Contemporary World Reviewer PDF

LEGEND: - Cleopatra and Julius Caesar – The heights of Roman Empire MAIN LESSON Arab Empire, Persian Empire, India, China and Roman Empire exhibited...

LEGEND: - Cleopatra and Julius Caesar – The heights of Roman Empire MAIN LESSON Arab Empire, Persian Empire, India, China and Roman Empire exhibited extensive trade routes both inland and the sea TOPICS WITH LONG EXPLANATIONS KEYWORDS Silk Road - Ancient trade route - Longest route in the world that Chinese did in ancient time - First manifestation of Early Globalization HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION - Interconnection of one community to another - Much broader and deeper scale around the world Silk - People/Services - Products/Goods → Advance - Most expensive tensile and product that China export throughout the - Ideas/Information Through Technologies world - Famous material used by the nobility - Similarly, Chinese nobility admire Roman horses for their sheer size, endurance and speed Origin of Globalization - Different watersheds in history contributed to the acceleration of Globalization Abbasid Empire (Arabic Empire) - Main driving force on the trades at the sea History of Early Humans Nomads Arab merchants and Indian merchants - People who lived during Stone Age - They move one place to another to gather food - Navigate the seas with their trade ports with their own goods - Learning how to utilize fire Arab and Indian spices - Fire – to protect themselves from the wild animals and cold weather Chinese silk - Domesticated animals/learn to farm Roman horses - Settle In one place Persian Carpets - Utilizing stone and iron - Engage on different contacts - Historians believed that the nature of trade is more of an indirect trade rather than person to person trade The Big Picture (Timeline) - Historians cited that Romans barely know the culture of Han China, let alone. Where the silk came from Classical Antiquity - Roman Empire - Han Dynasty Age of Exploration – 15th century to 16th century - Persian Empire - Greek City-States Renaissance - 15th century to 17th century - Characterized by the emergence of powerful empires with very large territories Scientific Revolution – 16th century to Early to Mid-18th century - Different empires were able to provide stability and network across its territories Age of Enlightenment – 17th century to Early to Mid-18th century - Previously unoccupied towns and villages are now part of the larger empire - Movement of people and materials are much easier Medieval/Middle Ages - Age of Discovery (Expeditions) - Formation of Modern State - Small kingdoms developed to Empire → Connected to colonizer - Renaissance - Speak only one language (Roman’s Creed) → Latin (Universal - Scientific revolution Language - Begun at 5th century until 17th-18th century - Roman Empire started a City of Rome (Italy today) - Began at the fall of Roman Empire - Central, overarching government had left the territories as fragmented and political authority diffused Roman Empire - Feudalism - A system to which monarch would provide land to the nobility - Able to institute law who is overseen by the latter - Created roads (Appian Way → Earliest Roman Roads) to connect - In exchange, the nobility will provide military service and taxes remotes areas to the king - Romans Colonizes the Jerusalem (West Asia) - Egypt is a colony of Romans  EUROPEAN FEUDALISM Atlantic Slave Trade King Nobles Provide protection for the king - Became prevalent to improve the production of economic output from Knights Protect the nobles and king Americas to Europe (Movement of People) Peasants Farmers - Africans are sold for slave - As a result of the fall of Roman Empire, many kingdoms have engaged - Native Americans riding horses on pre-Columbus Exchange is actually on different wars to secure lands false. - Horses are from the Old World, and Llamas are the only domesticated four legged creatures they can rely on aside from buffalos. - Horses are from Europe Black Death - Early Middle Ages is also considered as the “Dark Ages” - Dark Ages → the demographic, economic and political decline in Europe Ferdinand Magellan (Fall of Roman Empire) - Huge Death Toll (70 to 200 million people) in Eurasia via Bubonic - Who set foot in the Philippine Islands in search of Moluccas for spices Plague (Black Death) - He was able to circumnavigate the world, proving that the world is - Oriental Rat Fleas spherical and not flat - Culprits - First person who circumnavigate the world - Most likely spread through merchant carriages and ships - Let to the invasion of the Philippines which was the main center of trade from the central Asia via Silk Road for the Spanish crown in East Asia - The role of religion plated a critical part of people in Middle Ages. Medieval/Middle Ages - Christianity played a huge part as a “balancer” on the conflict. (political conflict among Kings and Queens) Waning Power of the Catholic Church - Spain and Portugal turned their eyes on the seas to seek new resources for the kingdom, but also according to the expeditioners they come to - The Bubonic Plague tested the legitimacy of the Church in providing Spead Christianity cure miracles and prayers were expected but none had worked. - This marks as the “Age of Exploration” - The Corruption among the clergy had prompted Martin Luther to post - 15th to 17th century (First wave of Colonization) his ninety-five thesis or Power of Indulgences. - This started the “Reformation” this gave birth to Protestantism (Protest against the Catholics) - Europeans who converted to Protestantism were executed, asked to Age of Exploration leave Europe - If they don’t want to leave, they burn alive - Voyage of Chritopher Columbus discovered the New World (Americas) - Columbus lied to the Queen and King that he discovered Asia, but the Queen and King find out that he lied (sentenced to jail) - The discovery of Americas had a profound impact on the economic and Renaissance political strength of Europe. - Columbian Exchange - While the influence of the church weakens, a growing trend followed on - Widespread interchange of human population, livestock, what is known as the Renaissance or Rebirth plants as well as ideas and deadly diseases. - Focused on the “Human” and not on the “God or Divinity” - Potato, Avocado, Turkey are examples of native flora and fauna in - “Man is the measure of all things” Revival of Greek Philosophy Americas that has never set foot in the Old World. (Movement of Goods) (Humanism) - The Creation of Adam - Michaelangelo’s famous painting in the Sistine Chapel - Renewed interest on human spirit, its beauty and its strength The Columbian Exchange - Medieval painting focuses mainly on the depiction of God - Start of the modern period North America to Europe