Globalization: PDF

WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? ❖ Globalization is defined as the process through which globalization and they can be traced all throughout an increasing...

WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? ❖ Globalization is defined as the process through which globalization and they can be traced all throughout an increasingly flow of ideas, people, goods and history, trade, missionary work, adventures and ❖ Generally, the view on globalization is taken primarily services, technology and capital leads to the integration conquest. as an economic process. of economics and societies at a speed unprecedented Cycles ❖ It is usually related to global management and market in effect and outcomes (as cited by Danug & ❖ Globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus, integration. Campanilla, 2004, p.81). finding its origin will be a daunting task. Subscribing to ❖ In the context of economics, it is defined as the ❖ The literature on the definitions of globalization this view will suggest adherence to the idea that other recognition by organizations that business must have a revealed that definitions could be classifies as either… global ages have appeared. There is also the notion to global, not local focus. ❖ Broad and inclusive or narrow and exclusive suspect that this point of globalization will soon ❖ Globalization means the act or process of globalizing, ❖ Broad and Inclusive--- covering or including everything, disappear and reappear. the state of being globalized, the development of an open to everyone, not limited to certain people, Epoch increasingly integrated global economy. It is the including the stated limits and everything in between. ❖ Ritzer cited Therborns six great epoch of globalization. process by which businesses or other organizations (BROAD GLOBALIZATION, NOT SPECIFIC) These are also called “waves” and each has its own develop international influence or start operating on an ❖ Ohmae (1992), Globalization is “the onset of the origin. international scale. borderless world.” ❖ Globalization of Religion ❖ Globalization encompasses a multiple of processes ❖ Narrow and Exclusive-- not shared, available to only ❖ European Colonial Conquest that involves the economy, political system, and one person or group, available to a few groups of ❖ Intra-European Wars culture, therefore, are directly affected by people. (LIMITED GLOBALIZATION, SPECIFIC) ❖ Heyday of European Imperialism globalization. It is a very important change, if not, it is ❖ Robert Cox’s, “the characteristics of the Globalization ❖ Post-World War II period the MOST IMPORTANT. trend included the internationalizing of production, the ❖ Post-Cold War Period ❖ Progress- movement forward, the process of improving new international division of labor, new migratory or developing over something or period of time. movements, the new competitive environment, and Events ❖ Development- the act or process of growing or causing making states into agencies of the globalizing world.” ❖ Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth something to grow or become larger or more ❖ Ritzer (2015), “globalization is a transplanetary process view in explaining the origin of globalization. If this case, advanced. or a set of processes involving increasing liquidity and then several points can be treated as the start of ❖ Integration- incorporation as equal into society or an the growing multidirectional flows of people, object, globalization. The recent years could also be regarded organization of individuals, coordination through places, and information's as well as the structure they as the beginnings of globalization with reference to operation of solving differential. encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite, specific technological advances in transportation and ❖ Globalization view as a positive Phenomenon. those flows. communication. ❖ Globalization could bring either or both integration and (WORLD WAR II) Different Views of Globalization or fragmentation. WHY ARE WE GOING TO SPEND TIME STUDYING THIS ❖ Thomas Larsson (2001), Globalization is “the process of HOW GLOBALIZATION STARTED? CONCEPT? HOW CAN IT HELP US UNDERSTAND world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things GLOBALIZATION? moving closer.) Origins and History of Globalization ❖ According to Stoner et al. (2006, pp.78-81), the ❖ FIRST, the perspective of the person who defines phenomenon of globalization consists of three Hardwired globalization shapes its definition, the overview of interrelated factors: ❖ Nayan Chanda (2007), globalization start because of definition implies that globalization is many things to - Proximity our basic human need to make our lives better that many different people. - Location; and made globalization possible. Therefore, one can trace ❖ Arjun Appadurai “globalization is a “world of things that - Attitude the beginning of globalization from our ancestor in have different speeds, axes, points of origin and ❖ Martin Khor, say that Globalization is way of Africa who walked out from the said continent in the termination and varied relationship to institutional Colonization. (regression colonialism, destabilization) late Ice Age. This long journey finally led them go all structures in different regions, nations, or societies” ❖ Manfred Steger (2014, p. 184) described globalization known, continents today roughly after 50,000 years. He ❖ SECOND, to paraphrase the sociologist Cesare Poppi, as the expansion and intensification of social relations also mentioned that commerce, religion politics and Globalization is the debate and the debate is a an consciousness across world-time and across world- warfare are the “urges” of people toward a better life. globalization. space. These are respectively connected to four aspects of  ❖ THIRD, globalization is a reality, it is changing as human WHAT ARE THE THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION? Heterogeneity Theories on Globalization, pertains to the creation society develops, it has happened before and is still of various cultural practices, new economies, and political groups happening today. We should expect it to continue to Homogeneity Theories on Globalization, refers to the increasing because of the interaction of elements from different societies in happen in the future. The future of globalization is sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and the world. more difficult to predict. It is fluidity and complexity of political orientations of societies expand to create common ❖ Heterogeneity refers to the differences because of globalization as a concept which made more debates, practices, same economies and similar forms of government. their lasting differences or of the hybrid combinations discussion and definitions than agreements on it. ❖ Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural of culture that can be produced through the different ❖ Overall, globalization is a concept that is not easy to imperialism. This means a given culture influences transplanetary process. define because in reality, globalization has a shifting other cultures. ❖ Contrary to cultural imperialism, heterogeneity in nature, it is complex, multifaceted and can be ❖ Antonio (2007), in