Human Histology Past Paper PDF

HUMAN HISTOLOGY LECTURE ○ d) Occipital lobe Multiple Choice Questions (60): 8. The cerebellum coordinates which of the 1. What does the nervous system allow the following? bod...

HUMAN HISTOLOGY LECTURE ○ d) Occipital lobe Multiple Choice Questions (60): 8. The cerebellum coordinates which of the 1. What does the nervous system allow the following? body to do? ○ a) Involuntary movements ○ a) Produce hormones ○ b) Sensory processing ○ b) Adapt and respond to stimuli ○ c) Voluntary movements and balance ○ c) Digest food ○ d) Sleep and wake cycles ○ d) Circulate blood 9. Which part of the brain controls vital 2. What is the primary responsibility of the functions like heart rate and breathing? nervous system? ○ a) Cerebrum ○ a) Hormone regulation ○ b) Cerebellum ○ b) Nutrient distribution ○ c) Brainstem ○ c) Controlling and integrating organ ○ d) Temporal lobe system activities ○ d) Waste removal 10. What are the components of the brainstem? 3. Which anatomical division of the nervous ○ a) Midbrain, pons, medulla system includes the brain and spinal oblongata cord? ○ b) Cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus ○ a) Peripheral Nervous System ○ c) Frontal, parietal, temporal lobes ○ b) Somatic Nervous System ○ d) Spinal cord, cranial nerves, ○ c) Central Nervous System meninges ○ d) Autonomic Nervous System 11. Which of the following is responsible for 4. Which part of the nervous system regulating sleep? transmits signals between the CNS and ○ a) Medulla oblongata the body? ○ b) Pons ○ a) Central Nervous System ○ c) Occipital lobe ○ b) Peripheral Nervous System ○ d) Cerebellum ○ c) Autonomic Nervous System ○ d) Somatic Nervous System 12. What is the H-shaped structure in the spinal cord called? 5. Which structure connects the brain to the ○ a) White matter peripheral nervous system? ○ b) Gray matter ○ a) Cerebellum ○ c) Meninges ○ b) Spinal cord ○ d) Cortex ○ c) Brainstem ○ d) Occipital lobe 13. Which membrane layer directly adheres to the brain and spinal cord? 6. What is the cerebrum responsible for? ○ a) Dura mater ○ a) Balance and coordination ○ b) Arachnoid mater ○ b) Breathing and heart rate ○ c) Pia mater ○ c) Higher brain functions like ○ d) Cerebrospinal fluid thinking and memory ○ d) Reflex actions 14. What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? 7. Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible ○ a) Conduct electrical impulses for decision-making? ○ b) Cushion the CNS and remove ○ a) Parietal lobe waste ○ b) Frontal lobe ○ c) Relay signals to muscles ○ c) Temporal lobe ○ d) Strengthen blood-brain barrier Bacon | 1 HUMAN HISTOLOGY 15. What does the blood-brain barrier 22. Which division of the nervous system protect the brain from? controls voluntary movements? ○ a) Physical injury ○ a) Autonomic Nervous System ○ b) Harmful substances in the blood ○ b) Sympathetic Nervous System ○ c) Excessive electrical activity ○ c) Somatic Nervous System ○ d) Hormonal imbalances ○ d) Parasympathetic Nervous System 16. Which cells generate and transmit 23. How many cranial nerves emerge directly electrical impulses in the nervous system? from the brain? ○ a) Neurons ○ a) 12 ○ b) Astrocytes ○ b) 24 ○ c) Oligodendrocytes ○ c) 31 ○ d) Ependymal cells ○ d) 18 ○ Answer: a) 12 17. What is the role of dendrites in a neuron? 