Contemporary-World-Preliminary (1) (2) PDF

Topic: Introduction to Contemporary World Globalization - The growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations Eric Beerkens - Globalization refers to all those processes by which the peoples of the world are mix into a single world society to global society. Manfred Stege...

Topic: Introduction to Contemporary World Globalization - The growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations Eric Beerkens - Globalization refers to all those processes by which the peoples of the world are mix into a single world society to global society. Manfred Steger - expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and world-space. Expansion refers to "both the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing connections. Cultural Globalization - Refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world Economic Globalization - Refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services Political Globalization - The UN is a global organization dedicated to maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, and fostering cooperation among member states. World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Changed Food Supply Food supply is no longer tied to the seasons Division of Labor - The cheapest locations of assemble components. countries where costs are lower. Less Job Security - In the global economy jobs were becoming more temporary and insecure. Damage to the Environment - More trade means more transport which uses more fossil fuels and causes pollution. Market Integration shows the relationship of the firm in a market. Market integration firms by additional marketing functions and activities under a single management. Types of Market Integration A. Horizontal Integration - This occurs when a firm gains control of other firms performing similar marketing functions at the same level.  B. Vertical Integration - It occurs when a firm performs more than one activity in the sequence of the marketing process. Ex. Netflix, Zara, Ikea, Wholesale, Processing, Amazon C. Conglomeration Integration - A combination of agencies or activities not directly related to each other. Ex. Unilever, Nestle, Adami, Process vegetables Degree of Integration Ownership Integration - when all the decision and assets of a firm are completely assumed by another firm. Contract Integration - This involves an agreement between two firms on certain decisions while each firm retains it separate identity. Types of Global Corporation A. International companies - Are importers and exporters, typically without investment outside of their home country. B. Multinational Companies The investment in other countries, but do not have product offerings in each country. Global Companies - Invested in and are present in many countries. They market their products and services to each individual local market. C. Transnational Corporation - An enterprise that engages in activities which add value in more than one country. Political Ideology and Global Imaginaries Ideology - A system of widely shared ideas, patterned beliefs, guiding norms and values, and ideals accepted as truth by some group. Capitalism - Is a system in which all natural resources and means of production are privately owned Socialism - The property is owned by the government and allocated to all citizens, not only those with money to afford it. Communism - It is a political and economic system in which all members of a society are socially equal. Governance - The governance challenge requires a quantum leap in our ingenuity and our commitment to one another. Social Problems - An inability to maintain security and privacy. Unsustainable healthcare costs. Declining infrastructure quality. International Law - The collection of rules and regulations that define the rights and obligations of states. World Religions - Governments, associations, societies and groups form regional organizations and/or network as a way of coping with the challenges of globalization. Regionalism - It is in relation to identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability and health. Political Economy - The interaction between public authority institutions & governance and the economy and markets. Region - A group of countries located in the same geographically specified area or are an amalgamation of two regions or combination of more than two regions Regionalization - Refers to regional concentration of economic flows. It is often an undirected process of social and economic interaction. Types of Regionalism -State Regionalism - The integration and cooperation between states within a specific region, often through the establishment of regional organizations and agreements. -Non-state regionalism - Involved a variety of state and non-state actors involved in the process of transformation world order. Non-governmental organizations which dedicate themselves to specialized causes. Globalization Religion - The networking and expansion of once local products, beliefs, and practices into universal beliefs and practices thru technology. A belief in a god or gods Religion - A collection of cultural systems of beliefs views that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and moral values. Came from the Latin “religare” or bond between God and man. Forms of Religion Animism - Is the belief that spiritual beings in the world can give good or ill effects in human affairs. Totemism Is a belief wherein a plant, animal, or object possesses supernatural power or spirit. Theism - A belief in one or more gods who occupy a significant part in the creation of the universe and who play a major role in the daily lives of all men. Monotheism - A belief in one supreme God who is considered to be the Creator of the universe. