Ancient World History Chapter 8 Assessment Study Guide PDF

Chapter 8: The Byzantine Empire and Emerging Europe Ancient World History Theme III: Belief Study Guide Assessment Format: 75 points total ​ 10 multiple choice questions (2 points each,...

Chapter 8: The Byzantine Empire and Emerging Europe Ancient World History Theme III: Belief Study Guide Assessment Format: 75 points total ​ 10 multiple choice questions (2 points each, 20 points total) ​ 5 Key Term Identifications (5 points each, 25 points total) ​ 2 Short Answer/Primary Source Analysis Questions (15 points each, 30 points total) If you work through the following information, you will be in good shape for the Chapter 8 assessment. Key Terms: Identify and explain the who, what, why, when, and how of each term. The why should focus on identifying and explaining the significance of each term to our study of Chapter 8. Jesus- Significance: As the Christian doctrine, Constantine's legalization central figure of influencing both Byzantine of Christianity (Edict of Christianity, Jesus' life and and Western European Milan, 313 CE) and teachings formed the religious traditions. foundation of foundation of the Christian Constantinople made faith, which became the Apostle Peter - Peter is Christianity a dominant dominant religion of both traditionally considered the force in the empire. His the Byzantine Empire and first Pope and was seen as influence shaped medieval Europe. His the leader of the early Byzantine religious influence led to the rise of Christian Church. The policies and inspired Christian institutions, Petrine Doctrine, which European rulers to adopt shaping laws, culture, and claimed that the Pope Christian governance governance in both inherited Peter's authority, models. regions. strengthened the Papacy's power and contributed to Monasticism - Monasteries Apostle Paul - the division between the preserved ancient texts, Significance: Paul played a Roman Catholic and spread Christianity to rural crucial role in spreading Eastern Orthodox areas, and provided Christianity beyond Jewish Churches. education in both communities, making it a Byzantine and medieval global faith. His letters Constantine - European societies. (Epistles) laid the Constantinople Monastic traditions, such theological groundwork for as those of St. Benedict and St. Basil, influenced How: Expanded through for the Carolingian religious life in both East military conquest and Empire. and West. alliances with the Church. Battle of Tours - Who: Carolingian Dynasty - Clovis I - first king to unite Frankish forces under. Who: A Frankish ruling the franks Charles Martel vs. family, including. Who: First King of the Umayyad Caliphate. Charlemagne. Franks to unite all Frankish What: A decisive battle What: A dynasty that tribes. that halted Muslim ruled the Frankish What: Converted to expansion into Western Kingdom and later the Christianity, aligning his Europe. Holy Roman Empire. rule with the Roman Why: Ensured that Why: Unified much of Church. Christianity remained Western Europe, Why: His conversion dominant in Western established strong ties with helped spread Christianity Europe. the Papacy, and revived in Western Europe and When: 732 CE. learning and culture. established ties between How: Frankish cavalry When: c. 751-987 CE. the Frankish Kingdom and and tactics secured victory. How: Charles Martel, the Papacy. Pepin the Short, and When: Ruled 481-511 Charlemagne - Charlemagne expanded CE.. who: King of the Franks, and consolidated the How: Used military force crowned ( pope leo the III ) empire. and religion to consolidate Holy Roman Emperor in power. 800 CE. Frankish Kingdom - What: Expanded the Who: A Germanic Charles Martel - Frankish Empire and kingdom founded by the. Who: Frankish leader and initiated the Carolingian Franks. grandfather of Renaissance. What: The dominant Charlemagne. Why: Revived learning power in Western Europe What: Defeated the and centralized governance after the fall of Rome. Muslim forces at the Battle in Europe. Why: The Franks, under of Tours. When: Ruled 768-814 Clovis I and Charlemagne, Why: Stopped the CE. laid the foundation for Muslim advance into How: Strengthened ties medieval Europe and the Europe, preserving with the Papacy ( Pope ) Holy Roman Empire. Christianity in the region. and reformed When: c. 5th-10th When: 688-741 CE. administration. centuries CE. How: Strengthened Frankish military power Carolingian Renaissance - and laid the groundwork. Who:Charlemagne and Pope - Significance: The What: Issued the Edict of scholars like Alcuin of Pope was the leader of the Thessalonica (380 CE), York. Roman Catholic Church banning pagan practices What: A revival of art, and held significant and establishing Nicene culture, and learning. political power in medieval Christianity as the empire's Why: Preserved classical Europe. The Papacy's official faith. texts and reformed growing authority led to Why: His policies education. tensions with the solidified Christianity's When: 8th-9th centuries Byzantine Church, dominance in both the CE. culminating in the Schism Byzantine Empire and How: Established schools of 1054. emerging medieval and standardized Latin. Europe. Petrine Doctrine - This When: Ruled 379-395 Justinian - Who: Byzantine doctrine established the CE. Emperor. supremacy of the Pope as How: Strengthened What: Expanded the the successor of Peter, Christian authority by empire and codified which strengthened the suppressing pagan Roman law. Catholic Church's religions and enforcing Why: His "Justinian influence in Europe but Nicene