Tabacco Turkey Peppers Potato Quinine Squash Cocoa Bean Corn Age of Enlightenment Sweet Potato Avocado Peanut Beans Pumpkin Pineapple Tomato Vanilla - Renaissance was succeeded by the intellectual awakening or the “Age of Reason” - Focus completely shifts from Faith to Reason Europe to North America - Man’s faith is note solely at the mercy of God alone, but he is the main architect of his life Coffee Bean Citrus Fruits Sugar Cane Grape - Many scholars reject the idea of Divine Right of Kings and Queens, and Peach, Pea Banna Onion Grains (Wheat, instead reinstate the people as the leader of the polity Rice, Barley, Oats) - French Revolution overthrow the Monarchy of France that also inspire Olive Honeybee Turnip Livestock (Cattle, other revolutions such as the American Revolution Sheep, Pig, Horse) Disease (Smallpox, Influenza, Typhus, Measles, Malaria, Diphtheria, Whooping cough) Scientific Revolution - Increased production of goods led to both the demand for the acquisition of new raw materials and new markets - New Zeitgeist enables new thinkers and thinkers to develop a systematic - Led to the second wave of Imperialism (Colonization) way of analyzing and observing things which came to be known as Science - Observable reality has come to be researched, experimented, analyzed that resulted to different theories and inventions Imperialism - Different discoveries and inventions occurred on the field of mathematics, astronomy, physics, biology and chemistry - Strong nation takes over a weaker nation - (1983) Sir Isaac Newton discovered the Law of gravity after observing - Dominates its economic, political and/or cultural life the apple fall from a tree - British invasion has led to the acquisition of large territories - “The empire on which the sun never sets” - The movement of people and goods is much more accelerated thanks to the invention Industrial Revolution (1750 – 1840) - All European Empires operate under the core-periphery system - Started in United Kingdom - Then spread through Germany, France, Italy, and the United States of America. Globalization 1.0 - Shift from hand-made/small scale production to mass production made possible by new machines - Lasted from 1492 to 1800 - Created efficient transport systems (trains, private, vehicles) - “Shrank the world from size large to size medium” - Communications are now much more faster (telegraph, telephone) - The driving force was brawn not brains - People are becoming more interconnected albeit limited and at times - “How much muscle, how much horse power, wind power or later, steam more expensive power your country can creatively deploy.” (STATE) The most important of the changes that brought about the Industrial Revolution Globalization 2.0 were: - 1800 to the Mid-20th Century 1. Invention of machine to do the work of hand tools - Ended by WW2 2. Use of steam, and later of other kinds of power - “Shrank the world from size medium to size small” 3. The adoption of factory system - The age of Pax Britannica - The driving force was new institutions particularly the emergence of global market and multinational corporations 1. Invention of machine to do and assist hand task - Small scale production to mass production made possible by new Globalization 3.0 machines - Industrial Revolution - Arrived during the second half of the 20th century 1945 – present - Name given the movement in which machines changed - “Shrank the world from size small to size tiny” people’s way of life. - The age of Pax Americana - Spinning Jenny - The driving force is the internet - The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was - Individuals gain new power to collaborate and compete globally spun - By turning a single wheel. The operator could now spin eight threads at once. Contemporary World - 20th Century – Present 2. The use of steam engine and other kinds of power - James Watt (1736 – 1819) - Scottish instrument maker - (1776) delighted on engine which burning coal produced Water Sheds steam, which drove a piston assisted by a partial vacuum 1. Decolonization 2. Rise of Communism 3. Rise of International Organization 3. The adoption of the factory system 4. Development of Nuclear Weapon - Before the Industrial revolution, most of the manufacturing 5. Global Issues happen at the homes of many artisans and merchants - Had standardized production of many goods and services producing output at a very high rate ➔ Rise of many large companies 20TH CENTURY WORLD (WW1, WW2, COLD WAR, POST-COLD WAR) Industrialization on many European states has a huge impact on the power of the continent: WORLD WAR 1 (THE GREAT WAR) 1. Created Surpluses - Began in 1914 and lasted until 1918 2. New Markets - Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 3. New Resources  - Tension rise across the Europe - German forces swept through Belgium and the Netherlands in what became known as “Blitzkrieg,” or lightning war. (May 10, 1940) Franz Ferdinand - With France on the verge of collapse, Benito Mussolini of Italy put his Pact of Steel with Hitler into action, and Italy declared war against - Heir to the Astro-Hungarian throne France and Britain on June 10. - Shot dead in Sarajevo (Capital of Austrian province Bosnia) - World War II proved to be the deadliest international conflict in history, - Gavrilo Princip (killer) → backed by Serbian terrorist group ‘The Black taking the lives of 60 to 80 million people, including 6 million Jews Hand’ (He is one of the member) who died at the hands of the Nazis during the Holocaust. Jingoism - Extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike CENTRAL POWERS ALLIED POWERS foreign policy. VS. - Germany - Great Britain - Austria-Hungary - France Adolf Hitler - Bulgaria - Russia - He believed that the Aryan race is the superior one among other races - Ottoman Empire - Italy (but Aryan race is not a type of race) (Turkey) - Romania - Aryan → Pure German race (Aryan mean noble one) - Japan - 3 types of races - United States - Negroid → Black complexion - Caucasoid → white complexion with black hair - Mongoloid → Yellowish and brown skin (Asians) World War 1 Begins - Hitler believed that war was the only way to gain the necessary “Lebensraum,” or living space, for that race to expand. - Austria-Hungary declared war on Servia, and the tenuous peace between - In late August 1939, Hitler and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin signed the Europe’s great powers quickly collapsed. (July 28) German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, which incited a frenzy of worry in - Within a week, Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Serbia had London and Paris. lined up against Austria-Hungary and Germany, and World War I had - Attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) begun. MAJOR