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are religions worship only one God. Polytheism - A belief in more than one God. Nontheistic - Religion which does not recognize the presence of a deity. This is based on sacred principles that govern the everyday conduct of men's lives to achieve the right way to fulfillment. The Most Known Religions Across the World Judaism - Judaism's belief is the covenant made by God to Abraham by his descendants were to be God's chosen people. Beliefs in teachings of the prophets, has no trinity, believes in messiah to come and emphasize good works. The Star of David - This Jewish symbol and it is the standard symbol in synagogues. It is recognized as the symbol of Jewish Community and is named after King David of ancient Israel. Jews started to use the symbol in the Middle Ages. Islam - Islam is a strictly monotheistic religion, and its adherents, called Muslims. Islam” means “submission to the will of God.” Followers of Islam are called Muslims. Muslims are monotheistic and worship one, all-knowing God, Crescent And Star - The faith of Islam is symbolized by the Crescent and Star. The Crescent is the early phase of the moon and represents progress. The star signifies illumination with the light of knowledge. Christianity - Christians believe that God sent his Son to earth to save humanity from the consequences of its sins Shintoism - Japanese practiced the religion known as Shintoism. Shintoism Based on animism or belief that everything in this world is inherited by spirits. Misogi - The physical purification that is the most sacred Shinto ritual. Worshipper wants to enter these places must be totally clean his body. Matsuri - The noisy, happy and confusion-filled parade of the gods, or kami on the streets. ASEAN - To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region. Media is produced by an industry by people we do not even know ORAL COMMUNICATION - Language allowed human to cooperate. It allowed sharing of information. SCRIPT Language was important but imperfect, distance became a strain for oral communication THE PRINTING PRESS It started the information revolution ELECTRONIC MEDIA The vast reach of media continues to open up in the economic, political, and cultural processes.Radio became a global medium, reaching distant regions. Television is considered as the most powerful and pervasive mass medium. DIGITAL MEDIA Digital Media are often electronic media that rely on digital code. CULTURE The set of learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values and ideals that are characteristic of a particular society or population. MEDIA CULTURE - The media affects people in varied ways, some are positive and others are negative. HINDUISM - The oldest religion in the World and has many gods. The term Aryan referred to a class of people, not a race, and meant “free man” or “noble”. HINDUS BELIEF - The fundamental teaching of Hinduism, or Vedanta, is that a human being's basic nature is not confined to the body or the mind. VEDIC LITERATURE - The Vedic Literature reflects the life and culture of the ancient Aryans of India. JAINISM - One that endured into modern times as an Independent group. CONFUCIANISM - It is concerned with inner virtue, morality, and respect for the community and its values. TAOISM - Taoism is an ancient Chinese philosophy and religion that instructs believers on how to exist in harmony with the universe. Global Cities - Global cities are placed in very different positions in global economy. CITIES IN TRANSITION Peter Gould (1963): Man against Nature -Locational patterns Lucassen and Willems (2011): *Challenge and Response *Adaptation and rising urbanization Kourtit and Nijkamp (2012): *Globalization and migration *Advantages and creative cities. THE NEW GLOBAL WORLD *Rising of mega cities everywhere *Cities as the home of man*Mega city areas as centers of development and of concerns.*Changes in city appearance and socio-economic development.*Dominance of sustainability conditions.*No natural or economic limit to city size THE GLOBAL ELITH as of 2017 *New York *London *Paris*Seoul *San Francisco *Tokyo *Hong Kong *Singapore *Chicago. Demography - The study and analysis of trends relating to human populations. Rural - families view multiple children and large kinship networks as critical economic investments. Urban families - limit their children because parents are committed to their respective professions. Population - A group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space. Over population - A condition when an organism number exceeds the carrying capacity of its habita. REASONS FOR OVER POPULATION *Increase in birth rate *Decrease in death rate *Better medical facilities *Increase Immigration *Decrease in Emigration *Illiteracy EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION *Air pollution *Water pollution *Unemployment*Illiteracy *Poverty *Food resources *Diseases GLOBAL MIGRATION - The movements of people around the world that can be seen through the categories of migrants.  