terms of economy, there are culture is associated with the cultural hybridization. influenced by the people who define it. Moreover, the recognition of the spread of neoliberalism, capitalism issues and concerns involving globalization have wide and the market economy in the world. WHAT ARE THE THREE DYNAMICS OF GLOBALIZATION? range, from the individual to society, from small ❖ Global Economic crises are also products of communities to nations and state and from the benefits homogeneity in economic globalization. Global flows of culture tend to move more easily around the we can gain from it to the costs it could carry. ❖ In the end, rich countries become advantageous in the globe that even before, especially through non-material digital world economy at the expense of poor countries, which forms. These are the three perspective on global cultural flows. WHAT ARE THE TWO METAPHOR TO UNDERSTAND leads to increased inequality among nations. These are differentialism, hybridization, and convergence. GLOBALIZATION? DO YOU THINK LANGUAGE IS FOR ❖ Barber (1995) said that “MCWORLD” is existing, it ❖ Cultural differentialism, emphasizes the fact that HUMAN ONLY? means only on political orientation is growing in today’s cultures are essentially different and are only ❖ Metaphors make use of one term to help us better societies. superficially affected by global flows. The interaction of understand another term. In our case, the states of ❖ Media Imperialism, often characterized as t.v, music, cultures is deemed to contain potential for matter----solid and liquid will be used. books, and movies there are perceived as imposed on “catastrophic collision”. developing countries. ❖ Cultural hybridization, approach emphasizes the SOLID AND LIQUID METAPHOR ❖ Media Imperialism, undermines the existence of integration of local and global cultures. Globalization is ❖ Solidity also refers to barriers that prevent or make alternative global media originating from developing considered to be creative process which gives rise to difficult the movement of things, further more solids countries. hybrid entities that are not reducible to either the can either be natural or manmade. ❖ The internet can be seen as the arena, for alternative global or the local. Global flows involve people, ❖ Liquidity, as a state of matter takes the shapes of its media. technology, finance, political images, media, and the container, moreover, liquids are not fixed, and ❖ Cultural Imperialism, denies the agency of the viewers, disjunctures between them, which lead to creation of therefore it refers to the increasing ease of movement but people around the world often interpret the same cultural hybrids. of people, things, information, and places in the medium. ❖ Cultural convergence, approach stresses homogeneity contemporary world. ❖ Global Media, are dominated by a small number of introduced by globalization. Cultures are deemed to be Liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspects large corporation but this is being extended from old radically altered by strong flows, while cultural spatial and temporal are in continuous fluctuation. This media to new media. As a result, in the long run, the imperialism happens when one culture imposes itself means that space and time are crucial element of internet could end up being less diverse and on and tends to destroy at least parts of another globalization. competitive, culture. Liquid phenomena are that their movement is difficult ❖ Ritzer (2008) claimed that, in general the contemporary to stop. world is undergoing the process of McDONALIZATION. WHAT IS GLOBAL ECONOMY? Liquid tends to MELT whatever stands in its path ❖ McDonalization involves the global spread of rational The world economy or global economy is the especially solid. system, such as efficiency, calculability, predictability economy of all human of the world, considered as Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction; and control. the international exchange of goods and services however, liquidity is the one increasing and ❖ Ritzer pointed that this process is extended to other that expressed in monetary units of account. proliferating today. Therefore, the metaphor that could business, sectors, and geographic area. The global economy refers to the interconnected best describe globalization is liquidity, or Liquids do worldwide economic activities that take place flow and this idea of flow will be the focus of the next between multiple countries. These economic discussion. activities can have either a positive or negative impact on the countries involved.  It refers to the widespread international Most people who have been lifted out of extreme Free trade agreements and technological movement of goods, capital, services, technology poverty are still poor and being poor comes with advances in transportation and communication and information. It is increasing economic serious problem, from disease to lack of water. mean goods and services move around the world integration Income inequality is rampant and one in seven more easily than ever. people still live without electricity. WHAT ARE THE EIGHT MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT The economic globalization and global trade Jeffrey Sachs ‘Mobile phones are the single GOALS (MDGS) OF UNITED NATION THAT USED TO transformative technology, when it comes to the ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION- it is refers to the developing world. ADDRESS THE DIFFERENT PROBLEMS IN THE WORLD? widespread international movement of goods, The UNITED NATION, tried to address the different capital, services, technology and information. It is Phones give people access to banking and problems in the World: Their efforts were guided increasing economic integration. payment system and better access to education by the Eight Millennium Development Goals, GLOBAL TRADE- also known as international trade, and information. which they are created in the 1990. it is simply the import and export of goods and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): services across international borders. In some places, mobile phones help farmers get To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger According to UNITED NATIONS “Economic information and get the best price for the crops To achieve universal primary education globalization refers to the increasing they are producing. To promote gender equality interdependence of world economies as a result Leapfrogging – to skip straight to be more efficient To reduce child mortality of the growing scale of cross-border trade of and cost-effective technologies that were not To improve maternal health commodities and services, flow of international To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases available in the past. capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies. To ensure environmental sustainability It reflects the continuing expansion and mutual International Trade has also created new To develop a global partnership for development integration of market frontiers, and is an opportunities for people to sell their products and Since there are different standards of living irreversible trend for the economic development labor in a global marketplace. around the world, we