Class 10 Science Control And Coordination PDF

CLASS 10 NOTES SCIENCE Control And Coordination PRASHANT KIRAD  PRASHANT KIRAD Nervous System The nervous system is like the control center of our bodies. It's made up of special tissues call...

CLASS 10 NOTES SCIENCE Control And Coordination PRASHANT KIRAD  PRASHANT KIRAD Nervous System The nervous system is like the control center of our bodies. It's made up of special tissues called nervous tissue. The worker in this system is the nerve cell or neuron. The nervous system is mainly in charge of managing and coordinating things in complex animals. Functions of the nervous system: The nervous system gets information from the world around us. It collects information from different parts of our body. It helps us to make decisions and control our muscles and glands. Neuron and Nerve cells Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. Neuron is a D highly specialized cell which is responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses. RA Structure of a neuron: EMA A neuron has four main parts: KI Cell Body (Soma): Contains the nucleus and other organelles. T Maintains the cell's functions. AN Dendrites: Tree-like structures that extend from the cell body. Receive signals from other neurons and conduct these signals toward the cell body. H Axon: AS A long, thread-like structure that carries impulses away from the cell body. It ends in axon terminals, which transmit signals to other neurons, muscles, or PR glands. The axon may be covered with a myelin sheath, which insulates it and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses. Nerve endings: They are like tiny branches at the ends of neurons, and they send electrical signals to other neurons. EMA Working of a neuron: Stimulus Received: The neuron receives a stimulus, which initiates an electrical signal called an action potential. Impulse Generation: The action potential is generated at the cell body and travels along the axon. Impulse Propagation: The nerve impulse moves down the axon towards the axon terminals. Synapse Transmission: At the synapse, neurotransmitters are released, transmitting the signal to the next neuron or target cell. Response: The signal leads to a response, such as muscle contraction or hormone release.  PRASHANT KIRAD Transmission of nerve impulse: Nerve impulses travel in the following manner from one neutron to the next. Dendrites Cell body Axon dendrite of next neuron synapse nerve endings at the tip of axon Flow mantra The chemicals released from the tip of a neuron's axon traverse the synapse or neuromuscular junction to connect with the adjacent cell. CNS (Central Nervous System) The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions, while the D spinal cord relays signals between the brain and the RA peripheral nervous system. Human Brain: KI It serves as the central “Topic zarrori hai T coordination hub of the Exam mei aata hai” AN body, empowering an - Prashant Bhaiya organism to both think and act. H AS Three Regions of Brain: EMA Fore-brain: It is composed of the cerebrum. PR Mid-brain: It is composed of the hypothalamus. Hind-brain: It is composed of the cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata. Forebrain: The largest and primary cognitive region of the brain responsible for receiving sensory impulses. Its components include: Cerebrum: Shaped like a dome, it serves as the brain's uppermost structure and functions as the primary thinking center. Responsible for tasks such as reasoning, speech, and information processing. The cerebrum controls voluntary motor actions. It is the site of sensory perceptions, like tactile and auditory perceptions. It is the seat of learning and memory. Lobes: Frontal- controls voluntary movements of muscles, memory, and speech. Parietal- a sense of touch and taste. Temporal- a sense of smell and hearing. Occipital- a sense of vision.  PRASHANT KIRAD Midbrain: The inclusion of the hypothalamus defines its composition. Hypothalamus: EMA It lies at the base of the cerebrum. It also controls the urges for eating and drinking. It controls sleep and wake cycle of the body. Hindbrain: Serving as the link between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain, it consists of three distinct parts. 