COUNTRIES WHO FOUGHT IN WW2 Treaty of Versailles (1919) ALLIED POWERS AXIS POWERS - United Kingdom - Nazi Germany - WW1 came to an end in 1919 in Versailles - France - Japan - Treaty which represented “peace” for some and a “diktat” for others. - Soviet Union - Italy - Germany accepted responsibility for the war and lost 68,000 km² of - United States territory, including Alsace and Lorraine. - Part of western Prussia was given to Poland, which gained access to the LEADERS OF WW2 sea through the famous “Polish Corridor” Hirohito/Showa/Hideki Tojo Japan - Germany agreed to pay the crushing sum of 20 billion gold marks in Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany reparations claimed by France. Benito Mussolini Italy - It lost most of its ore and agricultural production. Winston Churchill Great Britain (Ally) - Its colonies were confiscated, and its military strength was crippled. Chaing Kai-Shek China (Ally) - Germany lost and surrendered resulting to the agreement or Treaty of Franklin D. Roosevelt USA (Ally) Versailles. Joseph Stalin Russia (Ally) - European leaders sign the treaty to end the World War 1 in the Hall of France France (Ally) Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. Effects on Other Central Powers COUNTRY FLAGS Flag of Nazi Germany - Ottoman Empire’s West Asian possessions become League of Nation Mandates (ex. Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, Iraq). Flag of Great Britain - Cause of the Middle East conflicts of today - Jews are promised a national home in Palestine. - Cause of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Flag of France - Republic of Turkey replaces Ottoman Empire - Austria becomes a republic. Flag of Italy - Hungary keeps its monarchy (no king) - Loses ⅔ of its territory to Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia Flag of Japan WORLD WAR 2 (September 1, 1939 – 1946) - The biggest and deadliest war in history Japan (1940) - German started the WW2 - Involving more than 30 countries. - Japan had also been undergoing a period of militarization - Sparked by the 1939 Nazi invasion of Poland, the war dragged on for six - Japan became an empire by using its army to conquer neighboring bloody years until the Allies defeated Nazi Germany and Japan in 1945. countries in the Pacific - Grew out of issues left unresolved by that earlier conflict. - They used brutal means to occupy the Philippines, Korea, Manchuria, - In particular, political and economic instability in Germany, and Taiwan, and other parts of China lingering resentment over the harsh terms imposed by the Versailles - Korea became a territory controlled by the Japanese Treaty, fueled the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and his National Japan also occupied Taiwan - Socialist (Nazi) Party. - Korean prisoners were enlisted as the Japanese soldiers - Hitler invaded Poland from the west, Soviets invade from East; two days later, France and Britain declared war on Germany, beginning World during WW2 War II. - The one who raped Filipinas during WW2 were the Koreans - Waged war with China (1940) - Withdrawn from the League of Nations (1940) The Cold War extends to Space - Increased their military (1940) - Allied themselves with Germany and Italy (1940) - Space exploration served as another dramatic arena for Cold War - Attacked the US at Pearl Harbor without warning (December 7, 1941) competition. - On October 4, 1957, a Soviet R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile launched Sputnik (Russian for “traveling companion”), the world’s first artificial satellite and the first man-made object to be placed into the US Earth’s orbit. - One month later, Sputnik 2 sends the first living being (Laika the dog) - Placed an embargo on Japan, a diplomatic measure to stop trade and into space. Sadly, she didn’t make it back. prevent Japan from having access to metal, copper, oil and rubber. - On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space - Metals are used to create weapons for wars, especially guns (Vostok 1). and ammunitions - On June 16, 1964, Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space (Vostok 6). - Closed the Panama Canal to Japanese ships - On March 18, 1965, Alexei Leonov conducts the first-ever spacewalk - Froze Japanese bank accounts and assets being held in the US (Voskhod 2). - Declares war on Japan (December 8, 1941) Soviets take the lead. - - Germany declares war on the US (December 11, 1941) - They make plans to land a man on the moon with Soyuz, but it didn’t work out. - In 1958, the U.S. launched its own satellite, Explorer I, designed by the WW2 ENDS (1945) U.S. - Alan Shepard become the first American man in space. - The Potsdam Conference (July 17-August 2, 1945) was the last of the - July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong of NASA’s Apollo 11 mission, became World War II meetings held by the “Big Three” heads of state. Featuring the first man to set foot on the moon, effectively winning the Space American President Harry S. Truman, British Prime Minister Winston Race for the Americans. Churchill (and his successor, Clement Attlee) and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. - Truman authorized the use of devastating weapon, they developed The Cold War: The Red Scare during a top secret operation code-named The Manhattan Project, the atomic bomb was unleashed on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (Little - Meanwhile, beginning in 1947, the House Un-American Activities Boy) and Nagasaki (Fat Man) in early August. Committee (HUAC) brought the Cold War home in another way. The committee began a series of hearings designed to show that communist subversion in the United States was alive and well. - Thousands of federal employees were investigated, fired and even THE COLD WAR (1988) prosecuted. As this anticommunist hysteria spread throughout the 1950s, liberal college professors lost their jobs, people were asked to - Rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union lasted for testify against colleagues and “loyalty oaths” became commonplace. decades and resulted in anti-communist suspicions and international incidents that led the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear disaster. The Close of the Cold War - Americans had long been wary of Soviet communism and concerned about Russian leader Joseph Stalin’s tyrannical, blood-thirsty rule of his - Almost as soon as he took office, President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) own country. began to implement a new approach to international relations. - Competition between America and Russia on developing new - In 1972, President Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev war weapons (Missile or Hydrogen Bomb/Super Bomb) (1906-1982) signed the