Christianity. Code" influenced also led to conflicts with European legal traditions. the Eastern Orthodox Diocletian - When: Ruled 527-565 Church.. Who: Roman Emperor CE. known for administrative How: Rebuilt Schism of 1054 - This reforms. Constantinople and permanent split between What: Divided the strengthened the empire. the Roman Catholic and Roman Empire into the Eastern Orthodox Eastern and Western Patriarch - Churches resulted from halves, introducing the. Who: The head of the disputes over papal Tetrarchy (rule by four Eastern Orthodox Church. authority and theological emperors). What: A counterpart to differences. It shaped Why: His division set the the Pope in Rome. religious and political foundation for the Why: Represented the divides between Western Byzantine Empire by religious authority in Europe and Byzantium. strengthening the East, Byzantine Christianity. which would outlast the When: Established in the Theodosius - Roman fall of the Western Roman early Church. Emperor who made Empire. How: Oversaw Church Christianity the state When: Ruled 284-305 doctrine in the East. religion. CE.  How: Reorganized the orthodoxy, and often capital, bringing scholars empire, increased military wielded political influence. and artisans there. presence, and attempted to suppress Christianity. Rome - Who:The capital of Constantinople - Who: the Western Roman Founded by Constantine as Edict of Milan - Issued by Empire and center of the the new capital of the Constantine and Licinius. Papacy. Roman Empire. What: A decree that What: The seat of the What: The heart of the granted religious tolerance Pope and the Catholic Byzantine Empire. to Christians. Church's authority. Why: A political, Why: Allowed Why: Rome's cultural, and religious Christianity to flourish significance in Christianity center that shaped legally, paving the way for made it central to conflicts Orthodox Christianity and its expansion in both between the Pope and Byzantine governance. Byzantium and medieval Byzantine emperors. When: Founded in 330 Europe. When: Important from CE, fell to the Ottomans in When: 313 CE. the Roman Republic (509 1453. How: Ended Christian BCE) through the fall of How: Strategic location persecution and led to the the Western Roman made it a center of trade, Church's close ties with Empire (476 CE) and learning, and imperial imperial power. beyond. power. How: Its influence Bishop - Who: A senior persisted through the Icons - Who:Religious member of the Christian Papacy and the Holy images used in Christian clergy. Roman Empire. worship. What: Oversaw Church What: Paintings or operations in cities and Aachen - Who: The capital mosaics depicting Christ, regions. of Charlemagne's empire. Mary, and saints. Why: Played a key role What: A center of Why: The use of icons in Christianizing Europe Carolingian Renaissance led to the Byzantine and Byzantium, serving as culture, governance, and Iconoclasm controversy, spiritual and political learning. which influenced leaders. Why: Served as a Church-State relations and When: Office developed political and intellectual the divide between Eastern in the early Church and hub of early medieval and Westeri Christianity. solidified by the 4th Europe. When: Prominent in the century. When: 8th-9th centuries Byzantine Empire from the How: Bishops led local CE. early centuries of churches, maintained How: Charlemagne made Christianity; controversy Aachen his imperial peaked in the 8th-9th How: Opposed by by iconophiles, leading to centuries. iconoclasts (who saw them conflict within the as idolatry) and defended Byzantine Empire. Primary Sources: Go back through google slides for this chapter to review primary sources (both written and visual). Pay particular attention to the ones listed below, For each source listed, identify the significance of the source and what it reveals Chapter 8. ​ Early Christianity Primary Sources (Meeting 1) ​ Decline of Rome DBQ (mostly secondary sources, but some primary, know arguments for fall of Rome in the West, Meetings 2 and 3) Main arguments are plague killing so many people there weren't people to work, or run things, places being shut down. Being Conquered by the Huns, and people that were conquered realized that teeing there was better than being in the west because they had peace and promise. Lastly, riman soldered being lazy, causing lack in winning, and fighting power, leading to loss in land, battle, power, and name. ​ The Petrine Doctrine (Meeting 4) -​ You have to believe in Christ and know that he is all powerful but also know that he is the base and the foundation of the religion, he takes care of you and all without abandoning you. From Peter the foundation came across and power gets passed down from higher power like god. It shows how leadership is handed down for years just like Jesus passed it down to Peter. Popes have authority through saint peter, saint peter has authority through Jesus. Popes are at the top. ​ Franks and Charlemagne (Conversion of Clovis, Battle of Tours, Letter from Pope Gregory II to Charles Martel, Charlemagne Primary Sources (both written and visual), Meetings 5 and 6) -​ Because during a time of struggle and battle he called upon Jesus Christ for help to win in battle, it United Rome (Roman catholic) and Germanic tribes together and gave them one significant leader and religion. -​ Muslims went on tours to destroy the church of st. Martin and the whole county, he fought and killed 300,000 Christian men. He only lost 1500 men. -​ It shows that even though the Pope and the Church lives are based around Jesus and