can expect different in the whole world at the turn of the millennium. meanings attached to it, In the Philippines, a Globalization made some countries, especially the person is officially living in poverty if he makes less WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ECONOMIES ASSOCIATED developing ones, to gain more in the global than 100,534 pesos a year, around 275 pesos a WITH THE ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION? economy at the expense of other nations. day. This is called the poverty line or poverty threshold. But we are going to focus on extreme The Two Types of Economies associated with the Fair Trade, as defined by the International Fair- poverty which is according to UN. economic globalization, the Trade Protectionism Trade Association, is the “Concern for the social, Based on UNITED NATION, a condition and Trade Liberalism. economic and environmental well-being of characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, Protectionism- the theory or practice of shielding marginalized small producers. sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and a country’s domestic industries from foreign It aims for a more moral and equitable global information. The UN defines extreme or absolute competition by taxing imports, it’s also a policy economics system. Specifically, it is concerned poverty as living on less than $ 1.25 a day. that protects domestic industries from unfair with protection of workers, producer, On 2015, UN reported that 836 million people still competition from foreign ones. The four primary establishment of more just prices, engagement in live-in extreme poverty but that is down from 1.9 tools are tariffs, subsidies, quotas and currency billion, so it means there is a success or at least a environmentally sound practices and sustainable manipulation. lot of progress. production. Trade Liberalism- it refers to the removal or The WORLD BANK PREDICTED that by 2030 the reduction of restrictions or barriers on free number of people living in extreme poverty could exchange of goods between nations. drop to less than 400 million. Of course, that assumes everything will keep improving as it has World War II heavily influenced the shifting of the been. dominant economic policy from trade Climate change has to be considered since it is a protectionism to trade liberalization or free trade. threat to these improvements in global poverty. WHAT IS GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM? Some say states require legitimacy with their people, Today nearly all the world’s land mass except but in reality, this is not always the case. Antarctica falls under the direct control of states. Global Interstate System States generally have a monopoly to use force in Problems of Sovereignty Globalization, Result from a removal of barriers legitimate societies, although this is an object of  Sovereignty is a legal definition and does not mean that between national economies encourage the flow of conflict in countries where there are civil wars. all states are equal in their power, influence, wealth, goods, services, capital and labor. etc. Interstate system, is the fundamental basis of the WHERE DID STATES COME FROM?  Sovereignty also does not mean that states can prevent competitive commodity economy at the global system The international state system is only a few centuries old. Before all crime, injustice, etc. Some states have higher level, it is a system of international relations. then, the transition was taking a few thousand years. capacity to regulate their own borders and people than International relations, is the study of primitive times -- loyalty to family others. interconnectedness of politics, economics, and law on Then village Sovereignty a global level. Then tribe 1. Key concept in the international state system and The International System Then city-state or kingdom by about 3000 b.c. to 1648 international law. INTERNATIONAL- involving two or more countries a.d 2. States recognized each other’s in the international occurring between countries. Made up of people or system (usually) groups from different countries. The international state system was born in Europe with the Treaty 3. By sovereignty, we mean that in principle all states are SYSTEM- Interactions by various political entities, but of Westphalia in 1648, after the Thirty Years War. legally equal (de jure). mostly states. Today the system is global, but it has not With this treaty state sovereignty was recognized for 4. Sovereignty is recognition by other states that a state always been the case. Some parts of the world did not the first time. States begin to grow in power. may manage its internal affairs how it pleases. know of other parts, much less interact. Group of Nationalism finally emerges with American and French people work together. Revolutions, before then allegiance was paid to local WHAT IS MARKET INTEGRATION? In other words: affiliations, not abstractly to people never met before. According to Cambridge Business English Dictionary, INTERNATIONAL + STATE = INTERSTATE market integration is a situation in which separate (FROM OTHER COUNTRIES) + (OWN COUNTRIES) = GLOBAL HOW INTERSTATE SYSTEM EXPAND? markets for the same product become one single SYTEM market, for example when import tax in one of the The state system expanded most rapidly in last 150 markets is removed. years, especially the last 50 years. WHO ARE THE INTERNATIONAL ACTORS? Market integration is a process which refers to the It started in Europe and spread to the rest of the MNC’s: Multinational Corporations world. expansion of firms by consolidating additional IGO’s: Intergovernmental Organizations Europeans experienced fast development necessary marketing functions and activities under a single INGO’s: International nongovernmental (tax systems and military power) to spread influence management. organizations and power around the world. The social institution that has one of the biggest Other individuals or groups that are politically Earlier they’re existed large empires in other parts of impacts on society is the economy. active but not necessarily recognized the world. For example, China was the strongest It is the social institution that organizes all production, officially (terrorists, nations, etc.) empire in the world for most of the period from 700 consumption, and trade of goods in the society. State means: a.d. to 1300 a.d. The Primary actors we study in international relations Types of Market Integration are states. Which areas outside of Western Europe were the first to form Also known as Countries, Nation-States new States? There are three basic kind of market Integration: A state is a political entity with: Three Waves 1. Horizontal Integration - some marketing agencies combine to control of some area of land -- territorial unit USA and Latin America (1780 -- 1850) form a union to reduce their effective number and the extent of solely responsible for military security -- control over East Europe (after WWI) Self-determination actual competition in the market. e.g. Primary milk producers, military for defense Asia and Africa (after WWII), later fall of communism of Economic control such as power to print money, trade Russian Empire and Yugoslavia (after 1989) Facebook with Instagram. One of the clearest examples of restrictions, and power to tax The expansion of the Interstate system began in horizontal integration is Facebook’s acquisition of Instagram in Administered by a governmental bureaucracy (social Europe, spread globally through imperialism, resulting 2012 for a reported $1 billion. welfare, tax, police, transportation) in over two hundred states and most existing in poverty. 