1. Cerebellum: It's under the balanced and does three main things: helps you move keeps you balanced manages things you do on purpose 2. Medulla: It's the brain stem, found at the bottom of the brain and stretching into the spinal cord. It handles things our body does automatically, like hearing, heartbeats, breathing, and actions like salivating and vomiting. D RA 3. Pons: It also controls involuntary actions. KI It regulates respiration Spinal Cord: It manages quick reflex actions and T JOSH METER? sends messages between the body and the brain. AN EMA Peripheral Nervous System H The peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves. We have 12 AS pairs of cranial nerves that extend from the brain to the head's organs. Additionally, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that come out of the spinal cord and connect to PR organs below the head. 1. Cranial Nerves: Originate from the brain and extend throughout the head. 2. Spinal Nerves: Arise from the spinal cord and extend throughout the body, excluding the head. 3. Visceral Nerves: Emerge from the spinal cord and establish connections with internal organs. Reflex Action: A rapid, sudden, and immediate bodily response to a stimulus. Examples include the knee jerk and withdrawing the hand upon touching an object. Reflex Arc: The route traveled by nerve impulses during a reflex action is known as a reflex arc. Heat Receptors Spinal Organ Effector Organ Response (Stimulus) (Skin) (Muscles) (Hand Withdrawal)  PRASHANT KIRAD Three Types Of Responses: 1. Voluntary Actions: Governed by the forebrain. Examples include talking and writing. 2. Involuntary Actions: Regulated by the mid and hind brain. Examples encompass D heartbeat, vomiting, and respiration. RA 3. Reflex Actions: Orchestrated by the spinal cord. An instance is the withdrawal of a hand upon touching a hot object. KI Coordination in Plants: Control and coordination in plants are carried out by hormones. T AN “Bht zarrori Table” - Prashant Bhaiya Plant Hormones Functions H AS Auxin Helps in the growth of plant tissues PR Cytokinin Promotes cell division, delays ageing of cells Facilitates stem growth, triggers seed germination, stimulates Gibberellins flowering, supports cell division, and fosters seed development post-germination. Suppresses growth, induces wilting of leaves, Abscisic Acid encourages bud and seed dormancy. Ethylene This is a gas hormone responsible for fruit ripening.  PRASHANT KIRAD EMA Growth Independent Movements: Movements unrelated to growth are termed nastic movements. These responses occur due to environmental stimuli, but the direction of the response is not determined by the direction of the stimulus. The movement in the touch-me-not plant is thigmonastic movement (movement in response to touch). Plants Movements Associated with Growth: Growth-related movements are referred to as tropic movements. These responses occur in reaction to environmental stimuli, and the direction of the response is influenced by the direction of the stimulus. Phototropic movement (light-dependent) Geotropic movement (gravity-dependent) “Dhyan mei rakhna Chemotropic movement (chemical-dependent) topic exam mei pucha D Hydrotropic movement (water-dependent) jaata hai” RA - Prashant Bhaiya Thigmotropic movement (touch dependent) 1. Geotropism: The response of plant parts to the Earth's KI gravitational force is termed geotropism or gravitropism. Positive geotropism refers to growth towards gravity, while negative T geotropism involves growth away from gravity. Roots exhibit positive AN geotropism by growing towards gravity, while shoots display negative geotropism by growing away from gravity. H 2. Phototropism: The response of plant parts to light is termed phototropism. AS Positive phototropism involves movement towards light, while PR negative phototropism entails movement away from light. Stems exhibit positive phototropism by moving towards the light, while roots demonstrate negative phototropism by moving away from the light. 3. Hydrotropism: Movement of plant parts in response to water or moisture. Positive hydrotropism involves movement towards water, while negative hydrotropism entails movement away from water. Root movement in search of water is an example of positive hydrotropism, as seen in the movement of roots towards areas with high humidity. 4. Chemotropism: The response of plant parts to chemical stimuli is termed chemotropism. Positive chemotropism involves movement towards a chemical stimulus, while negative chemotropism entails movement away from a chemical stimulus. The growth of the pollen tube towards the ovule exemplifies positive chemotropism.  