SALT I. - Russia wants to influence countries around the world about - Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) prohibited the manufacture communism of nuclear missiles by both sides and took a step toward reducing the - America is spreading on teaching democracy to the allies decades-old threat of nuclear war. Despite Nixon’s efforts, the Cold War heated up again under President Ronald Reagan (1911-2004). Reagan believed that the The Cold War: Containment spread of communism anywhere threatened freedom everywhere. Reagan doctrine - provide financial and military aid to - By the time World War II ended, most American officials agreed that anticommunist governments and insurgencies around the world. the best defense against the Soviet threat was a strategy called Premier Mikhail Gorbachev (1931-) took office in 1985 and “containment.” introduced two policies that redefined Russia’s relationship to the rest of the world: - It is a policy devised by George Kennan to prevent the spread “Glasnost,” or political openness, of communism. “Perestroika,” or economic reform. Soviet influence in Eastern Europe waned. In 1989, every other communist state in the region replaced its government with a The Cold War: The Atomic Age noncommunist one. American officials encouraged the development of atomic weapons like In November of that year, the Berlin Wall–the most visible symbol - of the decades-long Cold War–was finally destroyed. the ones that had ended World War II. Thus began a deadly “arms race.” By 1991, the Soviet Union itself had fallen apart. The Cold War - In 1949, the Soviets tested an atom bomb of their own. In response, was over. President Truman announced that the United States would build an even more destructive atomic weapon: the hydrogen bomb, or “superbomb.” Stalin followed suit. POST WAR COUNTRIES WHO DEVELOP ATOMIC BOMB 3 things to define the Post-Cold War US Israel Russia 1. US Power UK Pakistan China 2. Rise of China as the center of global industrial growth based on France India North Korea low wages 3. Re-emergence of Europe as a massive, integrated economic power The initial phase of the post-Cold War world was built in two assumptions  1. The US was the dominant political and military power but that such Free Constitution power was less significant than before, since economics was the - The 1986 Provisional “Freedom” Constitution of the Republic of the new focus Philippines. Proclamation 3 2. Revolved around the three Great Powers – the United States, China - Declaring a national policy to implement the reforms mandated by the and Europe people, protecting their basic rights, adopting a provisional constitution, - US assumed that pre-eminence included the power to reshape and providing for an orderly transition to a government under a new the Islamic world through military action constitution. - China and Europe single mindedly focused on economic matters. Features of 1987 Constitution - Reinstitution of a Democratic Government. Then Globalization officially emerged. - Separation of Church and State. - Sovereignty of the people. - Renunciation of war as a national policy. ON THE CONSTITUTION & THE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE - Supremacy of Civilian authority over the military. - Separation of Powers Constitution: Setting the powers and limitations of the government - In every democratic state, a constitution must be set in order to facilitate the harmonious relationship of people to other people, but most Preamble importantly of people to its government. - Introduction of the constitution - Constitution is one of the foundations of a democracy, and this is the third - We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in feature with which Larry Diamond talked about as the third essential order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that characteristic of a healthy democracy – the rule of law. shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our Constitution posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of - Defined as the supreme law of the land. law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do - It defines and sets the making of the state, the government and the rights ordain and promulgate this Constitution. of its people. - No one is higher than the constitution – not even the president or prime Article 1 minister of a particular country. - National Territory - The basis on identifying the territory of the Philippines is United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Evolution of Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines - - The Philippines has had a total of six constitutions since the Proclamation of Independence on June 12, 1898. Article 2 - Declaration of Principles and state policies 1899 Malolos Congress - The restoration of the Barasoian Church for the 1998 Centennial. President Section 1 Aguinaldo sits at the center, as a gentleman reads a document to his left. - The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them. Constitution of Biak na Bato (1987) - Reiteration of the sovereignty of the people not the government. - TO recognize the legality of the revolutionary form of government of Emilio Aguinaldo as the first president. Section 5 - The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and Date Covered Version Notable Information property, and promotion of the general welfare are essential for the 1899 – 1901 1899 Malolos Short-lived constitution after enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy. Constitution Philippines was turned as an American Colony. Section 6 1935 – 1943 1935 The constitution that was established - The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable. Reinstate again after Constitution to transition to independent - Our country is a secular state meaning that the Church should have no Japanese Occupation commonwealth government from influence on the decision-making of the government. 1945 - 1973 American control. 1945 – 1973 1943 Another short-lived constitution due Section 11 Constitution to the brief occupation of Japan - The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full during WW2. respect for human rights. 