Contemporary World Reviewer PDF

CHAPTER 1 - as a theory lies in the works of many 19th and 20th century scholars and THE CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION: IS intellectuals like Karl Marx, GLOBALIZATION A PHENOMENON?...

CHAPTER 1 - as a theory lies in the works of many 19th and 20th century scholars and THE CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION: IS intellectuals like Karl Marx, GLOBALIZATION A PHENOMENON? MacKinder, and Robertson who began to introduce the term GLOBALIZATION “globality”. However, it was in the Broad and Inclusive (broad)- Globalization 1960’s and 1970’s when this term means the onset of the borderless world. gained worldwide attention. Narrow and Exclusive (specific) - The - simply puts it as a social process of characteristics of the globalization trend reshaping and remaking the world include the internationalization of order. production, the new international division of - The perspective of the person who labor, new migratory movements from South defines globalization shapes its to North, the new competitive environment definition. that accelerates these processes and the internationalization of the state…making FORCES AND DRIVERS OF states into agencies of the globalizing world. GLOBALIZATION 1. Technology - easier way to Globalization communicate. - refers to a multidimensional set of 2. Economics - through export and social processes that create, import (basta may pera, kumikita multiply, stretch, and intensify ang bansa) worldwide social interdependencies Migration - is the movement of the and exchanges while at the same people from one place to another. fostering in people a growing Migrant - the person who will awareness of deepening move/go to another country. connections between the local and Emigrant - perspective of the the distant (McGrew, 2003). people of your own country or the - as a phenomenon that gave rise to people where you are before you the interconnectedness of human leave. society that replaced the sovereign Immigrant - perspective of the state system with a multilateral people in the country you will go to, system of global governance so you will be an immigrant. (Justine Rosenberg). 3. Politics - negotiations - From the lens of Ritzer (2008), he 4. Individuals and Institutions - described this phenomenon as the organizations or departments spread of worldwide practices, (Global Institutions: United Nation, relations, consciousness, and Asean) organization of social life. The 5. Environment - through platforms or interconnectedness of social advocacy. segments from macro institutions to 6. Culture - it is dynamic (nagbabago) the smallest sectors of the world because of adaptation. have coincided the fabrics of globalization. Qualities and characteristics of - globalization CHAPTER 2 Creation and Multiplication of social COMPETING THE THEORETICAL networks and cultural activities which break APPROACHES the traditional norms and practices in the political, economic, and cultural realms of 3 Sociological Perspective Used in most communities Explaining Globalization Expansion and Stretching of social 1. Realism (reality) - distribution of operations and connections which is seen in power, money, business/capitalism. the financial markets and trading operations around the globe. (Examples: World Trade Capitalism - Investors Organization, ASEAN Economic Community, World Economic Forum and Richest Country - Luxembourg European Union) Powerful Country - USA Intensification and Acceleration of human - The realist perspective explaining activities which describes the process of globalization focuses on the shifting world and individual connection works. distribution of power among states (Walt, 1998 and Synder, 2004) Consciousness and Awareness. People, - They explained the core idea of as the primary actors of globalization are dominating the world through the the front liners as reflected in their employment of power. experiences. The human consciousness is - However, realists warn that countries critical on how they impact the growing may suffer, and struggle to maintain outcomes and markets of globalization. their power. It will be overreached and used wrongly. Is Globalization the same as - Realists argue that countries open Westernization? their economies to the world is - NO. The concept of Westernization because of two contending reasons: is deeply rooted in the Western 1. Financial returns of World where it is often associated expanding markets offer new with the Western culture and values economic opportunities to the (Sairin, 2011). This concept is capitalist (origin country). famously used in referring to the (Examples: McDonald’s, western value system and it Chevron, Ford, Coca-Cola, influences countries outside its Citibank, Microsoft, and territory and sovereignty. The H&M) political, economic, and 2. The continued centrality of technological prowess of the United political power and military States and European countries are strength are obvious forces best described in the idea of of interdependence and Westernization.  realistic behavior of the more Global Economic Ties and most powerful countries. International Organizations - Realists see economic alliance and cooperation as a medium of 3. Idealism - Standards/norms. flourishing activities under favorable (Appropriateness and Transparency) security conditions. Economies tend How do you set standards? Make to forge partnerships if they see rules and regulations (There are advantages from other countries. In limitations.) some cases, political-military - Idealists and constructivists hold the alliances are sometimes used notion that values, and norms play especially within the bipolar world pivotal roles in sustaining and where economic power is utilized to reforming the process and works of strengthen military capability. individuals, groups, and nations. - Alexander Wendt and Hugh Ruggie 2. Liberalism - Aiming for freedom, are the two most prominent founders equality. Negotiations and of this school of thought. relationships - Idealism presents the changing -.Liberalism is a perspective in norms and evolutions of individuals, international relations where actors groups, and states with the goal of and institutions emphasize influencing the dynamics and pattern relationships, and negotiations. of social structure. - Liberalists observe the importance of - Furthermore, they value the interaction and communication and importance of “appropriateness” and focus on solving problems and “transparency” in reshaping and conflicts affecting them. framing rules affecting the general - This idea is very evident in countries welfare of its members, may it be where democratic governance and individual or collective. Idealists institutions play major roles in emphasize appropriate policies and maintaining national cohesiveness in decisions during the state of conflict managing domestic and international as it advances the moral aspects affairs. and ethical dynamics of actions. - Liberalists believe that to avoid international conflict and problems, Role of Ideas and Technology in negotiations and dialogues are Globalization potential mechanisms in confronting issues among parties. Ideas - are non-material entities of culture; it embodies one’s perception Three Factors that describe the of his social world or environment. It Transformation of Political-Economic defines how values, norms, and Structure and Development of Global beliefs are used by governments Interconnectedness: and institutions in holding and exercising of power (Nau, 2008). Spread of Democracy and Institutions Three Important Technological Trends that made Significant Changes in the Interaction of Nations and People: 1. Knowledge and technology are significant determinants of wealth and power. 2. The fast pace of technological change 3. Dispersed knowledge and technology. Innovation - as a product of technological advancement have rendered national borders irrelevant in the international system. Discoveries and changes in science and technology make markets around the world a borderless contact, making the global economic structure more intertwined.