2. Vertical Integration - occurs when a firm performs more than WHAT IS CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM? SOME GLOBAL CORPORATIONS one activity in the sequence of the marketing process. It is linking Capitalism- is a system in which all-natural resources MCDONALDS together of two or more functions in the marketing process with and means of production are privately owned. It COCA COLA in a single firm or under a single ownership. For e.g. if a firm emphasizes profit maximization and competition as the FORD MOTOR COMPANY assumes wholesale as well as retailing, it is a vertical integration main drivers of efficiency GENERAL ELECTRIC or rice processor under taking retailing. Socialism- Socialist system it means of production are CAR COMPANY under collective ownership. It emphasizes collective International Trade and global corporation along with 3. Conglomeration - A combination of agencies or activities not goals expecting everyone to work for the common good the internet and more global processes, contribute to directly related to each other may operate under a unified and placing higher value on meeting everyone’s basic globalization because people and corporations bring management. Examples of conglomeration are Hindustan needs than on individual profit. their own beliefs, their tradition, and their money with Unilever Ltd. (processed vegetables and soaps), Delhi Cloth and them when they interact with other countries. General Mills (Cloth and Vanaspati). WHAT ARE THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS THAT CAN BE INSTRUMENT FOR MARKET INTEGRATION? WEEK 7: WHAT IS GLOBAL GOVERNANCE? WHAT ARE THE THREE SECTORS OF ECONOMY International Financial Institution “The World is facing threats and challenges; not no single country PRODUCTION? can be excepted no matter how powerful it is they deal with it.” “WHEN THE AMERICAN ECONOMY SNEEZES, THE REST OF THE Economy production typically splits into three sectors, primary, WORLD CATCHES A COLD” Global governance or world governance is a movement secondary and tertiary sector. towards political cooperation among transnational PRIMARY SECTORS- extracts raw materials from natural INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION actors, aimed at negotiating responses to problems environment. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that affect more than one state or region. SECONDARY SECTORS- gains the raw materials and World Trade Organizations (WTO) transform them into manufactured goods. International Monetary Fund (IMF) WHAT ARE THE THREAT AND CHALLENGES THAT FACING TERTIARY SECTORS- involves services rather than World Bank (WB) OF EVERY COUNTRY? goods, it offers services by doing things rather than Organization For Economic Cooperation and Terrorist making things. Development (OECD) 2002, Bali Bombings, 202 deaths, 209 injured Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 2004, Madrid Bomb attack, 191 deaths, 2050 HOW GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION STARTED? European Union (EU) injured History of Global Market Integration, Before the rise of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 2005, London Bomb Attack, 56 deaths, 100 today’s modern economy people only produced for GLOBAL CORPORATIONS injured. their family. Nowadays, economy demands the There is no single country that is completely Proliferation Weapon of Mass Destructions (WMD’s) different sectors to work together in order to produce, independent. All are independent to some degree on Nuclear Weapons distribute and exchange products and services. international trade for their own prosperity. The trade Biological Weapons The Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution regulatory groups and agreements regulate the flows Chemical Weapons Agricultural Revolution- is the first economic change of goods and services between countries. Environmental Degradation people learned how to domesticate plants and animals, Without International Trade there would be no need Global Warming they realized that it was much more productive that for international regulatory groups. Without Ozone Layer hunter-gatherer societies. This became the new international regulatory groups, international trade at Natural Disasters agricultural economy. the current massive scale would be impractical. The 2004, Tsunami in Indian Ocean, 230, 000 deaths Industrial Revolution- the rise of industry came new trade regulatory groups and agreements regulate the and missing economic tools, like steam engines, manufacturing, and flow of goods and services between countries. 2008, Cyclone Nagis in Mynmar, 138, 366 Deaths, mass production. Factories popped up and changed The International Trade agreements often benefit $10 billion damages. how work functioned. Instead of working at home private industries the most. Companies can produce 2010, Haiti Earthquake, around 92,000-230,000 of where people worked for their family by making things their goods and services across many different deaths from the start to finish, they began working as wage countries. These companies that extend beyond the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan, 15,756 laborers and skilled workers. borders of one country are called multinational or death, 5972 injured, 4,460 missing transitional corporations. Famine in the horn of Africa Rule-creating- drafting treaties In globalizing the country and its government 29,000 children may have already been perished. Rule-Supervisory- monitoring compliance itself there have been several challenges to Flooding in Southeast Asia Operational- Action to achieve Goals. the government and ultimately, to state In Cambodia , 250 people died, 18 provinces Non-Governmental Organization (NGO’s) autonomy. We can divide these challenges affected with the total cost of $521 million. Advocating a particular cause such as human into four; traditional challenges, challenges Thailand, more than 500 people died with the rights, peace or environmental protection. from national or identity movements, global damage cost of $3.2 billion. Providing services such as disaster relief and economics and global social movement. Humanitarian Crisis in Syria humanitarian. Death Toll, nearly 300,000 people International Regimes WHY WE HAVE SOUTH AND NORTH DIVISION? 