1973 - 1986 1973 After reverting back to the 1935 - Repetition of the natural rights of people. An example of this is that Constitution Constitution, Marcos tried to amend suspects in any given case should be given the chance to be heard and and impose new constitution with NOT be judged or not be jailed without proper hearing. changes to: - Present form of Government to parliamentary form. Article 3 Parliamentary form of - Bill of Rights legislature normally provides indefinite terms to a prime Section 1 minister (version of - No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due president), so long as it has process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the the support of the parliament. laws. - Postponed the election in favor of Marcos Section 2 - Provide Marcos more - The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and executive power during the effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature Martial Law and his project and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant - New Society (Bagong of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined Bayan) personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of 1986 Freedom Constitution the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly 1987 – Present 1987 Established after the First People describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Constitution Power Revolution.  - Search Warrant - In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until - Issued by the judge to search an establishment. the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself - The specific place to be search is mentioned. and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation - Warrant of Arrest against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the - A written order commanding that a person or witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the persons be arrested attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the Section 3 absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his - The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable failure to appear is unjustifiable. except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law. Section 15 - Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall - The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding. in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it. Section 4 Section 16 - No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, - All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies. petition the government for redress of grievances. Section 17 Section 5 - No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. - No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of Section 18 religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, - No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the aspirations. exercise of civil or political rights. - No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. Section 6 - The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the Reclusion of Perpetua → 20 – 40 years (can be eligible for pardon) court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest Reclusion Temporal → 12 – 20 years of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided Prison Mayor & Temporary Disqualification (6 years & 1 day – 12 years) by law. Prison Correctional → 6 months & 1 day – 6 years Arresto Mayor → 1 months & 1 days – 6 months Section 7 Arresto Menor → 1 day – 30 days - The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to Article 4 government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be - Citizenship afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. Article 5 - Transparency - Suffrage Section 11 Section 1 - Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal - Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty. disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in the place Section 12 wherein they propose to vote for at least six months immediately - Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall preceding the election. No literacy, property, or other substantive have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage. competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the - Suffrage means the right to vote in an election. person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel. Article 6 - Miranda Doctrine/Miranda Right - Legislative Branch - No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention Article 7 places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are - Executive Branch prohibited. - Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 Article 8 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him. - Judicial Branch - The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture Article 9 or similar practices, and their families. - Constitutional Commissions - Civil Service Commission (CSC) Section 13 - Commission on Human Rights Philippines - All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion - Commission on Elections perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be Section 1 provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the - The Constitutional Commissions, which shall be independent, are the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the not be required. Commission on Audit. - These commissions should be independent from the three branches of Section 14 government itself to ensure free and fair elections by Commission on - No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due Elections; To oversee the integrity of the government in manners of process of law. public employment by Civil Service Commission; and audit, review and  examine the expenditures of the Philippine government by Commission - All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as on Audit. part of the curricula. - There is a separate subject for Philippine Constitution in college, however CHED removed it in college and put it on Senior High School Section 2 when K-12 was implemented. - No Member of a Constitutional Commission shall, during his tenure, hold any other office or employment. Article 15 - Neither shall he engage in the practice of any profession or in the active - The Family management or control of any business which in any way be affected by the functions of his office, nor shall he be financially interested, directly Article 16 or indirectly, in any contract with, or in any franchise or privilege granted - General Provisions by the Government, any of its subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled Article 17 corporations or their subsidiaries. - Amendment or Revisions - A set or procedures and rules are detailed in this section in order to create an impartial independent body. Article 18 - Transitionary Provisions Republic Act No. 6713, otherwise known as the “Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees” 3 Branches of PH Government Article 10 Legislative (makes the law) Executive (carries out the law) - Local Government Congress President Senate Vice President Section 1 House of Representatives Cabinet - The territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines are the provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. Judicial (evaluate the law) There shall be autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Supreme Court Cordilleras as