Apol Philosophy Test PDF

‭DATE/AGE‬ ‭Philosophy‬ ‭ART‬ ‭600-500‬‭BC‬ ‭‬ ‭Pre-Socratic‬‭Philosophers‬ ‭Pre-‬‭socratic‬ ‭○‬ ‭Thales‬‭(all‬‭is‬‭water‬‭-‬‭materialist‬‭philosophy)‬...

‭DATE/AGE‬ ‭Philosophy‬ ‭ART‬ ‭600-500‬‭BC‬ ‭‬ ‭Pre-Socratic‬‭Philosophers‬ ‭Pre-‬‭socratic‬ ‭○‬ ‭Thales‬‭(all‬‭is‬‭water‬‭-‬‭materialist‬‭philosophy)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Materialism‬‭&‬‭Determination‬‭&‬‭Humanism‬ ‭‬ ‭Homo=‬‭man‬ ‭‬ ‭mensura=‬‭measure‬ ‭‬ ‭Homo‬‭mensura=‬‭man‬‭is‬‭the‬‭measure‬‭of‬‭all‬ ‭things‬ ‭Heraclitus‬‭-‬‭all‬‭is‬‭change‬ ‭Cretilus‬‭-‬‭if‬‭their‬‭is‬‭all‬‭is‬‭change‬‭then‬‭that‬‭is‬‭a‬‭constant‬‭=‬‭logos‬ ‭‬ ‭Pythagoras‬‭(all‬‭is‬‭abstract/‬‭math‬‭)‬ ‭‬ ‭Protagoras‬‭(‬‭man‬‭is‬‭the‬‭measure‬‭of‬‭all‬‭things)‬ ‭Human‬‭reason‬‭can‬‭solve‬‭all‬ ‭‬ ‭Sophists-‬‭4ism,‬‭Skepticism,‬‭Nihilism‬ ‭-‬ ‭Nihilism‬ ‭-‬ ‭nihl=‬‭zero‬ ‭-‬ ‭Nihilism=‬‭nothing-ism‬ ‭=‬‭nothing‬‭matters‬ ‭‬ ‭Homo‬‭Mensura-‬‭rationalism,‬‭Humanism‬ 5‭ 00‬‭BC‬‭-‬‭500‬‭AD‬ H‭ umanism,‬‭Spiritual,‬‭&‬‭Physical‬ ‭Classical‬‭TImes‬ ‭-‬‭Nike‬‭of‬‭Samothrace-‬‭196‬‭BC‬ ‭Greco-‬‭Roman‬ ‭-‬‭Pantheism‬‭in‬‭Rome-‬‭30BC→110‬‭AD‬ ‭-‬ ‭Pan=‬‭all‬ ‭-‬ ‭theos=‬‭god‬ ‭-‬ ‭Pantheon=‬‭temple‬‭to‬‭all‬‭the‬‭gods‬ ‭400‬‭BC‬ ‭‬ S‭ ‭o‬ crates-‬‭Truth‬‭&‬‭Virtue‬‭Exist-‬ ‭(450‬‭BC)Socratic‬‭Method-‬‭b/c‬‭the‬‭truth‬‭is‬‭in‬‭You‬‭!??‬ ‭-‬ ‭Socrates‬‭method=‬‭ask‬‭q.’s‬ ‭‬ ‭P‭l‬ ato‬‭(400‬‭BC)-‬‭Ideals‬‭(Forms‬‭more‬‭real‬‭than‬‭nature)‬ ‭The‬‭Republic-‬ ‭Allegory‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Cave-‬‭Shadows‬‭on‬‭the‬‭wall.‬‭You‬‭cannot‬‭always‬ ‭trust‬‭your‬‭senses‬ 3‭ 00‬‭BC‬‭Greek‬ ‭‬ A‭ ‭r‬ istotle(350BC)‬ ‭Empire‬ ‭(‬‭A‭l‬ exander‬‭the‬‭Great‬‭(330‬‭BC))‬‭LOGIC‬‭&‬ ‭the‬‭NATURAL‬‭WORLD‬ ‭are‬‭important-‬ ‭‬ ‭The‬‭5‬‭Essences:‬‭earth,‬‭wind,‬‭fire,‬‭&‬‭water,‬‭The‬ ‭Intangibles(quintessence)‬ ‭-‬ ‭Aristotle=‬‭Periodic‬‭Table‬ ‭-‬ ‭Alexander‬‭the‬‭Great=‬‭takes‬‭over‬‭the‬‭world‬‭in‬‭330‬‭BC‬ 5‭ 0‬‭BC‬‭Roman‬ ‭Up‬ ‭=‬ ‭focuses‬‭on‬‭physics‬ ‭Empire‬ ‭=‬‭dies‬‭in‬‭370‬‭BC‬‭at‬‭30‬‭yrs.