200,000 internally displaced people Encompassing rules, norms and principles as well 1.2 million Registered refugees in neighboring as the practices of actors that show both how their The Term of the ff; countries. expectation converge and their acceptance of and Piracy and Transnational Crimes compliance with rules. FIRST WORLD – refers to so called developed, capitalist, Arms Trafficking Global Conference industrial countries roughly, a bloc of countries aligned Drug trafficking The Summit for Children in 1990 in New York with the United States after World War II. Trafficking in Persons Rio Earth Summit in 1992 SECOND WORLD- refers to the former communist- Sex Slavery Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995 socialist, industrial states, formerly the Eastern Bloc, Cyber Crimes Copenhagen Conference on Climate Change the territory and sphere of influence of the Soviet Pandemics Cancun Conference on Climate Change Union. HIV/AIDS AD HOC Arrangement THIRD WORLD- refers to the countries that suffer from Malaria (Organization is done or formed only because a situation has high infant mortality, low economic development, high TB made it necessary and is not planned in advance. The council levels of poverty, low utilization of natural resources, FLU meets in on an ad hoc basis to discuss problems.) and heavy dependence on industrial nations. These are COVID-19 G7 the following Asia, Oceania, Africa and Latin America. G8 WHAT ARE THE PIECES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE? G20 WHAT ARE GAPS OF NORTH AND SOUTH? G77 International Law SOUTH There are Five Sources of International Law, Private Governance Economy was based on cotton production which treaties or conventions, customary practices, the depended on a slave labor. Private Governance is a growing, but little studies writings of legal scholars, judicial decisions and Southern economy was weak and vulnerable because it general principles of law. phenomenon. depended entirely on cotton but was still very Much of the growth has been in treaty law. Private firms are attempting to establish profitable. International Law or Soft Law enforceable intellectual property rules for music, The period of cotton growing was called King Cotton. Not a binding document, but rather the standard software, harmonization of labor standards and NORTH of behaviors, such as some human rights, labor sanitation regulation. Economy was based on industries and major rights, framework conventions on climate changes businesses, commerce and finance. and biodiversity. EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO GOVERNMENT North had many manufacturing factories that deal with International Governmental Organization (IGO’s) textiles, lumber, clothing, machinery, leather and In 2003-2004 there were around 238 IGO’s. One of the key aspects of the state sovereignty wooden goods. ASEAN, WHO, SAARC, WTO, UN, NATO, ILO, OAS, is the government. It is a group of people who The biggest business of the North was in railroad AU have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of construction. Functions: a state. Each state has its own right to self- Informational- gather, analyse, disseminate data determination and that other country should Forum- exchange of views and decision making not intervene in the affairs of that state unless Normative- defining standards of behaviour there are extraordinary reason to do so. NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE Major DIFFERENCES OF NORTH AND SOUTH cultural boundaries, linguistic regions, and managerial divisions. NORTH NORTH Asian regionalism is the product of economic North America, Western Europe, Australia, Japan. Less population interaction, not political planning. As a result of They know as the first word. High health successful, outward oriented growth strategies. Richer and developed countries. High Standard of Living Asian economies have grown not only richer, but also 95% of people has enough food and shelter and High Industrial Development closer together. functioning education system. Industry Asia is at the center of the development of such SOUTH SOUTH production networks because it has efficient transport Africa, Latin America and Asia. Large population and communication links, as well as policies geared to They know as at the Third world. Low Health supporting trade. As these new production patterns tie Poor and less developed region. Low standard of living Asian economies closer together, they also boost the 5% of the population has enough food and shelter. Low industrial development international competitiveness of the region’s firms. It serves as a source for raw materials for the Agriculture Financial crisis that swept through Asia in 1997/98—in North. this chapter, referred to simply as “the crisis”—put the CLASSIFYING COUNTRIES region’s interdependence into harsh new focus. WHAT ARE THE ISSUES OF NORTH-SOUTH? MDCs- Most Develop Countries- Richest of the Emerging Asian economies that had opened up their Distribution of Income around the World. industrialized and democratic nation of the world. financial markets—Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Economic Competition Worldwide (core) Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand—were worst Standard of Living LDCs- Less Developed Countries- countries with hit, but nearly all Asian economies were eventually little industries development, little wealth and affected. high population. (semi-periphery) The crisis struck some of the world’s most successful NO.1 ISSUE- STANDARD OF LIVING Factors lead to low of standard LLDCs- Least Developed Countries- very low per economies and, in short order, brought down of living capital income, low literacy rates, and very little in governments, threatened seemingly well-established the way of manufacturing industries. (periphery) firms and institutions, and imposed severe hardship on Lack of trade and aid hundreds of millions of people. Single crop farming REASONS WHY OUR WORLD IS SO UNEQUAL TODAY The crisis also had a silver lining. It stimulated difficult Abundance of debt Colonialism- control by one power over defendant policy and institutional reforms to remedy the Neo-colonialism area of people. structural weaknesses in East Asian economies that it ISSUE NO. 2- DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME AROUND THE WORLD Trade- losing money, production of product had exposed. It also highlighted Asia’s growing Liberalization of market occurs, most South Debt- there products were losing money in the interdependence, weaknesses in the global financial countries lost to the competition from the North. global economy they could do this was to borrow system, and thus the benefits of Asian cooperation Encourage migration of people from South to money from the rich countries, this put them in The economic impact of the crisis was severe. The North for having a more good income. debt. currency crisis led to a banking crisis in several ISSUE NO. 3- ECONOMIC COMPETITON WORLDWIDE CLOSING THE GAP economies, and the resulting collapse in credit led to Factors Determine The Competitiveness Of The United Nations has developed a program deep recessions. Economy dedicated to narrowing the divide through its Debate continues on whether the crisis was triggered Stable Macro-economic Frame Work MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS. This includes by macro or micro-economic fundamentals, or simply Well-Functioning Public And Private improving education and health care, promoting by too many investors “rushing for the exit” Institution gender equality, and ensuring environmental Asia soon turned the crisis into an opportunity for Appropriated Infrastructure sustainability. reform. At a national level, most of its economies gained experience in coping with financial