PHILIPPINE HISTORY AGRICULTURAL TENANCY - The physical possession of land by a person for agricultural production, in exchange for sharing the harvest with the landholder or paying a certain price in produce or money. SHARE TENANCY Exists whenever two persons agree on a joint undertaking for agricultural production LEASTHOLD TENANCY - A person who, either personally or with the aid of labor available from members a single person together with members of his/her immediate farm household. TENANT - cultivates the land belonging to, or possessed by, another with the latter's consent. LANDLORD A person, natural or juridical, who, either as owner, lessee, or legal possessor. AGRARIAN REFORM Agrarian reform can refer either, narrowly, to government- initiated or government. AGRICULTURAL LAND Refers to land devoted to agricultural activity and not classified as mineral, forest, residential, commercial or industrial land. Pre-Colonial Times (Before 16th Century) Land was commonly owned by the community known as barangay. THE SPANISH ERA (1521-1896) The colonial government at this period introduced a pueblo agriculture, a system wherein native rural communities were organized into pueblo. BANDALA The direct taxes which the citizens were forced to put up their products for sale at a cheap price. POLO Y SERVICIO The system of forced labor evolved within the framework of the encomienda system. Introduced by the Conquistadores and Catholic priests. FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC The revolutionary government confiscated the large landed estates, especially the friar lands and declared these as properties of the government. Malolos Constitution, 1896, Article XVII. In the Malolos Republic was inaugurated on January 23, 1899 various taxes were imposed. THE AMERICAN ERA (1898-1935) Americans sought to put an end to the miserable conditions of the tenant tillers and small farmers. PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902 This law provided regulations on the disposal of public lands wherein a private individual can own 16 hectares of land while the corporate land holdings can avail of 1,024 hectares. THE COMMONWEALTH YEARS (1935-1942) The government under President Quezon that land reform programs should be implemented immediately. JAPANESE ERA The peasants and workers organized the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon) on March 29, 1942 as an anti-Japanese group. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) Executive Order No. 355, the Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) was established to accelerate and expand the peasant resettlement program of the government. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) Magsaysay realized the importance of pursuing a more honest-to-goodness land reform program. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) There was no legislation passed in his term but he continued to implement the land reform programs of President Magsaysay. Diosdasdo Macapagal (1961-1965) - “Father of Agrarian Reform”. Agricultural Land Reform Code or RA No. 3844 was enacted on August 8, 1963 - It was considered to be the most comprehensive piece of agrarian reform legislation ever enacted in the country that time. Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986) - Presidential Decree No. 27 became the heart of the Marcos reform. It provided for tenanted lands devoted to rice and corn to pass ownership to the tenants, and lowered the ceilings for landholdings to 7 hectares. Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992) - President Aquino considered agrarian and land reform as the center of her administration. February 22, 1987, 3 weeks after the ratification of 1987 constitution, agrarian workers and farmers had a peaceful marched to Mendiola going to Malacanang. Republic Act 6657 known as Comprehensive Agrarian ReformLaw, which was backed up by Mrs. Aquino - The law is about the distribution of agricultural lands to tenants- farmers from landowners and also allowed to retain not more than 5 hectares of land. Aquino issued Executive Order 229 to pressure her relatives to allow stock distribution. 2006, the Department of Agrarian Reform revoked the stock distribution, and ordered the distribution of land property to the farmers/tenants. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) - The Ramos administration is recognized for bringing back support of key stakeholders of CARP by bridging certain policy gaps on land acquisition and distribution and case resolution. Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998-2001) Widened the coverage of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) to the landless peasants in the country side. EO 151 (executive order 151) also known as Farmer’s Trust Fund, which allows the voluntary consolidation of small farm operation into medium and large scale integrated enterprise that can access long-term capital. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 – 2010) - adopted the BAYAN-ANIHAN President Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016) - President Benigno Aquino III vowed to complete before the end of his term the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), the program of the administration of his mother, President Corazon Aquino. He also promised to complete the distribution of privately-owned lands of productive agricultural estates in the country. The Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) project was created. President Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 – 2022) - To pursue an “aggressive” land reform program that would help alleviate the life of poor Filipino farmers by prioritizing the provision of support services alongside land distribution. He directed the DAR to launch the 2nd phase of agrarian reform where landless farmers would be awarded with undistributed lands under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). BONG BONG R. MARCOS JR. - The 17th and current President of the Philippines. He previously served as a senator from 2010 to 2016. He was elected on May 9, 2022 the son of former President Ferdinand E. Marcos Sr. HACIENDA LUISITA - A 6,453 hectare sugar plantation located in the province of Tarlac, the hacienda spans 11 barangays. Belonged to the Spanish-owned Compaña General de Tabacos de Filipinas (Tabacalera). Tabacalera acquired the land in 1882 from the Spanish crown claiming all the lands. The name Luisita was named after Luisa, the wife of the top official of Tabacalera. ENSIMADA - The ensaimada a Catalan is a pastry product from Mallorca, Spain. PANDESAL - The name comes from the Spanish word pan de sal, means bread of salt. THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION *1899 Malolos Constitution *1935 Constitution *1973 Constitution *1987 Constitution PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE President Aguinaldo that June 12 should be the proclamation of the Philippine Independence. Marcha Filipina Magdalo Composed of Julian Felipe and made the official March of the Philippines. MALOLOS REPUBLIC Aguinaldo transfer the government from Cavite to Malolos Bulacan. Refuses to American control in the country. Malolos Congress was established at the Barasoain Church in Malolos Bulacan on September 15, 1898. MALOLOS CONGRESS Revolutionary Congress at Barasoain, Malolos September 4 - 50 delegates September 10 - 60 delegates Banda Pasig - played the National Anthem Felipe Buencamino - wrote Aguinaldo's speech Officers: President: Pedro A. Paterno Vice President: Benito Legarda 1st Secretary: Gregorio Araneta 2nd Secretary: Pablo Ocampo NOVEMBER 29, 1898 The congress approved the Malolos Constitution which was drafted by Felipe Calderon. MALOLOS REPUBLIC HAD 3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT: Legislative Has as a power to elect the President and the chief justice of the supreme court. Executive The head of the state and was duly elected by the legislative body. Judiciary Vested in the supreme court and all other lower courts provided by law. September 29, 1898, ratified the declaration of Philippine independence held at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898. El Heraldo dela Revolucion (1898) The official newspaper of the government later to be called as “Gaceta Filipina”. La Independencia Edited and partly owned by Antonio Luna. THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION September 15, 1898 Malolos Congress was inaugurated at the Barasoain church in Malolos, Bulacan. The first task was to draft a constitution needed for the formation of a republic. The main task of the republic was the recognition of other state. 1899 Malolos Constitution pertained to the separation of church and state which was by a mere one vote. A crucial point was the Filipinization of the Catholic Church. BULACAN Came from the word "bulak" which is cotton in English. BARASOAIN CHURCH Known as Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Parish built in 1888 in Malolos, Bulacan. Barasoain was known as Bangkal the First Philippine Republic. integrated by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in the town of Calumpit in April 5, 1572. ANACLETO ENRIQUEZ A Katipunero from Bulacan known for his code name as Matanglawin a great admirer by Gen. Del Pilar. November 30, 1896. A crack battalion descended upon the group and the Katipuneros were trapped in the church. After a fierce hand to hand combat, more than 800 were killed bayoneted in the gut. INDEPENDENCE ASPIRATION OF THE FILIPINOS 1899-1901-It established for the First Philippine Republic, only to be lost in a war against Americans. 1907- Philippine Assembly passed resolution expressing the Filipino desire for independence. 1919-1934- Filipinos campaigned for independence and sent twelve independence missions to America. July 1901 - American civil government was proclaimed with William Howard Taft the first Civil Governor. March 2, 1903 - First official census of the Philippines known as Census Day. Brigandage Act – a severe penalty to members of the armed groups not more than 10 to 20 years of imprisonment. Political Parties were allowed These were; 1. Federal Party – making Philippines a state of the U.S. 2. Nationalista Party - 1901 3. Liberal Party - 1902 4. Democrata – 1902 Philippine Bill of 1902 a Filipino was elected to the National Assembly and July, 1907 Nationalista won 59 seats the Progresista 16 and Independent 5. PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH 1916 Jones Law introduced by William Atkinson Jones for Philippine Independence and specifies the tree branches the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary. August.21, 1971 Plaza Miranda was bombed after the proclamation of the Liberal Party (LP) Candidates 8 persons were killed & 120 including Jovito Salonga, John Henry Osmena, Eddie Ilarde, Ramon Mitra & others The proclamation 1081 declaring the state of emergency under Martial Law to save the Republic from