‬‭old‬ ‭Medieval‬‭Times‬ ‭500‬‭AD‬‭-‬‭1500‬ ‭Middle‬‭Ages‬ ‭‬ ‭Monasteries-‬‭symbolic‬‭Art‬ ‭‬ 5‭ 50‬‭AD-‬‭Theodora‬‭And‬‭Attendants‬ ‭500‬‭AD‬‭-1300AD‬ ‭-‬ ‭Can‬‭Grace‬‭“eat‬‭up”‬‭Nature?‬ ‭‬ ‭880‬‭AD‬‭-‬‭Cover‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Lundare‬‭Gospels‬ ‭‬ ‭Symbols‬‭replace‬‭the‬‭physical‬ ‭‬ ‭Reason‬‭gets‬‭replaced‬‭with‬‭Rationalism‬‭(Man‬‭ration‬‭becomes‬ ‭Lord)‬ ‭‬ ‭1275‬‭AD‬‭-‬‭as‬‭Aquinas‬ ‭○‬ ‭200‬‭Commentaries‬‭on‬‭the‬‭Bible‬ ‭○‬ ‭You‬‭can‬‭reason‬‭(autonomy)‬ ‭○‬ ‭“Reason‬‭is‬‭the‬‭vestibule‬‭of‬‭faith”‬ ‭Is‬‭man's‬‭reason‬ ‭Autonomous,‬‭independent‬‭of‬‭God?‬ ‭○‬ ‭Aquinas’‬‭Five‬‭Points‬ R‭ enaissance‬‭1300‬ ‭Van‬‭Eyck‬‭&‬‭the‬‭Ninja‬‭Turtles‬ V‭ an‬‭Eyck-‬‭Spiritual‬‭Theme‬‭pictured‬‭realistically‬ ‭AD-1500‬‭AD‬ ‭‬ ‭Rapahel-‬‭Depicts‬‭Plato‬‭and‬‭Aristotle‬‭in‬‭Middle‬ ‭-‬‭”3‬‭Marys‬‭at‬‭the‬‭Tomb”‬ ‭Rebirth‬‭of‬‭Classical‬ ‭With‬‭Plato‬‭with‬‭the‬‭book‬‭the‬‭republic‬‭in‬‭his‬‭hands‬‭and‬‭Aristotle‬ ‭-‬‭”Adoration‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Lamb”‬ ‭Thinking‬ ‭with‬‭an‬‭ethics‬‭book.‬ ‭-‬‭Raphael=‬‭“School‬‭of‬‭Athens”‬ ‭‬ ‭Donatello-‬‭natural‬‭perspective,‬‭shallow‬‭relief‬ ‭-‬‭Donatello=‬‭stone‬‭sculpture‬‭of‬‭David‬ ‭-‬‭shallow‬‭relief‬‭sculpture‬‭&‬‭natural‬‭perspective‬ ‭-‬‭Michelangelo=‬‭“Finger‬‭of‬‭GOD”‬‭on‬‭SIstine‬‭Chapel‬ ‭‬ ‭Michelangelo‬ ‭-‬‭Leonardo‬‭Da‬‭Vinci=‬‭“Mona‬‭Lisa”‬ ‭‬ ‭Leonardo‬‭Da‬‭Vinci-‬‭unity‬‭in‬‭diversity‬ ‭-‬‭Is‬‭there‬‭a‬‭way‬‭to‬‭unify‬‭the‬‭Scriptural‬‭&‬ ‭Physical?‬  -‭ ‬‭the‬‭UNI‬‭-VERSE‬ ‭‬ ‭Van‬‭Eych-‬‭Landscapes‬‭Grace‬‭&‬‭Nature…‬ ‭OR…‬ ‭‬ ‭Jean‬‭Foquet-‬‭Nature‬‭becomes‬‭autonomous‬‭(Mary‬‭&‬‭Child‬ ‭Autonomous)‬ ‭ odern‬‭Times‬ M ‭1500‬‭AD-1900‬‭AD‬ ‭1500‬‭AD-‬ ‭‬ ‭ artin‬‭Luther‬‭&‬‭John‬‭Calvin‬‭&‬‭the‬‭unity‬‭of‬‭Grace‬‭&‬‭Nature‬ M -‭ ‬‭Hans‬‭Holben‬‭the‬‭Younger’s‬‭“Do‬‭Not‬‭Touch‬‭Me”‬‭shows‬ ‭Age‬‭of‬‭Discovery‬ ‭‬ ‭Man‬‭is‬‭important-‬‭made‬‭in‬‭the‬‭image‬‭of‬‭GOD,‬‭tripartic‬ ‭reality‬‭of‬‭the‬‭resurrection‬ ‭and‬‭Reformation‬ ‭soul=‬‭will/‬‭mind/‬‭emotions‬ ‭-‬‭Christ‬‭in‬‭naturalistic,‬‭avoiding‬‭the‬‭iconic‬ ‭elements‬‭like‬ ‭,,,,,,‬ ‭spirit‬‭&‬‭body‬ ‭a‬‭halo‬ ‭‬ ‭The‬‭complete‬‭Fall-‬‭yet‬‭One‬‭day‬‭the‬‭body‬‭is‬‭raised-‬ ‭-‬‭Peter‬‭Bruegel’s‬ ‭“Wedding‬‭Feast”‬‭1550‬‭AD‬ ‭‬ ‭Reason‬‭&‬‭Sola‬‭Scriptura-‬‭“The‬‭Solas”‬ ‭-portrays‬‭a‬‭wedding‬‭in‬‭a‬‭barn‬ ‭-no‬‭reference‬‭to‬‭og‬‭religious/‬‭historical/‬‭classical‬‭events‬ ‭‬ ‭Luther-‬‭5‬‭Solas‬ ‭All‬‭truth‬‭comes‬‭from‬‭Revelation‬‭thru‬‭Reason‬ ‭-‬‭“The‬‭Ambassadors”‬‭by‬‭Holbien‬‭in‬‭1553-‬‭All‬‭of‬‭Reality‬‭is‬ ‭○‬ ‭Solas‬‭Veritas‬ ‭Painted‬ ‭○‬ ‭Sola‬‭SCRIPTURA‬ ‭-‬‭the‬‭Tangible‬‭&‬‭Intangible‬‭side‬‭by‬‭side-‬‭Science,‬‭Reason,‬ ‭○‬ ‭Solus‬‭Christus‬ ‭&‬‭Faith‬ ‭○‬ ‭Sola‬‭Gracia‬ ‭-‬‭Tortequim‬‭to‬‭measure‬‭celestial‬‭objects‬‭&‬‭map‬‭of‬‭the‬‭New‬ ‭○‬ ‭Sola‬‭Fide‬ ‭World‬ ‭○‬ ‭Soli‬‭Deo‬‭Gloria‬ ‭-‬‭Lutheran‬‭Hymnbook‬‭&‬‭Red‬‭Math‬‭Book‬ ‭‬ ‭Copernicus-‬‭proved‬‭Ptolemy‬‭wrong‬ ‭-‬‭Unity‬‭of‬‭all‬‭Reality‬ ‭‬ ‭(100‬‭AD)‬‭Ptolomy’s‬‭idea=‬‭geocentric‬‭theory=‬‭earth‬‭is‬‭at‬‭the‬ ‭-Life‬‭&‬‭Death…‬‭the‬‭anamorphic‬‭skull‬ ‭center‬‭of‬‭the‬‭sun‬ ‭‬ ‭Copernicus’s‬‭theory=‬‭heliocentric‬‭theory=‬‭sun‬‭is‬‭at‬‭the‬‭center‬ ‭&‬‭earth‬‭spins‬‭around‬‭it‬ ‭‬ ‭Francis‬‭Bacon-‬‭scientific‬‭method/‬‭Father‬‭of‬‭Science‬ 1‭ 600s=Age‬‭of‬ ‭‬ ‭Rembrants-‬‭Lit‬‭paintings:‬‭Reflects‬‭the‬‭realism‬‭being‬‭brought‬ -‭ 1640-‬‭“Belshazzar’s‬‭Feast”‬ ‭Enlightenment‬ ‭into‬‭art.‬‭Light‬‭was‬‭used‬‭to‬‭focus‬‭on‬‭subjects‬‭and‬‭drawn‬ ‭-‬‭GOD‬‭touches‬‭Man‬ ‭Faith‬ ‭realistically‬ ‭-‬‭“The‬‭Holy‬‭Family”‬ ‭(Meaning)Reason‬ ‭‬ ‭Kepler-‬‭laws‬‭of‬‭planetary‬‭motion‬ ‭-‬‭Guido‬‭Reni=‬‭“St.‬‭Joseph‬‭w/‬‭Infant‬‭Christ‬‭in‬‭His‬‭Arms”‬ ‭‬ ‭Galileo‬‭Galilei-‬‭GOD‬‭&‬‭Science;‬‭later‬‭proved‬‭Copernicus‬‭&‬ ‭-‬‭Rembrandt-‬‭“Adoration‬‭of‬‭The‬‭Magi”‬  P‭ tolomy‬‭wrong‬ -‭ ‬ ‭Man‬‭should‬‭BOW‬‭to‬‭GOD‬ ‭‬ ‭Rene‬‭Descartes(1596-1650)‬‭was‬‭a‬‭creative‬‭mathematician‬‭of‬ ‭Enlightenment-‬‭Rembrandt‬‭&‬‭Science‬ ‭the‬‭1st‬‭order,‬‭an‬‭important‬‭scientific‬‭thinker,‬‭&‬‭an‬‭og‬ ‭-”Doctor‬‭Nicholas‬‭Tulip’s‬‭Demonstration‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Anatomy‬‭of‬ ‭metaphysician‬ ‭the‬‭Arm”‬‭(1632)-‬‭Religious‬‭people‬‭can‬‭be‬‭scientific‬ 1‭ 700s=Age‬‭of‬ ‭‬ ‭John‬‭Locke-‬‭Empiricism‬‭+‬‭innate‬‭ideas‬‭+‬‭natural‬‭rights‬‭to‬‭life,‬ ‭-‬‭Jacques‬‭Louis‬‭David-‬‭neoclassicism‬‭(return‬‭to‬‭important‬ ‭Reason‬ ‭liberty,‬‭&‬‭property‬‭from‬‭our‬‭Creator‬ ‭classical‬‭times)‬ ‭‬ ‭Rene‬‭Descartes-‬‭Doubt‬‭what‬‭you‬‭see‬‭(skepticism‬‭of‬ ‭-man‬‭is‬‭important‬ ‭Faith‬‭(&‬‭Meaning)‬ ‭materialism),‬‭believe‬‭what‬‭you‬‭think‬‭(rationalism)‬ ‭Reason‬ ‭“Radical‬‭Dualism”‬‭of‬‭mind‬‭and‬‭matter‬ ‭‬ ‭Baruch‬‭Spinoza‬‭(1600s)‬ ‭GOD=‬‭Nature‬ ‭‬ ‭I.‬‭Kant-‬‭“Optimistic‬‭Humanism”(1700s)‬ ‭Empiricism-‬‭Value/Fact‬‭or‬‭Beleive/Facts‬ ‭Ultimate‬‭Reality‬‭Exists,‬‭but‬‭Cannot‬‭be‬‭known‬ ‭‬ ‭David‬‭Hume-‬‭Skepticism‬‭of‬‭material‬‭&‬‭thought.-‬‭cause‬‭&‬‭effect‬ ‭may‬‭not‬‭be‬‭true‬ ‭Miracles‬‭are‬‭impossible‬‭b/c‬‭GOD‬‭cannot‬‭break‬‭His‬‭own‬‭laws‬ ‭‬ ‭Thomas‬‭Jefferson-‬‭believed‬‭in‬‭an‬‭impersonal‬‭god‬ ‭-‬‭ppl‬‭have‬‭rights‬ ‭-‬‭self-evident‬‭truth‬ ‭-‬‭bible‬‭without‬‭miracles‬ 1‭ 800s=‬‭Age‬‭of‬ ‭‬ ‭Auguste‬‭Comte‬‭(1798-1857)‬ -‭ ‬‭1859‬‭:‬‭“Origin‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Species”‬‭&‬‭the‬‭“Preservation‬‭of‬‭the‬ ‭Revolution‬ ‭Nothing‬‭can‬‭be‬‭known‬‭unless‬‭you‬‭can‬‭observe‬‭it‬‭(empiricism).‬ ‭Favored‬‭Races”‬‭(Darwin)‬ ‭Demystify‬‭Adults‬‭&‬‭avoid‬‭childish‬‭fairy‬‭tales‬‭of‬‭miracles.‬ ‭-‬‭1871‬‭:‬‭“Descent‬‭of‬‭Man”‬‭(Darwin)‬ ‭“Negative‬‭Humanism”.‬‭Man‬‭is‬‭all‬‭there‬‭is,‬‭&‬‭Man‬‭is‬‭j‬‭stuff‬‭in‬‭a‬ ‭No‬‭need‬‭for‬‭GOD‬ ‭struggle‬‭!‬ ‭-‬‭mid-1800s:‬‭“‬‭REALISM”-‬‭the‬‭philosophical‬‭movement‬‭in‬ ‭But,‬‭SCIENCE‬‭will‬‭solve‬‭all‬‭ur‬‭problems‬ ‭art‬‭to‬‭REJECT‬‭the‬‭spiritual‬‭as‬‭MYTH‬‭&‬‭paint‬‭only‬‭ordinary‬‭ppl‬ ‭‬ ‭Darwin‬‭-‬ ‭Random‬‭undirected‬‭Chance‬‭&‬‭Survival‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Fittest‬ ‭or‬‭to‬‭challenge‬‭the‬‭idea‬‭of‬‭ART‬‭mainly‬‭for‬‭the‬‭sake‬‭of‬ ‭‬ ‭Charles‬‭Darwin-‬ ‭REJECTING‬‭any‬‭REAL‬‭beauty‬‭by‬‭instilling‬‭that‬‭the‬ ‭Naturalistic‬‭Evolution‬ ‭non-physical‬‭was‬‭FAKE‬‭&‬‭any‬‭standards‬‭at‬‭all‬‭SHOULD‬‭be‬ ‭‬ ‭Marx-‬ ‭optimizing‬‭humanism‬ ‭REJECTED‬ ‭‬ ‭Søren‬‭Kierkegaard‬‭-‬‭Religious‬‭Existentialism‬‭(1880s)‬  G‭ OD‬‭is‬‭“wholly‬‭other”‬‭so‬‭u‬‭cannot‬‭Know‬‭Him‬‭-‬ -‭ ‬‭Gustave‬‭Courbet-‬‭“The‬‭Stonebreakers”‬ ‭only‬‭can‬‭experience‬‭Him‬‭.