distress and REASON FOR DEVELOPMENT GAP WEEK 8: WHAT IS ASIAN REGIONALISM? developed institutions to facilitate corporate Environmental- natural features Regionalism is defined as a political ideology that favors restructuring and to make their financial sectors less Historical- things happen in years before a specific region over a greater area. It usually results vulnerable. Regionally, they established new Socio-economic- society and money due to political separations, religious geography, mechanisms to provide emergency resources for future crises. KEY TO END CRISIS environmental concerns—and regional markets CULTURE- The beliefs, customs, arts of a particular society, group The emerging regional agenda and policy experience offer solutions. place or time. A particular society that has its own beliefs, ways Five areas of regional links Cooperation of life. o production, The region is already highly integrated, and its Practically no globalization without media & o financial markets governments are aware of their common interests communications (Terhi Rantanen, 2004). o macroeconomics and obligations. Increasingly, they are working The electronic media & communication sector, which o social and environmental issues, and together. Asia has returned to stability and ranges from telecommunication networks & the o Cooperation. growth, and goals that seemed daunting a few Internet, through to radio, television & film, is itself Production years ago—the elimination of systematic poverty among the most active in the current drive for the Access to markets, in the region and beyond, is and the absorption of large masses of people into globalization of production, markets & trade. critical to Asia and thus a high priority on the a prosperous middle class—are within reach. Process has been facilitated by a world-wide trend regional agenda. In low-income economies, trade toward deregulation and privatization of the mass facilitates the movement of workers into high- HOW REGIONALISM CAN BENEFIT ASIA? media. productivity jobs; in middle- and higher income link the competitive strengths of its diverse Globalization – the growing integration of economies & countries, it provides incentives for innovation and economies in order to boost their productivity and societies around the world – has been one of the most productivity. Regional cooperation can strengthen sustain the region’s exceptional growth; hotly-debated topics in international economics over Asia’s trade by creating vast regional markets, connect the region’s capital markets to enhance the past few years. building a seamless production base that makes financial stability, reduce the cost of capital, and Information dissemination the region even more competitive in the world improve opportunities for sharing risks; Media culture economy, and enhancing Asia’s role and cooperate in setting exchange rate and In cultural studies, media culture refers to the bargaining position in global economic policy macroeconomic policies in order to minimize the current Western capitalist society that emerged and Financial markets effects of global and regional shocks and to developed from the 20th century, under the influence Asian financial systems have improved facilitate the resolution of global imbalances; of mass media. dramatically. They have shaken off nonperforming pool the region’s foreign exchange reserves to The term alludes to the overall impact and intellectual loans and low capitalization levels, developed make more resources available for investment and guidance exerted by the media (primarily TV, but also stronger supervision, and expanded equity and development the press, radio and cinema), not only on public opinion bond markets. Nevertheless, the financial systems exercise leadership in global decision making to but also on tastes and values. of several important Asian economies are still sustain the open global trade and financial Early theories of media influence, commonly referred dominated by banks; their regulatory systems systems that have supported a half century of to as "magic bullet" or "hypodermic needle" theories, remain patchy; and their international flows, to unparalleled economic development; believed that the mass media had powerful effects over audiences. the extent that they are liberalized. build connected infrastructure and collaborate on Macroeconomics It is indeed that technologies made people’s lives easier inclusive development to reduce inequalities Interdependence generates spillover and all over the globe. Today people all over the world have within and across economies and thus to enhances the need for cooperation (Kuroda and easy access to communicate with each other and to be strengthen support for pro-growth policies; and aware of the news all over the world. Kawai 2002). Some experts argue that Asia is in Create regional mechanisms to manage cross- fact “decoupling” from the world economy. There are many advantages in global media. Now, border health, safety, and environmental issues Whatever the eventual outcome, for now, Asia people have easier access of television, radio, internet better. clearly has a significant role in shaping global and in fact, they have access of others countries’ economic activity and especially regional activity, satellite TV channels. With those all-easy access in WEEK 9: WHAT ARE GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES? many regions western televisions shows became more and this role will increase with the region’s growth and wealth. popular, global media made it easier for people to learn Definition Social and environmental issues about other culture via TV shows. Regional cooperation could help ensure that its The satellite television first started in Bangladesh in GLOBAL- Involving the entire world, involving all of something and benefits are sustainable and widely shared. In 1992. Since the price was way too high, satellite TV especially a computer system. countries where public finances are tight, channels was restricted to the upper middle-class MEDIA- the mass communication on a global level, allowing governments seek targeted ways to reduce people only. However, with the availability of low- people across the world to share and access the same poverty, decrease income disparities, and address priced television and cable connection, it has become a information.  