lawlessness violence and from the takeover of the Communist Insurgency the CPP-NPA-NDF (Communist Party of the Philippines and the National Democratic Front). August 4, 1970, Republic Act No. 6132 was approved setting the day of the election for the 320 delegates to the Constitutional Convention. The delegates were elected on November 10, 1970 and the Constitutional Convention was inaugurated on June 1, 1971. The 1935 Constitution and the Malolos Constitution became the bases for the drafting of amendments to the new Constitution. November 29, 1972, the Constitutional Convention approved the draft Constitution. PAOAY CHURCH Known as Iglesia de San Agustín de Paoay, commonly known as the Paoay Church, of Paoay, Ilocos Norte in the Philippines. Completed in 1710. Declared as a National Cultural Treasure by the government in 1973 & UNESCO World Heritage Site. Building of the church started in 1694 by Augustinian friar Father Antonio Estavillo Presidential Proclamation No. 1578. An area of 3,700 hectares Sanctuary is where both African wildlife and endemic Philippine animals live in their natural state with minimum human interference. March.25, 1986 President Aquino created the Constitutional Commission to draft a New Constitution with 48 members with former Cecilia Munoz Palma. 1986-1989 The government of President Aquino suffered 7 coup attempts because of slow economy, high crime & communist insurgency became stronger since the 1950s. THE 1987 CONSTITUTION President Corazon Aquino in April 1986 created through Proclamation No. 9 the 1986 Constitutional Commission (Con Com), which was responsible for drafting a replacement for the 1973 Constitution. The new constitution, she said, should be “truly reflective of the aspirations and ideals of the Filipino people. October 12, 1986, the draft constitution was passed with 44 delegates voting for it and two against and was presented to Aquino 3 days after. February 2, 1987, a National Plebiscite was held after a nationwide information campaign on the draft constitution. February 11, 1987, through Proclamation No. 58, Aquino announced the results of the plebiscite and proclaimed the 1987 Philippine Constitution ratified TARLAC talahib word called in Ilokano word Malatarlak CARRIEDO Carriedo Fountain known as Fuente Carriedo is a fountain in Santa Cruz, Manila. MANILA HOTEL A historical landmark of the Philippines during the American period to the present time FILIPINO CULTURAL HERITAGE The Filipino culture is a summation of indigenous forces and foreign influences THE ARAB INFLUENCE About 200 years THE JAPANESE INFLUENCE The Japanese traders first settled in the archipelago during the 12th century AD. THE MALAYS described by niceness and pleasantness to others rather than by virtue of law abiding features. THE CHINESE Filial piety between parents and children THE INDIAN INFLUENCE Indian influence is found in the languages, mode of dressing, architectural art, beliefs, brass, and copperware. THE HINDU INFLUENCE The most pervasive in the Filipino belief system. fortunetelling sections. THE SPANISH HERITAGE It is reflective of more developed societies at their point of contact, broadened the outlook of the Filipino. THE AMERICAN This heritage by introducing a democracy that called for individual liberty and equality. THE FILIPINO CULTURE Filipinos are religious. They believe so much in supernatural powers and view themselves as only a speck in this wide universe. VALUE SYSTEM Values actually guide man’s behavior and action as he relates himself in most situations in life. THE FILIPINO VALUES Utang-na-loob It is a technique of reciprocity of debt of gratitude to others Pakikisama It is the value of belongingness and loyalty to the small in-group with sensitivity to the feelings FILIPINO INDOLENCE Jose Rizal stated the Filipinos in general are indolent people. There are Filipinos who do not care of their future. They prefer to play games of chance gambling HIYA dependent Filipino cannot say “NO” even if it is against his will to do what is being requested. BAHALA NA A common expression on the fatalistic outlook and strong dependence on the spirits who will take care of everything if they are really meant for a person. AMOR-PROPIO It is the individuals highly emotional reaction to protect his honor and dignity when they are threatened or questioned and to retaliate. Hele hele bago quire, or pakipot which shows at the outset a person initially refusing an offer even if he really wants very much to accept it. NINGAS CUGON Filipinos are very eager and ready to do and finish a work but after some time, they became complacent and lazy at the end. It is like a cogon grass that easily kindle and burn and nothing is left. MANANA HABIT It is the tomorrow-attitude or procrastination attitude. GAMBLING A favorite pastime of Filipinos which has more negative effects than positive ones. LAGAY AND AREGLO A socio-political connections for some material consideration to be able to obtain favors. PALAKASAN SCHEME Is a system where you are allowed to get a job without hassle only if you’re a family member, good friends with, or referred by someone you know from the inside. GAYA GAYA PRACTICE It refers to the Filipino imitativeness which gives rise to emphasis on façade, palabas, pakitang-tao, pagyayabang. KARMA A word meaning the result of a person's actions as well as the actions themselves. What happens to a person, happens because they caused with their actions. FATALISM