‬ ‭-‬‭Claude‬‭Monet‬‭&‬‭Vincent‬‭Van‬‭Gough‬‭do‬‭impressionism-‬ ‭The‬‭Bible‬‭is‬‭just‬‭a‬‭RECORD‬‭of‬‭experiences‬‭w/‬‭GOD.‬‭The‬‭“irrational‬‭leap‬ ‭look‬‭at‬‭light‬‭&‬‭see‬‭what‬‭impression‬‭it‬‭makes‬‭on‬‭you‬ ‭of‬‭faith”-‬‭‘blind‬‭faith’‬ ‭-‬‭life‬‭is‬‭just‬‭an‬‭impression‬‭of‬‭things‬ ‭‬ ‭Friedrich‬‭Nietzche‬‭(1844-1900)-‬ ‭-lesson‬‭represented‬‭subjects‬ ‭nihilism‬‭-‬‭there‬‭is‬‭no‬‭GOD,‬‭so‬‭there‬‭is‬‭no‬‭Ultimate‬‭Meaning-‬‭Nothing‬ ‭-‬‭Artists‬‭continued‬‭to‬‭reject‬‭representative‬‭art‬‭for‬‭more‬ ‭Matters-‬ ‭abstract‬‭compositions‬ ‭Father‬‭of‬‭Postmodernism-‬‭Contradictions‬‭r‬‭ok!‬ ‭‬ ‭Fyodor‬‭Dostoevsky‬‭(1821-1881)‬ ‭-‬‭“The‬‭Scream”‬‭(1893)‬‭that‬‭no‬‭one‬‭hears…‬ ‭“The‬‭Brothers‬‭Karamazov”‬ ‭-‬‭Edvard‬‭Munch-‬‭“Expressionism,”‬‭pleads‬‭his‬‭feelings‬‭of‬ ‭‬ ‭Rational‬‭Insanity‬‭-‬‭w/o‬‭GOD.‬‭The‬‭only‬‭thing‬‭that‬‭makes‬‭sense‬‭is‬ ‭ANGST‬‭(Dread‬‭at‬‭the‬‭Meaningless‬‭of‬‭Life)‬‭in‬‭his‬‭paintings‬‭in‬ ‭expressionism‬‭the‬‭artist‬‭isn’t‬‭concerned‬‭w/‬‭reality,‬‭but‬‭now‬ ‭insanity.‬‭Nietzche’s‬‭Nihilism‬‭sacrifices‬‭even‬‭rationality‬‭to‬‭save‬ ‭it‬‭SUBJECTIVELY‬‭appears‬‭w/‬‭the‬‭emotions‬ ‭man’s‬‭Rational-ISM‬ ‭‬ ‭On‬‭Jan.‬‭3,‬‭1889,‬‭Nietzche‬‭finally‬‭suffered‬‭a‬‭mental‬‭collapse.‬‭2‬ ‭policemen‬‭approached‬‭him‬‭after‬‭he‬‭caused‬‭a‬‭public‬ ‭disturbance‬‭in‬‭the‬‭streets‬‭of‬‭Turin‬‭.‬ ‭In‬‭the‬‭following‬‭yrs.‬‭he‬‭wrote‬‭a‬‭series‬‭of‬‭letters‬‭called‬‭the‬‭“Madness‬ ‭Letters”‬ ‭‬ ‭1870s-1880s:‬‭“Optimistic‬‭Humanism”‬‭Karl‬‭Marx‬‭Communist‬ ‭Manifesto‬‭-‬ ‭Class‬‭Struggle‬‭for‬‭Survival‬‭to‬‭evolutionary‬‭progress.