common to the lower-class people as well. In addition Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Greater immigration, including illegal immigration to that now Indian TV shows (soap operas) have huge Numbers (ICANN); & Spread of local consumer products (e.g. food) to other popularity among many people in Bangladesh. World Trade Organization (WTO) stand out. countries (often adapted to their culture) Television is a very powerful medium for appealing to World-wide fads and pop culture such as Pokemon, Idol mass audiences and it reaches people regardless of age, GLOBALIZATION MEDIA CULTURE HAS VARIOUS ASPECTS series, YouTube, Black Mental, Hip-Hop, and etc. sex, income, or educational level. WHICH AFFECT THE WORLD IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT WAYS World-wide sporting events such as FIFA World Cup When foreign satellite reached into those countries SUCH AS; and the English Premier League (EPL), Olympics Games area all over the world, it terribly effected people’s Industrial (alias trans nationalization) - emergence of & etc. lives, culture, norms, values and most importantly it worldwide production markets and broader access to a Formation or development of a set of universal values. impacts people’s attitudes and behaviors. range of goods for consumers and companies People around the globe are more connected Financial - emergence of worldwide financial markets Cultural Imperialism and the Global Media Debate to each other than ever before. Information and better access to external financing for corporate, Cultural Imperialism comprises and refers to the & money flow more quickly than ever. national and sub-national borrowers creation and maintenance of unequal relationships Goods & services produced in one part of the Economic - realization of a global common market, between civilizations favoring a more powerful world are increasingly available in all parts of based on the freedom of exchange of goods and civilization. the world. International travel is more capital. Global Media Debate, the idea of a global media eithers frequent. Political - Political globalization is the creation of a arises out a larger attempt change, Improve or reform International communication is world government which regulates the relationships the global media system to eliminate inequalities and commonplace. among nations and guarantees the rights arising from to reduce the control of global media in the hands of Among factor which contributes to global social and economic globalization. minority of Western countries. This debate began in the communication development is international news Informational - increase in information flows between 1970’s and is still ongoing today. exposure by printed & electronics media. Printed media geographically remote locations agencies like Associated Press, Reuter, and Agence Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of THREE PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBAL CULTURAL FLOWS France Press while electronic visual media likes Reuters new categories of consciousness and identities such as Cultural differentialism and World Television Network (WTN) were among Globalism - which embodies cultural diffusion, the Cultural hybridization international media firm which play main roles in this desire to consume and enjoy foreign products and Cultural convergence process. ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and Issues that can find solution through global media participate in a "world culture". Issues: WHAT ARE THE CHANGES THAT BROUGHT BY MEDIA? Ecological- the advent of global environmental End Poverty and Hunger challenges that cannot be solved without international Universal Education Transformation of traditional society into a modern society. cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary Gender Equality Changing of attitudes and norms water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and Child Health Adoption of innovation the spread of invasive species. Maternal Health Urbanization Social - the achievement of free circulation by people Combat HIV/AIDS Better income of all nations. Environmental Sustainability Communication & Change Transportation - Fewer and fewer American cars on Global Partnership Top-down Strategy American roads each year. Mass Media As ‘Magic Multiplier’ Greater international cultural exchange Global media brought all kinds of problems for people. it impact Spreading of multiculturalism, and better individual on children’s education. Sometimes global media could be really FOUR OF THE MAIN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS access to cultural diversity (e.g. through the export of influential to people in developing nations. INVOLVED IN REGULATING AND GOVERNING THE MEDIA Hollywood and Bollywood movies). However, the AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL ARE: imported culture can easily supplant the local culture, International Telecommunication Union causing reduction in diversity through hybridization or (ITU); even assimilation. The most prominent form of this is United Nations Educational, Scientific and Westernization, but Sinicization of cultures has taken Cultural Organization (UNESCO); place over most of Asia for many centuries. Greater international travel and tourism WEEK 11 GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION Charity funds Impacts of Globalization on Religion Special internet sites Globalization may have implied on faith in the following three WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? Religious schools possible impacts: 1) Religion is being eroded. Globalization THE SPREAD OF RELIGION 2) Religion is being strengthened. It is the networking and expansion of once local Pilgrimage and tourism are a major force in the globalization of 3) Religion is declining but it has developed new identities products, beliefs and practices into universal products, culture of hybridity. beliefs and practices often through technology. Christians often pilgrim to holy sites e.g. Jerusalem Religion Muslims should travel to Mecca to undertake the haji CONCLUSION It is a collection of cultural systems, belief system, and at least once in their life, connecting also to the Islamic GLOBALIZATION HAS A GREAT IMPACT ON RELIGION. world views that establishes symbols that relate communes around the world AS PEOPLE AND CULTURES MOVE ACROSS THE GLOBE, humanity to spirituality and to moral values. Cultural exchange, missionary activity and pilgrimages AS IDEAS ARE MOBILIZED AND TRANSPORTED BY There are some 4,300 religions all over the world. are important sectors, which promoted the process of MEDIA TECHNOLOGY, THE RELIGIOUS GLOBALIZATION The world’s 20 largest religions and their number of believers are: globalization. WILL GO ON AND ON. Christianity --- 2.1 billion Islam ----- 1.3 billion The Silk Road– How Religions Crossed Barriers WEEK 12 GLOBAL CITY AND GLOBAL MIGRATION Non-religious ---- 1.1 billion Globalization began already 3000 years ago as the Silk Hinduism ----- 900 million Road facilitated trade and cultural exchange (textiles, WHAT IS GLOBAL CITY? Chinese traditional religion ----- 394 million spices and even religions were all exchanged along the Involving the entire world, countries around the Buddhism ----- 376 million Silk Road starting around 1,000 B.C.) word. Primal- indigenous ----- 300 million The Silk Road presented religious communities with the A place where people live that is larger or more African traditional religion ------ 100 million most efficient way to spread their beliefs. important than a town. An area where many Sikhism ---- 23 million Missionaries often joined caravans and traders. people live and work. An area that the center of Juche ---- 19 million Buddhism was the first great missionary faith spreading industries and technologies. Spiritism ----- 23 million from Northern India to Afghanistan and Bengal and Global cities - the urban age, power city, alpha city Judaism ----- 14 million finally to China, Korea and Japan and back to Tibet or world centre. Bahai --- 7 million Silk was extensively used in Buddhist ceremonies AN URBAN HIERARCHY Jainism ------ 4.2 million