It refers to the belief that all events are naturally and supernaturally Predetermined the mental attitude of submission to the inevitability of the power of fate or the acceptance of one’s fate with, stoicism or lethargy. ADOBO From the Spanish word adobar marinade, sauce or seasoning a popular Ilocano dish that involves meat, seafood, or vegetables marinated in vinegar, soy sauce, garlic and black peppercorns which is browned in oil, and simmered in the marinade. LUGAW Known as congee or conjee of rice porridge popular in many Asian countries, especially East Asia. Plain rice congee is most often served with side dishes. It is usually a thick porridge of rice largely disintegrated after prolonged cooking in water. SPANISH BREAD Referred in the 17th century, originated in Mallorca, Spain. A popular merienda in the Philippines. Known as Pan de Regla. KOMIFIL Nagdesisyon ang Commission on Higher Education at Supreme Court na tanggalin bilang mandatory subjects ang Filipino at Panitikan sa kolehiyo. Noong Mayo 2019 ay iginiit ng Korte Suprema ang naging hatol nila noong October 9, 2018 na ibaba sa 36 units na lang ang minimum units required sa general education curriculum. Ito ay nakapaloob sa CHED memorandum 20 series of 2013 o “General Education Curriculum: Holistic Understandings, Intellectual and Civic Competencies Ang iba pang katawagan sa wika ay “lengguwahe” (Language sa Ingles). Ito ay nagmula sa salitang Latin na “lingua”, literal na nangangahulugang “dila”. Pinaniniwalaang dito nagmula ang salitang ito sapagkat nakagagawa ito ng iba’t ibang kombinasyon ng tunog na nagagamit upang makapaghatid ng damdamin o ekspresyon. Henry Allan Gleason (1988). Si Henry Gleason ay isang lingguwista at propesor sa Unibersidad ng Toronto. Ayon sa kaniya, ang wika ay binubuo ng mga tunog na sinasalita. Ang mga salitang ito ay isinaayos sa paraang arbitraryo upang magamit ng mga taong kabilang sa lipunan. A. Pagpili ng Batis (Sources) ng Impormasyon Ang batis ng impormasyon ay mga sources ng mga impormasyon na nakukuha ng mga nagbabasa at nakikinig. Ito ay mahalaga lalo na sa aspeto ng edukasyon at paggawa ng mga pormal na kasulatan. a. Paksa - Ang ilang mga datos ay multidisiplinari, ngunit ang iba ay nakatuon sa isang partikular na disiplina o paksaa. Paksa - Ang ilang mga datos ay multidisiplinari, ngunit ang iba ay nakatuon sa isang partikular na disiplina o paksa b. b. Kahusayan ng impormasyon - Kapag sinuri ang reliability o kahusayan ng impormasyon, mahalaga na makonsidera ang background ng pinagmulan ng impormasyon. c. c. Oras - Mayroong pagkakaiba-iba sa tagal ng sakop na oras ang mga batis ng impormasyon. Mahalagang mapansin kung gaano kadalas na-update ang mga datos na ito upang matiyak kung ang impormasyon ay balid pa o hindi. M d. Saklaw ng heograpiya - Ang saklaw ng geograpiko ng mga batis ng impormasyon ay magkakaiba- iba e. Ang availability ng materyal - May mga database ng E-journal na may full-text na artikulo, at depende sa mga tuntunin ng kasunduan sa karapatan ng pagaccess sa mga website na ito. May libre ngunit may ilang may bayad bago makapasok sa kanilang website. Pampubliko man o  pribado ang impormasyon dapat na respetuhin ang karapatan ng pag-aari ng mga datos na kinakalap. f. Wika ng impormasyon - karamihan sa mga impormasyon na mahahanap internasyonal man o lokal na datos ay nasa wikang Ingles, importanteng may alam din sa wikang banyaga ang nangangalap ng datos upang magamit ang napakaraming datos na ito, kaya't kinakailangan na marunong kang magbuod, sumipi o magsaling wika. g. Ang kakayahan sa paggamit ng mga datos at iba pang tools sa pagpili ng batis ng impormasyon - Saang disiplina lamang ba nalilimitahan ang pangangalap ng datos? Posible din bang pagsamahin ang dalawa o higit pang mga nakalap na datos sa iisang konsepto? Pagsamahin ang iba't ibang resulta ng nakalap na impormasyon sa iba pang magkaibang paksain ng pagsasaliksik? o ipunin lamang ang lahat ng nakalap na impormasyon at gamitin ayon sa kung ano ang kinakailangan? Paano mo ba gagamitin ang mga nakalap na datos? Ikaw ang makakasagot niyan. 3 URI NG SANGGUNIAN O BATIS NG IMPORMASYON PRIMARYANG BATIS Ang mga primaryang batis ay mga orihinal na materyales na batay sa iba pang mga pananaliksik sa mismong panahon ng pagkakabuo nito, kabilang ang: orihinal na sinulat na akda - mga tula, talaarawan, talaan ng korte, panayam, survey, at orihinal na pananaliksik / fieldwork, at pang-akademikong pananaliksik na nai-publish / pangakademikong journal. SEKONDARYANG BATIS ay ang naglalarawan o nagsusuri ng mga primaryang batis, kasama ang: sanggunian na materyales - diksyonaryo, encyclopedia, aklataralin, at mga libro at artikulo na nagbibigay kahulugan, pagsusuri, o synthesize ng orihinal na pananaliksik / fieldwork. BATIS TERSYARYA ay mga ginamit upang ayusin at hanapin ang primarya at sekondaryang mapagkukunan. Mga index - nagbibigay ng mga citation upang ganap na matukoy ang mga akda na may impormasyon tulad ng may-akda, pamagat ng isang libro, artile, at / o journal, publisher at petsa ng paglalathala, bolyum at bilang ng isyu at mga numero ng pahina. Mga Abstract - lagom ng primarya o sekondaryang batis Mga Databases - ay mga online index na karaniwang may kasamang mga abstract para sa bawat primarya o sekondaryang batis, at maaari ring isama ang isang digital na kopya ng mapagkukunan. (Mary Woodley, CSUN Oviatt Library) PAGBASA Ayon kay Goodman, ang Pagbasa ay isang psycholinguistic guessing game kung saan ang nagbabasa ay bumubuo ng muli ng isang mensahe o kaisipan na hinango sa tekstong binasa. Ayon kay Hank ang pagbasa ay ang pag-unawa sa kahulugan ng nakalimbag o nakasulat at pagbibigay ng interprestasyon dito Ang PAGBABASA ay proseso ng pag-aayos,pagkuha at pag-unawa ng impormasyon o ideya na kumakatawan sa mga salita o simbolo na kailangang tingnan o suriin upang maunawaan habang ang PANANALIKSIK ay isang proseso ng pangangalap ng mga datos o impormasyon upang malutaas ang isang partikular na suliranin sa isang siyentipikong paraan. KATANGIAN NG PAGBASA Ang tunay na pagbabasa ay pag -unawa sa mensahe ng teksto. Ang pagbabasa ay isang proseso ng pag -iisip. Ang pagbasa ay isang interaktibong proseso sa pagitan ng manunulat at mambabasa.  