‬ ‭Das‬‭Kapital‬‭-‬‭dedicated‬‭to‬‭Charles‬‭Darwin-‬ ‭inheritance‬‭supports‬‭capitalism‬‭so‬‭eliminate‬‭‘family’/‬‭‘marriage’‬ 1‭ 900s-2000s‬ ‭ odern‬‭Art‬‭in‬‭PostModern‬‭Times‬ M ‭Post‬‭Modern‬‭Times‬ ‭-‬‭Modern‬‭Art-‬‭series‬‭of‬‭genres‬‭from‬‭mid-19thc‬ ‭-‬‭challenges‬‭standards‬ 1‭ 900s‬ ‭‬ S‭ ecular‬‭Existentialism-‬‭make‬‭up‬‭meaning‬‭&‬‭Fake‬‭Meaning‬ ‭-‬‭DaDa‬‭(1916)-‬‭Anti-‬‭Beauty,‬‭Art,‬‭Matter‬ ‭Age‬‭of‬‭Destruction‬ ‭‬ ‭Nietzche‬‭said‬‭BOTH‬‭had‬‭irrational‬‭faith‬ ‭-‬‭1919:‬‭Marcel‬‭Ducham‬‭p‬‭performed‬‭the‬‭most‬‭notable‬ ‭Post‬‭Modern‬‭Times‬ ‭But‬‭(do‬‭u‬‭see‬ ‭the‬‭contradiction?!)‬ ‭outrages‬‭painting-‬‭mustache‬‭on‬‭a‬‭copy‬‭of‬‭the‬‭“Mona‬‭Lisa”‬ ‭Postmodern-‬ ‭Nietzche‬‭said‬‭NOTHING‬‭was‬‭RATIONAL‬‭!!‬ ‭(&‬‭scribbling‬‭an‬‭obscenity‬‭(extremely‬‭offensive‬‭word/‬ C‭ ontradictions‬‭are‬ H‭ e‬‭said‬‭BOTH‬‭atheists‬‭&‬‭theists‬‭set‬‭up‬‭RULES‬‭&‬‭t‬‭here‬‭SHOULD‬ e‭ xpression)‬‭beneath)‬ ‭ok‬ ‭BE‬‭NO‬‭RULES‬ ‭French‬‭(&‬‭later‬‭American)‬‭based‬‭artist‬‭of‬‭the‬‭20thc‬ ‭‬ ‭Nietzche’s‬‭RULES‬‭!!‬ ‭=‬‭really‬‭made‬‭art‬‭using‬‭premade‬‭objects‬‭&‬ ‭‬ ‭Nictzche’s‬‭guidelines‬ ‭turning‬‭them‬‭into‬‭fine‬‭art‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Own‬‭up‬‭to‬‭Envy‬ ‭“The‬‭Fountain”‬‭(urinal)‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Don’t‬‭be‬‭a‬‭Christian‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Don’t‬‭drink‬‭alcohol‬ ‭-‬‭1920s:‬‭“DaDa”‬‭&‬ ‭“Abstract‬‭Art”-‬‭more‬‭&‬‭more‬‭abstract‬‭&‬ ‭4.‬ ‭GOD‬‭is‬‭dead‬ ‭subjective‬ ‭‬ ‭Father‬‭of‬‭Postmodernism-‬‭“Truth‬‭is‬‭Fiction”-‬‭“Plato‬‭was‬‭a‬ ‭bore”‬ ‭-‬‭1942:‬‭“‬‭The‬‭Stranger‬‭”‬‭Albert‬‭Camus‬‭(1913-1960)‬ ‭Main‬‭Character‬‭Kills‬‭Muslim‬‭on‬‭beach‬‭because‬‭sun‬‭was‬‭hot‬ ‭‬ ‭Sigmund‬‭Freud-‬‭Evolutionary‬‭Psychiatry‬ ‭‬ ‭1856-1939‬ ‭-‬‭1950s:‬‭pop‬‭art-‬‭utilized‬‭the‬‭techniques‬‭and‬‭aesthetics‬‭of‬ ‭‬ ‭Sick‬‭animal‬ ‭mass‬‭production‬‭to‬‭critique‬‭modern‬‭technology‬ ‭Campbell‬‭Soup‬‭Cans‬ ‭‬ ‭Adolf‬‭Hitler-‬‭Social‬‭Evolution‬ ‭Everything‬‭is‬‭Just‬‭material‬ ‭1924‬‭“Mein‬‭Kampf”‬‭(my‬‭struggle)‬ ‭-‬‭Jackson‬‭Pollock‬ ‭The‬‭Death‬‭of‬‭GOD‬‭Leads‬‭to‬‭the‬‭Death‬‭of‬‭Man‬‭by‬‭Man‬ ‭-‬‭Since‬‭there‬‭is‬‭NO‬‭MEANING‬‭to‬‭Life‬‭But‬‭we‬‭try‬‭to‬‭MAKE‬‭UP‬‭a‬ ‭‬ ‭1930s:‬‭Humanist‬‭Manifesto‬‭1-‬‭John‬‭Dewey-‬‭public‬‭schools‬ ‭meaning‬ ‭1933:‬‭Secular‬‭Humanist‬‭Manifesto‬ ‭1.