God, they still need the franks for protection and security. I see that with the power of the Pope, that they got from Jesus, they can promise many things from heaven and god/jesus. ​ Byzantine Empire (Justinian’s Code, San Vitale Mosaics) -​ Used law, religion ( wealth unification ), strong cities ( trade centers, get ideas, get tools, made great monuments like the eye of Sophia, ect. ), and administration, ( local land wonders (Decurions), who were not necessarily loyal to the emperor. They got replaced by councils that were more loyal. )  -​ One shows Justinian and how he had a halo and lots of jewels, also shows the popes, governors, and military. Theodora shows her and her lady’s, bound to the inside of a cathedral, lots of jewels, she also has a halo. Big Picture Review Questions: Use your textbook, notes, and class materials to brainstorm responses to these big picture review questions. These will help you prepare for all sections of the assessment. Be as specific as possible. ​ Explain the beginnings of Christianity. Who are the key figures? How does it spread? What is the relationship between Christianity and the Roman Empire? -​ bases on the life and teachings of Jesus, central figure in christianity. He was. Preacher and taught love, forgiveness, and coming to god. Jesus was the son of god, crucifixion and resurrection are key ever to that offered salvation to humans, Jesus apostles spread his teachings. -​ Jesus:founder -​ Peter: Jesus disciples, often considered the first pope of catholics, spread Christianity -​ Paul: most important apostles, spread faith, was originally and Roman, spread to jews, made Christianity a global faith. -​ Christians traveled and spread Jesus teachings, said anyone could convert, regardless of background, gave hope and promise of eternal life made many join -​ the relationship between Christianity and the Roman Empire started with conflict and persecution. Early Christians were seen as a threat because they refused to worship Roman gods or the emperor. Constantine himself converted to Christianity and supported it, helping it grow within the empire. By 380 CE, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire ​ How and why did Rome fall in the West? Understand multiple theories explaining the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West. -​ The barbarians that came like the Huns, and visigoths, took control over important parts of the empire. -​ economic problems, tastes,inflation, and too much reliance on slave labor. Not enough money to fund military -​ political instability, poor leadership, corrupt, power struggle over so many people -​ military decline, lazy, not trying, not enough funds, loyalty ​ What role does the Christian church play after the fall of Rome in the West? Describe the hierarchy of the church and especially the reasoning behind the power of popes. -​ Played a central role to maintain order, stability, and unity. -​ Hierarchy; the pope ( head of church ) spiritual leader of Christian’s claimed authority, Bishops helped over smaller areas  -​ Salvation in many people -​ pop had control over doctrine ( what was taught about Christianity ) ​ Who are the Franks and what role do they play in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire? -​ Germanic tribes that expanded under Clovis 1 ( first king of franks ), converted to Christianity and gained support from Christian church -​ frankish kingdom became most powerful kingdoms under Charlemagne, he United much of Eastern Europe, became holy Roman emperor, strengthened Christianity in the religion, -​ preserved Roman culture and mix it with Germanic traditions ​ What do Clovis, Charles Martel, and Charlemagne reveal about the nature of medieval kingship? -​ Mix of military strength, religious legitimacy, and ability to expand and maintain power was what was needed to stay in balance and solidify their reigns. -​ CLOVIS: first Frankish king to unite the franks into a single kingdom, success in battle and success in conquering neighboring tribes. Converted into Christianity and gain support from the church ( solidified his rule ) -​ CHARLES MARTEL: Victory in the battle of tours, skilled military leader, he wasn’t king but he had a strong alliance with the church, his military victories were seen as defense of Christianity. -​ CHARLEMAGNE: expanded Frankish kingdom, massive empire covering westerner Europe, crowned by Pope Leo III as Holy Roman Emperor, key relation between kingship and church, spread Christianity, used started of local rulers, regularly visited different parts of empire -​ Explain why a powerful Byzantine Empire developed. -​ Became powerful because of its strategic location (crossroads of Europe and Asia which gave it control over important trade routes and military access.) -​ had a very strong military, disciplined army, advanced tactics -​ very wealthy because of the the trade and location they were -​ emperor had absolute power -​ spread christianity ​ Identify and explain the causes of the Schism of 1054. SPLIT BETWEEN ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH (WEST) AND EASTERN ORTHODOX (EAST) -​ Roman Catholic - -​ pope has authority and power to interpret the Bible -​ latin -​ No divorce or remarriage -​ icons were allowed and humanity of Jesus depicted (crucifix) -​ Eastern orthodox church - -​ Patriarch - leaders excerpt strong influence subject to emperor -​ language is interpreted by the most used language in the area -​ allowed to device and remarriage -​ priest can marry -​ Some icons are allowed -​ focus on Christ ( no suffering )