APAT NA HAKBANG SA PAGBASA (William Gray) 1. Persepsyon – pagkilala sa mga nakalimbag na simbolo at maging sa pagbigkas nang wasto sa mga simbolong nababasa. 2. Komprehensyon- pagpoproseso ng mga impormasyon o kaisipang ipinahahayag ng simbolong nakalimbag na binasa; nagaganap sa isipan; pagunawa sa tekstong binasa ay nagaganap 3. Reaksyon – hinahatulan o pinagpapasyahan ang kawastuhan, kahusayan at pagpapahalaga ng isang tekstong binasa. 4. Asimilasyon – isinasama at inuugnay ang kaalamang nabasa sa mga dati nang kaalaman TEORYA NG PAGBASA - Teoryang BottomUp, Teoryang TopDown Teoryang, Interaktib Teoryang Iskima. TEORYANG BOTTOM UP Tradisyunal na pananaw ng pagbabasa Nanalig ang teoryang ito na ang pagkatuto sa pagbasa ay nagsisimula sa yugto-yugtong pagkilala ng mga titik sa salita, parirala at pangungusap ng teksto, bago pa man ang pagpapakahulugan sa buong teksto (Badayos, 2000) TEORYANG TOP-DOWN Ang impormasyon ay nagmumula sa dating kaalaman ng mambabasa patungo sa teksto (Smith, 1994). Ayon sa proponent nito, ang mambabasa ay isang napakaaktib na partisipant sa proseso ng pagbasa, na siya ay may taglay na dating kaalaman (prior knowledge) na nakaimbak sa kaniyang isipan at may sariling kakayahan sa wika (language proficiency) at kanyang ginagamit habang siya ay nakikipagtalastasan sa awtor sa pamamagitan ng teksto (Badayos, 2000). Tinatawag din itong inside out o conceptually driven dahil ang kahulugan o impormasyon ay nagsisimula sa mambabasa patungo sa teksto, ito ay nagaganap dahil ang mambabasa ay gumagamit ng kaniyang dati nang kaalaman at mga konseptong nabuo sa kanyang isipan mula sa kaniyang mga karanasan at pananaw sa paligid. Bunga nito, nakabubuo siya ng mga palagay at hinuha na kaniyang inuugnay sa mga ideyang inilahad ng awtor ng isang teksto. Teoryang Interaktib Ayon sa teoryang ito, ang teksto ay kumakatawan sa wika, kaisipan ng awtor at sa pag-unawa nito, ang isang mambabasa ay gumagamit ng kaniyang kaalaman sa wika at mga sariling konsepto o kaisipan. Dito nagaganap ang interkasyong awtor-mambabasaawtor. Ang interkasyon, kung gayon ay may dalawang direksyon o bi-directional. Teoryang Iskima Mahalaga ang tungkuling ginagampanan sa pagbasa ng dating kaalaman ng mambabasa. Ito ang batayang paniniwala ng teoryang Iskima. IBA’T IBANG PATTERN O URI NG PAGBASA 1. Iskaning 2. Iskiming 3. Previewing 4. Kaswal 5. Pabasang Pang-Impormasyon 6. Matiim na Pagbasa 7. Re-reading o Muling Pagbasa 8. Pagtatala ISKANING Uri ng pagbabasa kung saan ang nagbabasa ay nagsasagawa ng paggalugad sa materyal na hawak tulad ng pagbasa sa mga susi na salita o keyword, pamagat at subtitles. Dito, ang mahalagang salita ay di binibigyang pansin. Ang scanning ay isang uri ng pagbasa ng nangangailangang hanapin ang isang partikular na impormasyon sa aklat o sa anomang babasahin. Nagagamit ang ganitong pamamaraan sa pagbasa ng mga nilalaman (table of contents), index, classified ads at paghahanap ng numero ng isang taong nais makausap. 2. ISKIMING Ito ay pagsaklaw o mabilisang pagbasa upang makuha ang pangkalahatang ideya o impresyon, o kaya’y pagpili ng materyal na babasahin. Ang skimming ay pinaraanang pagbasa at pinakamabilis na pagbasang magagawa ng isang tao. Ang gumagamit ng kasanayang ito ay pahapyaw na bumabasa ng mga pahiwatig sa seleksyon katulad ng pamagat at paksang pangungusap. Binabasa niya nang pahapyaw ang kabuuan ng seleksyon at nilalaktawan ang mga hindi kawili-wili sa kanya sa sandalling iyon. PREVIEWING - sa uring ito, ang mambabasa ay hindi kaagad sa aklat o chapter. Sinusuri muna ang kabuoan at ang estilo at register ng wika ng sumulat. Ang ganitong paraan ay makatutulong sa mabilis na pagbasa at pag-unawa sa babasa. May iba’t ibang bahagdan ang previewing gaya ng mga sumusunod: a. Pagtingin sa pamagat, heading, at sub-heading na karaniwang nakasulat ng Italik. b. Pagbasa ng heading na nakasulat ng blue print. c. Pagbasa sa una at huling talata d. Pagbasa sa una at huling pangungusap ng mga talata. e. Kung may kasamang introduksyon o buod, larawan, graps at tsart, ito ay binibigyan ng suri o basa. f. Pagtingin at pagbasa ng talaan ng nilalaman KASWAL - pagbasa ng pangsamantala o di-palagian. Magaan ang pagbasa tulad halimbawa habang may inaantay o pampalipas oras. PAGBASANG PANG-IMPORMASYON Ito’y pagbasang may layunin malaman ang impormasyon tulad halimbawa ng pagbasa sa pahayagan kung may bagyo, sa hangarin malaman kung may pasok o wala. MATIIM NA PAGBASA - nangangailangan ito ng maingat na pagbasa na may layuning maunawaang ganap ang binabasa para matugunan ang pangangailangan tulad ng report, riserts, at iba. Re-reading o Muling Pagbasa Paulit-ulit na binabasa kung ang binasa ay mahirap unawain bunga ng mahirap na