‬ ‭No‬‭Creator‬ ‭2.‬ ‭No‬‭Creation‬‭(evolution)‬ -‭ ‬‭C.S.‬‭Lewis‬‭“The‬‭Lion,‬‭the‬‭Witch,‬‭and‬‭the‬‭Wardrobe”-‬‭1950s‬ ‭-‬‭Real‬‭End,‬‭Real‬‭GOOD,‬‭Real‬‭GOD‬ ‭‬ ‭John‬‭Dewey‬‭-‬‭Secular‬‭Humanism‬ ‭-‬‭GOD=‬‭“not‬‭safe,‬‭but‬‭good”‬ ‭‬ ‭1934:‬‭“A‬‭Common‬‭Faith”‬ ‭-‬‭1980s:‬‭“shock‬‭art”‬ ‭‬ ‭Humanist‬‭Goal:‬‭Preach‬‭this‬‭“new‬‭faith”‬‭of‬‭Humanism‬‭in‬‭the‬ ‭Public‬‭Schools‬ ‭‬ ‭1940s:‬‭WW2‬‭Nazis‬‭Holocaust‬‭(Hitler‬‭kills‬‭12‬‭million)-‬‭Man‬‭kills‬ ‭GOD‬‭so‬‭Man‬‭kills‬‭Man‬ ‭‬ ‭Jean‬‭Paul‬‭Sartre‬‭(1905-1960)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Atheist/‬‭believer‬ ‭○‬ ‭Came‬‭to‬‭the‬‭realization‬‭that‬‭he‬‭was‬‭wrong‬ ‭○‬ ‭Was‬‭evangelized‬‭to‬‭by‬‭an‬‭elderly‬‭missionary‬‭couple‬‭in‬  A‭ frica‬‭who‬‭had‬‭no‬‭idea‬‭who‬‭he‬‭was‬‭or‬‭that‬‭he‬‭was‬ ‭famous‬ ‭‬ ‭1950s:‬‭Stalin‬‭&‬‭Mao‬‭kill‬‭50‬‭million-‬‭1900s‬‭Age‬‭of‬‭Destruction‬ ‭‬ ‭1960s-1970s:‬‭Secular‬‭Existentialism‬‭Albert‬‭Camus‬‭&‬‭Sarte-‬ ‭“The‬‭Stranger”‬‭&‬‭“No‬‭Exist”-‬‭“The‬‭ABSURD”-‬‭the‬‭existential‬ ‭leap‬ ‭‬ ‭1970s:‬‭Humanist‬‭Manifesto‬‭&‬‭Abortion‬‭in‬‭the‬‭US-‬‭wrong‬‭is‬‭a‬ ‭right‬ ‭‬ ‭1973:‬‭Secular‬‭Humanist‬‭Manifesto‬‭2‬ ‭‬ ‭“OOPS!‬‭In‬‭Manifesto‬‭1‬‭(1933)‬‭we‬‭were-‬‭Too‬‭Optimistic”‬ ‭‬ ‭Living‬‭things‬‭are‬‭important-‬‭throw‬‭them‬‭away!!‬ ‭‬ ‭But‬‭we‬‭have‬‭killed‬‭over‬‭62‬‭million‬‭unborn‬‭(more‬‭deaths‬‭in‬‭just‬ ‭the‬‭US‬‭than‬‭all‬‭of‬‭the‬‭1900s‬ ‭‬ ‭1990s-2000s:‬‭Deconstructionism‬‭-‬‭Jacques‬‭Derrida‬‭(2004)‬ 2‭ 000s‬ ‭‬ ‭Jacques‬‭Derrida‬‭(2004):‬‭“what‬‭does‬‭it‬‭mean‬‭to‬‭you?”‬ -‭ ‬‭SHOCK‬‭ART‬ ‭Post‬‭Post‬‭Modern‬ -‭ in‬‭2005,‬‭to‬‭make‬‭his‬‭“art,”‬‭Andre‬‭Serrano‬‭took‬‭a‬‭crucifix‬ ‭Times‬ ‭‬ ‭2010s:‬‭“Who‬‭cares‬‭about‬‭Postmodernism”-‬‭From‬‭no‬‭soul,‬‭to‬ ‭of‬‭Jesus‬‭&‬‭suspended‬‭it‬‭in‬‭a‬‭jar‬‭of‬‭his‬‭urine.‬‭He‬‭then‬‭took‬‭a‬‭pic‬ ‭no‬‭reason,‬‭to‬‭no‬‭Hope!‬‭Contradictions‬‭are‬‭ok…‬‭&‬‭if‬‭they‬‭aren’t‬ ‭&‬‭then‬‭displayed‬‭it‬‭in‬‭an‬‭art‬‭museum‬‭&‬‭called‬‭it‬‭“shock‬‭art”‬ ‭ok…‬‭that’s‬‭Ok…!