PRASHANT KIRAD 5. Thigmotropism: Movement of plant parts in response to touch is called as thigmotropism. Positive thigmotropism involves movement towards touch, while negative thigmotropism entails movement away from touch. The movement of tendrils around a support is an example of positive thigmotropism. The Endocrine System: rtion) VIP (very important po Exocrine Glands: Exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts that open onto an epithelial surface. Endocrine Glands: Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream in humans. In the human body, notable endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, ovary (female), testis (male), and others. Now, let's delve into each gland to learn more. Pituitary Gland: Pea-sized gland situated at the base of the D brain Functions as the master gland, overseeing the secretions of all other endocrine glands Produces Growth Hormone (GH), LH, FSH. RA KI Insufficient GH secretion results in Dwarfism T Excessive GH secretion leads to Gigantism AN in children. Excessive GH in adults causes 'Acromegaly' H Thyroid Gland: AS Butterfly-shaped gland in the throat Secretes the hormone 'Thyroxine,' which regulates body metabolism PR Requires iodine for thyroxine synthesis in the body Iodine deficiency results in under-secretion of thyroxine Under-secretion of thyroxine causes goitre Pancreas: Leaf-like gland located behind the stomach in the abdomen Functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland Endocrine function involves the production of two hormones: Insulin and glucagon Insulin and glucagon act antagonistically to regulate blood sugar levels Exocrine function includes the secretion of enzymes to break down proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids in food Insufficient insulin production from the pancreas results in diabetes Adrenal Gland: Present in pairs above each kidney Size decreases with age Secretes adrenaline, a hormone facilitating the flight and fight response Additionally secretes noradrenaline  PRASHANT KIRAD Gonads: Gonads are gamete-producing organs: testes in males, ovaries in females Testes produce androgen (testosterone and other male hormones), while ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone (female hormones) Androgen and estrogen contribute to gamete production and influence the sexual characteristics of males and females, respectively Progesterone serves as the pregnancy hormone. # TOP 7 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1) What are hormones? Solution: D Hormones are the chemical substances secreted in trace amounts by specialised tissue called endocrine glands. RA 2) Trace the sequences of events through a reflex arc which occur when a bright light is KI focused on your eyes. T Solution: AN Photo receptors (EYE) Sensory neuron Spinal cord Effector Muscles in Eye (blinking) Motor neuron H AS 3) (a) What is reflex arc? (b) What are the components of reflex arc? (c) How do muscle cells move? PR Solution: a. The process of detecting the signal or the input and responding to it by an output action might be completed quickly. Such a connection is commonly called reflex arc. b. Stimulus " Receptors " Sensory neurons " Spinal cord " Motor neurons " Effector. c. Muscle cells have special proteins that change their shape and arrangement in the cell in response to electrical impulse. This leads the muscle cells shortening. 4) What are hormones? Name the hormone produced by thyroid gland and state its function. Solution: Chemical coordination in animals occurs through chemicals called hormones which are secreted by endocrine glands. Thyroxin hormone. It regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It is advisable to consume iodized salt in our food as iodine is required by our thyroid gland to produce thyroxin hormone. If it lacks in our body goiter may occur due to enlargement of thyroid in the neck region.  PRASHANT KIRAD 5) Name the hormone synthesized at the shoot tips. How does it help the plant to respond to light? Solution: Auxin is synthesized at the shoot tips when growing plant detects light and helps the cells to grow longer. When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot. This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is away from light. Thus, the plant appears to bend towards light. 6) State how concentration of auxins stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of D shoot which is away from light? Solution: RA Auxin form in the shoot tip but diffuse toward the part which is in shade/away from KI the light. The concentration on shady part increase stimulation cells in this part to T elongate. The side of shoot on this side grows longer than the part in light hence bend AN towards light. 7) 1. Name the endocrine gland associated with brain. H 2. Which gland secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormone? AS 3. Name the endocrine gland associated with kidneys. 4. Which endocrine gland is present in males but not in females? 5. Which hormone is responsible for changes in females during puberty? PR 6. Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of which hormone? Solution: 1. Pituitary gland 2. Pancreas 3. Adrenal gland 4. Testes 5. estrogen 6. Thyroxine “Class 10th Phodenge”