24. Which part of the autonomic nervous ○ a) Transmit signals to other neurons system is responsible for "fight or flight" ○ b) Receive signals from other responses? neurons ○ a) Somatic Nervous System ○ c) Store nutrients for neurons ○ b) Parasympathetic Division ○ d) Regulate neuron waste removal ○ c) Sympathetic Division ○ d) Enteric Division 18. What is a synapse? ○ a) The part of the brain responsible 25. What is the main role of the enteric for coordination division of the autonomic nervous ○ b) The point of communication system? between two neurons ○ a) Control reflex actions ○ c) The region where reflex actions ○ b) Regulate heart rate occur ○ c) Manage gastrointestinal functions ○ d) The center for sensory processing ○ d) Control voluntary movements 19. Which neuron sends a signal at the 26. Parkinson's disease is characterized by synapse? the loss of which type of neurons? ○ a) Postsynaptic neuron ○ a) Sensory neurons ○ b) Presynaptic neuron ○ b) Dopamine-producing neurons ○ c) Motor neuron ○ c) Motor neurons ○ d) Sensory neuron ○ d) Interneurons 20. What fills the synaptic vesicles in the 27. What are Lewy bodies? presynaptic neuron? ○ a) Immune cells in the brain ○ a) Enzymes ○ b) Scar tissue from injury ○ b) Neurotransmitters ○ c) Protein aggregates in the brain ○ c) Hormones ○ d) Neuron cell bodies ○ d) CSF 28. Dopamine is crucial for which of the 21. Which neuroglia are responsible for following functions? producing myelin in the CNS? ○ a) Memory storage ○ a) Astrocytes ○ b) Hormone regulation ○ b) Oligodendrocytes ○ c) Movement control and reward ○ c) Microglia system ○ d) Ependymal cells ○ d) Digestion and absorption Bacon | 2 HUMAN HISTOLOGY 29. Which disease involves the immune 36. Which nervous system controls system attacking myelin in the CNS? involuntary functions like digestion? ○ a) Parkinson’s disease ○ a) Somatic Nervous System ○ b) Alzheimer’s disease ○ b) Sympathetic Nervous System ○ c) Multiple sclerosis ○ c) Autonomic Nervous System ○ d) Guillain-Barré syndrome ○ d) Central Nervous System 30. Guillain-Barré syndrome affects which 37. What type of muscle tissue is controlled part of the nervous system? by the autonomic nervous system? ○ a) CNS ○ a) Skeletal muscle ○ b) PNS ○ b) Smooth muscle ○ c) Both CNS and PNS ○ c) Cardiac muscle ○ d) Spinal cord only ○ d) None of the above 31. What happens in chronic inflammatory 38. Which muscle tissue is striated and under demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)? voluntary control? ○ a) It causes rapid muscle weakness ○ a) Smooth muscle ○ b) It causes progressive weakness ○ b) Cardiac muscle over time ○ c) Skeletal muscle ○ c) It only affects the brain ○ d) Epithelial tissue ○ d) It affects skeletal muscles ○ Answer: b) It causes progressive 39. What is the primary function of skeletal weakness over time muscle? 32. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ○ a) Involuntary movement (ADEM) is most common in which ○ b) Heat production group? ○ c) Reflex actions ○ a) Elderly individuals ○ d) Nutrient storage ○ b) Adults over 50 ○ c) Children 40. Which of the following is true about ○ d) Infants smooth muscle? ○ a) It is multinucleated 33. What is gliosis? ○ b) It is under voluntary control ○ a) Loss of memory ○ c) It has spindle-shaped cells ○ b) Muscle degeneration ○ d) It has a striated appearance ○ c) Scar formation in the CNS ○ d) Demyelination of the PNS 41. Where is smooth muscle found? ○ a) Attached to bones 34. What are the hallmark symptoms of ○ b) In the walls of hollow organs Alzheimer’s disease? ○ c) In the brain ○ a) Visual impairment and fatigue ○ d) In the spinal cord ○ b) Short-term memory loss and cognitive decline 42. Which part of the brain is responsible for ○ c) Involuntary movements and visual processing? balance issues ○ a) Parietal lobe ○ d) Paralysis and muscle weakness ○ b) Temporal lobe ○ c) Occipital lobe 35. Which symptom is not associated with ○ d) Frontal lobe Parkinson’s disease? ○ a) Tremors at rest 43. Which neuroglial cells act as immune cells ○ b) Bradykinesia within the CNS? ○ c) Postural instability ○ a) Oligodendrocytes ○ d) Short-term memory loss ○ b) Astrocytes ○ c) Microglia Bacon | 3 HUMAN HISTOLOGY ○ d) Ependymal cells 51. Which type of neuron transmits signals to muscles for voluntary movement? 44. How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge ○ a) Sensory neurons from the spinal cord? ○ b) Motor neurons ○ a) 12 ○ c) Interneurons ○ b) 24 ○ d) Glial cells ○ c) 31 ○ d) 18 52. What structure protects the brain and spinal cord from external injury? 