stimulating the demand and facilitating trade along the Shinto ------- 4 million Silk Road enhancing globalization. Cao Dai ----- 4 million Islam was the dominant religion among Silk Road Zoroastrianism ------- 2.6 million traders for most of the time Tenrikyo --- 2 million Islamic scientific and medical advancements also had Neo-Paganism ------ 1 million significant impact on Silk Road travelers. Unitarian- Universalism--- 800, 000 Chinese Buddhist traders adopted Islamic medical knowledge in wound healing and urine analysis Religious actors Through the use of magazines, the media, Facebook, Individuals or groups, who act on consistent messages twitter, YouTube, commercials, podcasts, cellphone regarding the relationship between religion, politics apps so much more. It is now possible for many and society religions to spread national borders, allowing even Religious actors are among the oldest of transnationals small new religious movements to engage in overseas activities and leading to new unseen religious New global cities have since arisen not only as financial – carrying words and praxis across vast spaces developments. centers but also a producer of services that are global TOOLS OF UNITING PEOPLE ALL OVER THE WORLD ON in scope RELIGIOUS BASIS Global cities are post-industrial Books o Manufacturing has been scattered across Movies national and global networks Cellphone apps o Turn from “landscapes of production” to Social networks “landscapes of consumption”  o Global cities are “brain hubs” and centers of establishments, international visitors, and sister quality of education, quality of healthcare, hiring of a “knowledge economy” city relationships). foreign nationals) o Network economies and spillover effects Political Engagement (number of embassies and Institutional Effectiveness (electoral process and include “thick labor markets” in knowledge consulates, think tanks, international pluralism, local government fiscal autonomy, taxation, workers. organizations, political conferences) rule of law, government effectiveness) o Polarization extends to differentiation by Financial Maturity (breadth and depth of financial human capital (skills and formal education) WHAT ARE THE TOP 10 GLOBAL POWER CITIES BASED ON cluster) Sociologist Saskia Sassen popularized this term. THEIR GDP? Global Appeal (Fortune 500 companies, frequency of Her The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (1990) international flights, international conferences and has shaped the concepts and methods used to analyze Global Power City top 10: (2018) Based on GDP conventions, leadership in higher education, renowned the role of cities and their networks in the Tokyo, Japan think tanks) contemporary world. New York, USA Physical Capital (physical infrastructure quality, public Sassen’s concept of Global City gives emphasis on the Los Angeles, California United States transport quality, telecom quality) flow of information and capital. Seoul, Korea Environment and Natural Hazards (risk of natural Global Cities are major nodes in the interconnected disaster, environmental governance) London, England systems of information and money, and the wealth that Paris, France Social and Cultural Character (freedom of expression they capture is intimately related to the specialized and human rights, openness and diversity, crime, Osaka, Japan businesses that facilitate those flows. cultural vibrancy) Chicago, Illinois United States Making sense of urban systems and their global Moscow, Russia networks WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITY? Shanghai, China In the age of globalization, the activities of production Urbanization and development are scattered on a global basis. Inequality within cities WHAT ARE THE TOP 10 GLOBAL POWER CITY BASED ON Life in 21st Century Cities WHAT ARE THE ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY? THEIR PRIVATE WEALTH? Urbanization and the environment Global Cities are material representation of SEATS OF ECONOMIC POWER Global Power City top 10: (2018) Based on Private Wealth Globalization CENTERS OF AUTHORITY New York They are places that create the exciting fusion of CENTERS OF POLITICAL INFLUENCE London culture and ideas which also generate tremendous CENTERS OF HIGHER LEARNING AND CULTURE Tokyo wealth Silicon Valley, California Yet, they remain sites of great inequality, where global Main Reason why we need to study GLOBAL CITIES because it is Beijing servants serve global entrepreneurs the center of the following; Shanghai The question of how globalization can be made more Business Activity (headquarters, services firms, Los Angeles just is partly a question of how people make their cities capital markets value, number of international Hong Kong more just conferences, value of goods through ports and Sydney airports) Singapore WHAT IS GLOBAL MIGRATION? Human Capital (size of foreign-born population, quality of universities, number of international Another popular ranking is the Economist Intelligence Unit’s Migration schools, international student population, number Global City Competitiveness Index. They rank cities on a number Geographers study from where people migrate and to of residents with college degrees) of domains: where they migrate Information Exchange (accessibility of major TV They also study why they migrate news channels, Internet presence (basically Economic Strength (Nominal GDP, per capita GDP, % of Migration- a permanent move to a new location number of search hits), number of international households with economic consumption > $14,000/yr, Type of relocation news bureaus, censorship, and broadband real GDP growth rate, regional market integration) diffusion (spread of a subscriber rate) Human Capital (population growth, working age characteristic through Cultural Experience (number of sporting event, population, entrepreneurship and risk-taking mindset, museums, performing arts venues, culinary  the bodily movement of Attractive areas would include: mountains, beach, and International Migration people) warm climates Permanent movement from one country to another Immigration is the movement of people into a country Too little or too much water is a major push factor 2 types of International Migration to settle. o Drought and floodplains Voluntary migration- migrant has chosen to move for Emigration is the process by which people leave a o An area subject to flooding during a specific economic improvement country to settle in another country. number of years Forced migration- migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors WHAT ARE THE REASONS WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? Intervening Obstacles Push factor- induces people to move out of their An environmental or cultural factor that hinders migration Characteristics of Migrants current location o Historically, primarily environmental Historically, males were more likely than females to Pull factor- induces people to move into a new location ▪ Hard to travel across inhospitable migrant internationally ▪ Both factors usually play a role environments o Because men worked more than women and 3 major kinds of push and pull factors Ocean, mountains, left to find job opportunities ▪ Economic desert o Since the 1990s, female migrants are on the ▪ Cultural