talasalitaan o pagkakabuo ng pahayag. Isinasagawa ang muling pagbasa upang makabuo ng pag-unawa o masakyan ang kabuuang diwa ng material na binasa. BUOD Siksik at pinaiikling bersyon ito ng teksto. Ang teksto ay maaaring nakasulat, pinanood o pinakinggan. Pinipili rito ang pinakamahalagang ideya at sumusuportang ideya o datos. Mahalaga ang pagtutok sa lohikal at kronolohikal na daloy ng mga ideya ng binuod na teksto. Ang wika ang sumasalamin sa mga mithiin, lunggati, pangarap, damdamin, kaisipan o saloobin, pilosopiya, kaalaman at karunungan, moralidad, paniniwala, at mga kaugalian ng tao salipunan (Santiago, 2003). Sa pag-iral ng komunikasyon, nililikha ang kultura na tumatagos sa lahat ng aspekto ng isang lipunan, politikal, ekonomiya, at iba pa. Kailangan din ng mga tao ng wika bilang behikulo ng komunikasyon para sa panlipunang pagkakaintindihan at pagkilos (Constantino&Atienza, 1996). Ayon sa pag-aaral ni Maggay (2002) tungkol sa kultura at Komunikasyon, inilahad niya ang pagiging high context ng kulturang Pilipino. Nasa kulturang Pilipino rin ang kahilingan nating mga Pilipino sa pakikisalamuha at pagiging bukas natin sa pagbuo ng relasyon sa kapuwa (Pertierra, 2010, p. 39). A. TSISMISAN Ang tsismisan ay pagbabahaginan ng mga impormasyong walang katiyakan o katotohanan. Ito ay pag-uusap sa pagitan ng dalawa o higit pang tao na magkakilala o palagay ang loob sa isa’t isa. Sa ilang pagkakataon, maaari din namang ang tsismis ay galing sa mga hindi kakilala o naulinigan lamang. Ang tsismis ay maaaring totoo, bahagyang totoo, dinagdagan, binaluktot na katotohanan, haka-haka, inimbentong kwento o maling interpretasyon. B. bugso ng pagkakataon. Ang paksa ng usapan sa umpukan ay hindi rin planado o pinagisipang mabuti maaaring tungkol sa buhay-buhay ng mga tao sa komunidad, magkakaparehong interes ng mga naguumpukan, o mga bagong mukha at pangyayari sa paligid. C. TALAKAYAN Ang talakayan ay pagpapalitan ng ideya sa pagitan ng dalawa o higit pang kalahok na nakatuon sa tukoy na paksa. Ito ay maaaring pormal o impormal at mediated o ginamitan ng anomang media. Samantala, ang impormal na talakayan naman ay mga talakayang nagaganap sa umpukan, tsismisan o biglaang pag-uusap. D. PAGBABAHAY-BAHAY Ito ay pagpunta ng isang tao o grupo sa isang bahay sa pamayanan upang maghatid ng mahalagang impormasyon, mangumbinsi sa pagsali sa isang paligsahan o samahan, tangkilikin o bilhin ang isang produkto, magbahagi ng adbokasiya o kaisipan. Ang pagbabahay- bahay ay mabisang gawaing pangkomunikasyon upang malaman ang pulso at saloobin ng mga taong nasa isang komunidad hinggil sa isang proyekto o solusyon. E. PULONG-BAYAN Ang pulong-bayan ay isang gawaing pangkomunikasyon kung saan nagtitipon ang mga tao upang talakayin ang mga isyung pangkomunidad, mga bagong programang na ilalahad, batas at alituntuning ipatutupad. Maaaring ito ay pangunahan ng mga awtoridad o sektor ng pamahalaan na may kinalaman sa paksang pag-uusapan F. KOMUNIKASYONG DI BERBAL – uri ng komunikasyon na hindi gumagamit ng salita Ang iba’t ibang anyo ng di berbal na komunikasyon ay ang mga sumusunod (Geronimo, Petras, Taylan, 2016, p.115): 1.Kineksika (Kinesics) - or Upload your documents to unlock KOMUNIKASYONG - BERBAL AT IBA’T IBANG ANYO NG KOMUNIKASYONG DI-BERBAL Komunikasyong - berbal Ginagamit ang makabuluhang tunog at sa paraang pasalita. Tumutukoy sa pagpaparating ng ideya o mensahe gamit ang salitang nagprisinta sa mga kaisipan. Halimbawa: Bumangon ka na nga diyan! anong oras na! nakahilata kapa, mag walis-walis ka sa labas nang pagpawisan ka naman. IBA’T IBANG ANYO NG KOMUNIKASYONG DI-BERBAL Komunikasyong di-berbal Pagpapalitan ng mensahe o pakikipagtalastasan na ang daluyan o channel ay hindi lahat lamang ng sinasalitang tunog kundi kasama ang kilos ng katawan at ang tinig na inaangkop sa mensahe. Halimbawa: Pagkindat,pag kaway,pag taas ng braso, ibat ibang uri ng pagtingin at iba pa. MGA ANYO O URI NG KOMUNIKASYONG DI - BERBAL 1. Galaw ng katawan ( Kinesics) 2. Proksemika/espasyo ( Proxemics ) -Oras ( Chronemics ) 3. Pandama ( Haptics ) 4. Paralanguage 5. Katahimikan 6. Kapaligiran 7. Simbolo ( Iconics ) 8. Kulay ( Colorics ) 9. Bagay ( Objectics ) GALAW NG KATAWAN (KINESICS) Pag-aaral ng kilos at galaw ng katawan. (a.)Ekspresyon ng ating muka, na nagpapakita ng emosyon at (b.)Ang pag galaw ng mata na nagpapakita ng katapatan ng isang tao, nagiiba ang mensaheng ipinapahayag ng tao batay sa tagal,direksyon at kalidad ng kilos ng mata 2.Prosemika (Proxemics) - espasyo 3.Pandama o Paghawak (Haptics) 4.Paralanguage - tumutukoy sa tono ng tinig at kalidad at bilis ng pagsasalita; kung paanong paraan ng pagbigkas ng salita at pagbibigay diin sa mga salita (pagbuntong hininga, ungol at iba pa. 5.Katahimikan o Kawalang Kibo - Iubhang makahulugan na karaniwang ginagawa upang mag-isip at paghandaan ang sasabihin, o 'di kaya ay magparating ng tampo o sama ng boob. Maaari ring tugon sa pagkabalisa, pagkainip, pagkamahiyain at pagkamatatakutin 6.Kapaligiran – EKSPRESYONG LOKAL - Ang ekspresyong lokal ay ang likas at ordinaryong wika na naiiba sa anyo at gamit sa lohika at iba pang uri ng pilosopiya. Ito ay mga parirala o pangungusap na ginagamit ng mga tao sa pagpapahayag ng damdamin o pakikipag-usap na ang kahulugan ay hindi ang literal na kahulugan ng bawat salita at hindi maiintindihan ng mga ibang taong hindi bihasa sa lenggwahe. Ito rin ang nagbibigay ng kaibahan sa ibang wika. Mga Halimbawa: Petmalu Werpa Lodi Char Bahala na si Batman