‬ ‭-‬‭2009-2020:‬‭“Non‬‭representational‬‭Art”‬ ‭“A‬‭Fake‬‭Meaning”...‬‭A‬‭Meaningless‬‭Meaning!‬ ‭-‬‭The‬‭viewer‬‭determines‬‭the‬‭meaning‬‭of‬‭the‬‭form,‬‭line,‬‭color,‬ ‭&‬‭movement‬ ‭-‬‭“‭C‬ ulmination‬‭”‬‭bt‬‭Lynne‬‭Taetzsch‬‭…‬‭pronounced‬‭as‬‭1‬ ‭syllable‬ ‭-‬‭No‬‭author-‬‭you‬‭be‬‭the‬‭author…‬‭LIE‬ ‭The‬‭Truth‬‭About‬‭Truth‬ ‭1)‬ ‭All‬‭truth‬‭claims‬‭are‬‭absolute,‬‭narrow,‬‭and‬‭exclusive‬ ‭2)‬ ‭Truth‬‭is‬‭discovered,‬‭not‬‭invented.‬‭It‬‭exists‬‭independent‬‭of‬‭anyone’s‬‭knowledge‬‭of‬‭it‬ ‭3)‬ ‭Beliefs‬‭cannot‬‭change‬‭a‬‭fact,‬‭no‬‭matter‬‭how‬‭sincerely‬‭they‬‭are‬‭held‬ ‭Undeniable:‬‭if‬‭when‬‭you‬‭deny‬‭it,‬‭you‬‭prove‬‭it‬‭is‬‭true‬ ‭○‬ ‭Undeniable‬‭Claims:‬  ‭‬ T‭ here‬‭is‬‭truth‬ ‭‬ ‭You‬‭can‬‭know‬‭truth‬ ‭‬ ‭The‬‭opposite‬‭of‬‭true‬‭is‬‭false‬ L‭ ogicals‬ ‭2‬‭Logical‬‭Test‬‭For‬‭Truth-‬ ‭1)‬ ‭Logical‬‭constancy‬‭(Has‬‭to‬‭fit‬‭all‬‭the‬‭facts‬ ‭2)‬ ‭Logical‬‭non-contradiction‬‭(A‬‭or‬‭non‬‭A,‬‭Both‬ ‭3‬‭Laws‬‭of‬‭logic‬ ‭1)‬ ‭Identity‬‭(A=A)‬ ‭2)‬ ‭Excluded‬‭Middle‬‭(A‬‭or‬‭non‬‭A)‬ ‭3)‬ ‭Law‬‭Noncontradiction‬‭(A‬‭≠‬‭non‬‭A‬ ‭Philosophy-‬‭Lover‬‭of‬‭Wisdom‬ ‭Sophia-Wisdom‬ ‭False‬‭Dichotomy‬ ‭Quintessence-‬‭Intangibles‬ A‭ rts-‬ ‭Realism‬ ‭Expressionism‬ ‭Impressionism‬ ‭Abstract‬ ‭Surrealism‬ T‭ he‬‭Fathers‬ ‭Francis‬‭Bacon-‬‭Modern‬‭Science‬ ‭Soren‬‭Kierkegaard-‬‭Existentialism‬ ‭John‬‭Dewey-‬‭Public‬‭School‬‭System‬ ‭Francis‬‭Schaeffer‬‭GRACE‬‭AND‬‭NATURE‬‭Diagrams‬ ‭Pre-Socratic‬‭Times‬‭(600‬‭BC-500‬‭BC)‬ ‭NATURE‬ ‭Classical‬‭Times‬‭(500‬‭BC-500‬‭AD)‬ ‭GRACE/NATURE‬ ‭Medieval‬‭Times‬‭(500‬‭AD-1500‬‭AD)‬ ‭‬ ‭Middle‬‭Ages‬‭(500‬‭AD-1300‬‭AD)‬ ‭GRACE/nature‬ ‭‬ ‭1275‬‭AD‬‭-‬‭Thomas‬‭Aquinas‬ ‭FAITH/REASON‬ ‭‬ ‭Renaissance‬‭(1300‬‭AD-1500‬‭AD)‬ ‭GRACE/NATURE‬ ‭Modern‬‭Times‬‭(1500‬‭AD-1900‬‭AD)‬ ‭‬ ‭1500s‬‭-‬‭Age‬‭of‬‭Discovery/Reformation‬ ‭FAITH/REASON‬ ‭‬ ‭1600s‬‭-‬‭Age‬‭of‬‭Enlightenment‬ ‭FAITH/REASON‬ ‭‬ ‭1700s‬‭-‬‭Age‬‭of‬‭Reason‬ ‭/‬ ‭FAITH‬ ‭REASON‬ ‭‬ ‭1800s‬‭-‬‭Age‬‭of‬‭Revolution‬ ‭NATURE‬ ‭‬ ‭1900s‬‭-‬‭Age‬‭of‬‭Destruction/Postmodernism‬ ‭grace/NATURE‬