Davies, Kendra McMahon, Lee Towler, Chris Collier, and Tonie Scott. Science 5–11: A Guide for Teachers. 2nd ed. New York, NY: David Fulton Publishers, 2009. Petrucci, Ralph H. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. Toronto, Ont.: Pearson Canada, 2011. Silberberg, Martin S. Principles of General Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. 40