45. What is the main function of astrocytes in ○ a) Neurons the CNS? ○ b) Meninges ○ a) Produce cerebrospinal fluid ○ c) Blood-brain barrier ○ b) Maintain the blood-brain barrier ○ d) White matter ○ c) Transmit signals to muscles ○ d) Relay sensory information 53. Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced? ○ a) Cerebellum 46. Which type of neuron relays information ○ b) Ventricles of the brain from sensory receptors? ○ c) Gray matter ○ a) Motor neurons ○ d) Spinal cord ○ b) Interneurons ○ c) Sensory neurons 54. Which disease is associated with ○ d) Glial cells abnormal protein aggregates called Lewy ○ Answer: c) Sensory neurons bodies? 47. Which part of the spinal cord contains ○ a) Alzheimer's disease myelinated axons? ○ b) Multiple sclerosis ○ a) Gray matter ○ c) Parkinson's disease ○ b) White matter ○ d) Guillain-Barré syndrome ○ c) Meninges ○ ○ d) Cortex 55. Which condition involves rapid muscle weakness and paralysis? 48. Which structure forms the innermost ○ a) Guillain-Barré syndrome protective layer of the CNS? ○ b) Alzheimer’s disease ○ a) Dura mater ○ c) Multiple sclerosis ○ b) Arachnoid mater ○ d) Chronic inflammatory ○ c) Pia mater demyelinating polyneuropathy ○ d) Cerebrospinal fluid 56. Which neurodegenerative disease involves 49. Which division of the autonomic nervous memory loss and cognitive decline? system promotes "rest and digest" ○ a) Parkinson's disease activities? ○ b) Alzheimer's disease ○ a) Somatic Nervous System ○ c) Multiple sclerosis ○ b) Sympathetic Division ○ d) Guillain-Barré syndrome ○ c) Parasympathetic Division ○ d) Enteric Division 57. Which symptom is characteristic of multiple sclerosis? 50. What is the primary function of the ○ a) Tremors at rest sympathetic division of the ANS? ○ b) Visual disturbances and muscle ○ a) Prepare the body for "fight or weakness flight" ○ c) Memory loss ○ b) Promote digestive activities ○ d) Balance issues ○ c) Regulate reflex actions ○ d) Control voluntary movements Bacon | 4 HUMAN HISTOLOGY 58. Which cells provide structural support and maintain the extracellular environment for neurons? 5. The sympathetic nervous system is ○ a) Neurons responsible for the 'rest and digest' response. ○ b) Neuroglia ○ c) Astrocytes ○ False (The parasympathetic nervous ○ d) Microglia system is responsible for 'rest and digest') 59. Which structure in the brain regulates posture, balance, and coordination? 6. The occipital lobe processes visual ○ a) Cerebellum information. ○ b) Brainstem ○ c) Occipital lobe ○ True ○ d) Temporal lobe 7. Neuroglia are the cells responsible for 60. What is the role of the occipital lobe in transmitting electrical signals in the nervous the brain? system. ○ a) Hearing and memory ○ b) Vision processing ○ False (Neurons transmit electrical ○ c) Sensory processing signals; neuroglia support neurons) ○ d) Executive functions 8. Parkinson's disease is caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. TRUE OR FALSE: ○ True 9. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) helps cushion the 1. The central nervous system (CNS) includes brain and spinal cord and removes waste. the brain and spinal cord. ○ True ○ True 10. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune 2. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is disorder that attacks the myelin in the important for regulating voluntary peripheral nervous system. movement and the reward system. False (Multiple sclerosis affects myelin in ○ True the central nervous system) 3. The cerebellum is primarily responsible for higher brain functions such as memory and decision-making. ○ False (The cerebellum is responsible for coordination and balance, not higher brain functions) 4. Astrocytes are responsible for creating myelin in the central nervous system. ○ False (Oligodendrocytes create myelin in the CNS) Bacon | 5