hereinafter provided. Other Courts Section 2 Check and balancer - The territorial and political subdivisions shall enjoy local autonomy. - Establish the lower governments with their autonomy – powers and - It is defined as the principle of government under which separate branches limitations. are empowered to prevent actions by other branches and are induced to - PH compose of 17 regions share power. - If one branch sees that the other branch may be pursuing policies or actions Article 11 that is against the welfare of the people and the constitution – each branch - Accountability of Public Officers has the power to counter this action from one another Section 1 - Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all Habeas Corpus times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost - Anyone can be sent to jail, even without warrant of arrest. responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and - Anyone who sent to jail cannot be visited by the family members. justice, and lead modest lives. - Provides the notion of accountability. This is important as accountability means that leaders should be open to criticism (not file a case against any citizen); Accountability means being honest on how funds are used - where did it go; why did we use it in that program etc. THE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Section 2 Governance - The President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Supreme Court, the Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman - Came from a Greek word “Kybernan,” meaning to pilot, steer or direct. may be removed from office, on impeachment for, and conviction of, culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of public trust. All other public officers and employees may be removed from office as provided by law, National Governance (Government) but not by impeachment. - By virtue of sovereignty provided all powers as concentrated. This means Section 3 that government tackles all the issues ranging from security, economy, - The House of Representatives shall have the exclusive power to initiate culture, and politics, and has the monopoly to decide how to resolve these all cases of impeachment. issues. - Establishes impeachment – or removing a public official from offices if they violated the constitution, treason (pagtataksil) - siding and Global Governance conniving with other country as opposed to his own country. Bribery (panunuhol) – using money to gain something usually in illegal manner. - Manages different issues through different actors. The ability to provide Graft – using the leaders position to gain personal benefits – such as solutions is distributed from different actors either state or non-state using the public funds to buy their personal wants/needs. actors or both. Article 12 - This international organizations who combat international issues - National Economy and Patrimony (Example: Climate Change) Article 14 International Organizations - Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sport - “Entities established by formal political agreements between their members that have the status of international treaties; their existence is Section 3 recognized by law in their member countries; they are not treated as resident institutional units of the countries in which they are located”.  United Nations (UN) MIGA - Established on October 24, 1945 - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency - Replaced the League of Nations after World War 2 - Investments - It took the role of peacekeeper of the world and assumed necessary powers to avoid conflicts resulting in a world war through its various agencies or organizations, each established because of a particular role. ICSID - Has 193 countries as its members - International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes - Currently it has 198 country members - Grant loans, something to do with a partnership of government and - Headquartered in New York, USA target corporations. - Philippines is the original member of UN since 1945 - International Court of Justice - Court where the heard cases among world leaders, issues about WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION territorial dispute, abuses, etc. - Established in 1995 - Headquartered in Geneva International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Purpose: Setting rules for world trade to reduce traffic - Established in 1944 - Philippines is one of the original member and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo - Headquartered in Washington DC was the country's representative and founding the organization. - Purpose: Promotes international monetary cooperation - The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international - Financial institution organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. - Organization of 189 countries, working to foster global monetary - The goal is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, as possible. promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. - The WTO has over 160 members representing 98 per cent of world trade. - Ensure the stability of the international monetary system. Over 20 countries are seeking to join the WTO. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) International Labor Organization - 193 UNESCO member states - Established in 1945 - Established in 1919 - Headquartered in Paris, France - Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland - Purpose: To promote collaboration among nations through education - Purpose: To improve conditions and living standards of workers science and culture - The only tripartite U.N. agency, since 1919 the ILO brings together governments, employers and workers of 187 member States, to set labor World Health Organization (WHO) standards, develop policies and devise programmed promoting decent work for all women and men. - Established in 1948 - Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland - Purpose: Attainment of highest possible level of health by all people - Working with 194 Member States, across six regions, and from more than World Bank 150 offices. - Our primary role is to direct and coordinate international health within - With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and the United Nations system. offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global - An umbrella organization of United Nations. partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) IBRD - Established in 1945 - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - Headquartered in New York - Reconstruct the structures in specific country - Purpose: To promote children’s welfare all over the world - UNICEF works in over 190 countries and territories to save children's lives, to defend their rights, and to help them fulfil their potential, from IDA early childhood through adolescence. - International Development Association 2 actors in international politics (State and Non-State Actors) - Helps low-income countries State → Recognized as a legal entity in the world Non-State Actors → Divided into two groups → Civil Society and Market IFC - International Finance Corporation - Developing business Civil Society - Example: When a country wants to build a government owned - Comprised of groups or organizations working in the interests of the companies and they will ask a loan for this bank to make that citizens but operating outside of the governmental and for-profit sectors money as capital (businesses) examples of this are non-governmental organization (NGOs) and media companies. - They are not connected to the government. World Government → Global Governance → Governance refers to the way in - They use their own fund for their organization. which something is governed → Meaning “Directed and Controlled” - “Civil society... refers to a wide array of organizations: community groups, non-governmental organizations [NGOs], labour unions, indigenous groups, charitable organizations, faith-based organizations, professional Government → Decisions on how to solve an issue or a concern → Policy or associations, and foundations.” – World Bank Law - sometimes called the “third sector” (after government and commerce) - has the power to influence the actions of elected policy-makers and businesses. - It is the sector in between the public sector and private sector which connects the two by providing service to the public without gaining profit Attributes of the Modern Global System from the government 1. Self-governing states or countries Market - Normally composed of large financial institutions such as World Trade States Organizations, World Bank and International Monetary Bank and the multinational corporations (MNCs) whose huge wealth could influence the - refers to a community of persons permanently occupying a definite state both positively and negatively. portion of territory, independent from external control, and possessing an organized government to which a great body of inhabitants renders - A set up where two or more parties engage in exchange of goods, services and information. habitual obedience. - Legal and political entity founded on common authority and loyalty to - A type of 'institution' or mechanism that exists to facilitate exchange, co- ordination and allocation of resources, goods and services between buyers the government and the whole polity. and sellers, between producers, intermediaries and consumers Nation Global Governance - Cultural and especially a linguistic group of people who feel that they - Rules, Institutions, Processes, Management belong together. - Defined as the sum of laws, norms, policies and institutions that define, - “Sense of Belongingness” founded on commonality or shared history, constitute and mediate transborder relations between states, cultures, culture and languages. citizens, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and the market. - Global Governance in Action Elements of State - In 1989, 20 countries ratified the Montreal Protocol completely 1. Population banning the Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) found in aerosols, 2. Territory refrigerators, air conditioners, food packaging that greatly 3. Government damages the ozone layer. 4. Sovereignty - As early as 1886, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works has been adopted by dozens of states External Sovereignty protecting the works and upholding the rights of their creators. - “Independent from external control” - Copyright Law or Intellectual Property Rights - Autonomy and non-interference - Most recent example of global governance is the call of hundreds of scientists from around the world for the World Health Internal Sovereignty Organization to recognize coronavirus as airborne. - “Great deal of population renders habitual obedience” Global Governance - Supreme authority to govern - Rules - Institutions - Processes Nation - Management - Cultural and especially a linguistic grouping of people who feel that they belong together. - It is based on a “sense of belongingness” founded on commonality or WHAT DO THEY SOLVE? shared history, culture and languages. Global Climate Change and Paris Agreement (2016) - Connection of one state to another state Pollution United Nations - They share one culture and language (each other is related) Poverty and Management of United Nations Environment Economic Development Program State World Bank Organization - Legal and political entity founded on common authority and loyalty to Water Scarcity World Bank Organization the government and the whole polity Financial Instability International Monetary Fund - It does not matter whether the people may have different languages or Global Economic Crisis International Monetary Fund diverse culture so ling as the people recognizes the legitimacy and Management of Global Trade and World Trade Organization sovereignty of the state. Investment Global Energy Market World Bank Organization Global Migration International Organization for Arab Nation Migration United Nations - Composed of different Middle-Eastern and North African countries who Pandemics World Health Organization share the same language and religion Transnational Terrorism United Nations Transitional Organized Crimes United Nations Japan as Nation - Japanese culture is distinct is widely embraced in the whole country. China as State GLOBALIZATION INTERSTATE SYSTEM & GLOBAL GOVERNANCE  - May not call itself a Nation as it is composed of diverse cultures and - Rulers used religion to unite their people linguistic groups - Country’s subject is expected to practice the ruler’s faith - Under Elizabeth I, England became the leading Protestant Power in Europe. - Spain was leading the Catholic power this time. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Island is composed of four - War ends through diplomacy nations: - England - Scotland 1618 – Start of Thirty Years War - Wales - Northern Ireland - The final religious war (1618 – 1648) was fought in the German soil but engaged most of the European Countries in fighting and UK is not a nation but a state. financing the war. - England VS. Spain Many stated tries to unite people by creating a new national identity. In this case, - Spain VS. Netherlands the “Britishness” of Welsh, Scottish, English and also Irish = Successful - Netherlands is a colony of Spain before integration of different nations under a state can be referred as NATION-STATE. - Poland is now a province of Netherlands England + Scotland = Great Britain - France VS. Huguenots Protestants Great Britain + Northern Island = United Kingdom 1648 – Treaty of Westphalia - Peace of Westphalia Origins of Nation-States - European stated regarded each other as equal - Mutually recognized their rights to organize their own domestic affairs, Rationale behind the establishment of a state including religion - The treaty established the era of sovereign states → Sovereignty and Thomas Hobbes Equality of States - Acknowledging the sovereignty of all states in Europe - Without a higher authority are in a Law of Jungle – where life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.” - Under the Law of the Jungle, its either you are prey or the predator. (You can’t trust anyone except yourself, with self-preservation as your utmost International Law priority. - Humans enter “Social Contract” – humans become part of a human social - The rise of sovereign states led to heightened interaction between various group. sovereign states, particularly the desire for greater cooperation and unity - People are willing to give up their absolute freedom among states and peoples. This desire is called Internationalism. - This is called Leviathan, or an overarching ruler that exercise over its - One of the major manifestations of Internationalism is the creation of people with the purpose of maintaining peace and order. International Law. - Major advocate, Jeremy Bentham believe that International Law would govern the inter-state relations. Law of Jungle (Anarchy) 2. Interaction of states primarily through diplomacy - Humans have the absolute freedom to do what they want, to kill whoever he/she deem threatening. Diplomacy Leviathan (Formerly Monarchs, now the State) - Relations of one state with another through well- trained representatives known as diplomats and ambassadors usually to promote and possibly - More certain about the stability and order that an authority offers. arrive on common interests on social, political and economic respects. Social Contract - Freedom exchange to Security. Purpose of Diplomatic Mission a. Mainly as a form of recognition that one state recognizes the sovereignty of another state. Late Middle Ages b. To monitor the current affairs of the state. 1517 – Protestant Reformation c. To promote economic, political and social interest of the home country. - The influence of the church over Kingdoms weakened due to its d. To attend the needs and concern of the overseas citizen of the home inability to find a cure for plague. country. - The key feature in the Protestant Reformation is Martin Luther (1517) who posted his Ninety-Five Thesis on Catholic Church as a sign of protest. 2 forms of Diplomatic Relations - The idea of Protestantism appealed to many Kings and Queens due to their own political interests. Bilateralism - By mid-1600s, most North Europeans were Protestant, most in South Europeans were Catholics - Include 2 states Multilateralism War of Religions  - Involves three or more states usually facilitated by international Global Governance should be thought of as the power diffused across different organization. actors: Diplomatic Missions - States - International Organizations - Established based on the agreement between two countries in recognition - Non-governmental Organizations of common interests. - Germany Embassy in UK (Reciprocity through mutual understanding) UK Embassy in Germany THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 3. Presence of International Organization to facilitate interactions Multilateralism - It refers to the sum total of all economic activities and output globally. International Organizations - Are established by the states themselves to provide an avenue in discussing World Bank Data in 2018 GDP issues that concerns them. - Examples: United Nations, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 1. United States - $20.49 trillion European Union etc. 2. China - $13.61 trillion 3. Japan - $4.97 trillion 4. International Organizations not only facilitator of interactions but a dynamic 33. PH – 330 billion GDP independent actor in the system World’s Biggest Economies 2020 (Nominal GDP) International Organizations 1 US 6 France - An exercise of a great degree of independence in pursuing its own agenda 2 China 7 UK and advocacy with its own structures and decision-making body. 3 Japan 8 Italy - Works as an independent power of initiating many advocacies and agenda 4 Germany 9 Brazil 5 India 10 Canda United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Economic Outlook (October 2021) - Agenda: UNESCO World Heritage → Aims to recognize structures and Growth Projections natural sites that reflects human ingenuity. Global Economy Advanced Economies Emerging Markets & Developing Economies International Labor Organization -3.1 5.9 4.9 -4.5 5.2 4.5 -2.1 6.4 5.1 - An IO that aims to promote decent work around the world 2020 2021 2022 2020 2021 2022 2020 2021 2022 World Trade Organization Growth Projections by Region - Focuses on regulating and setting standards on trade issues and disputes 2020 2021 2022 around the world World -3.1 5.9 4.9 Civil Society US -3.4 6.0 5.2 - Comprised of groups or organizations working in the interest citizens but Euro Area operating or side of the governmental and for-profit sectors (businesses) -6.3 5.0 4.3 - Considered to be the third sector in the society Middle East and Central Asia - Also known as Non-government Organizations mostly operate in one -2.8 4.1 4.1 particular state. Emerging and Developing Asia -0.8 7.2 6.3 Latin America and the Caribbean Example of Non-Governmental Organizations: -7.0 6.3 3.0 Sub-Saharan Africa Red Cross and Red Crescent -1.7 3.7 3.8 - International Non-Governmental Organization that aims to alleviate human suffering in assisting people protecting its life and health Income Greenpeace International Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - Advocates actions towards environmental protection and conservation - All the final goods produced within a domestic territory irrespective of the around the world. person producing. - Pertains to the total amount of goods and services produced within one year - GDP per capita = GDP/Population Global Government → Global Governance → International Organizations - Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) converts/computes the GDP Attribute number 3 and 4 are the key role of the International Organizations in Gross National Product (GNP) the Affairs of the State. - The final goods produced by citizens of a country irrespective of where they are produced in the world. - GNI = GDP + Income of Nationals abroad – Income remitted by foreigners Different forms of Protectionist policies are the following: back to their home country/Population 1. Tariffs - is a tax imposed on certain types of imported goods (usually as a percentage of their value). 2