Concepts in Immunity and Inflammation PDF

NCM 112 LEC COLLEGE OF NURSING CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN OXYGENATION, FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES, INFECTIOUS, INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE, CELLULAR ABERRATIONS LEC ALICE A. QUATCHON, RN Faculty-in-Charge 1st Semeste...

NCM 112 LEC COLLEGE OF NURSING CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN OXYGENATION, FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES, INFECTIOUS, INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE, CELLULAR ABERRATIONS LEC ALICE A. QUATCHON, RN Faculty-in-Charge 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 SUBJECT COURSE CODE: NCM 112 ▪ This course deals with concepts, principles, theories and techniques of nursing care management of at risk and sick adult clients in any setting with alterations/problems in Inflammatory and immunologic response in clinical practice, education and research. ▪ The learners are expected to provide nursing care to at risk and sick adult clients utilizing the nursing process.  1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TABLE OF CONTENTS REVIEW OF THE NORMAL CONCEPTS IN IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION 1. IMMUNE SYSTEM A. Basic structures of the immunologic system B. Basic Functions of the Immunologic System 2. NORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSE 3. TYPES OF IMMUNITY 4. IMMUNOGLOBULINS 5. OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. DISEASE – a detectable alteration in normal tissue function 2. ASYMPTOMATIC OR SUBCLINICAL – a condition or an infection caused by microorganism that produces no clinical evidence of disease 3. INFECTION – an invasion of an organism’s body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 DEFINITION OF TERMS 4. OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN – an infectious microorganism that is normally a commensal or does not harm its host but can cause disease when the host’s resistance is low 5. PATHOGENICITY – the ability to produce disease; thus, a pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease. 6. RESIDENT FLORA – the microorganisms that usually occupy a particular body site 7. VIRULENCE – the severity or harmfulness of a disease 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TOPIC 1: IMMUNE SYSTEM The immune system is made up of special organs, cells and chemicals that fight infection (microbes). The immune system has different layers of organs that are responsible for preventing and fighting infection that penetrates the human body. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 The immune system is the body’s tool for preventing or limiting infection. Its complex network of cells, organs, proteins, and tissues enable the immune system to defend the body from pathogens. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 What does the immune system do? 1. Keeping invaders (like germs) out of your body. 2. Destroying invaders. 3. Limiting how much harm the invaders can do if they’re inside your body. 4. Healing damage to your body. 5. Adapting to new challenges and threats. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 How does the immune system work? 1. Tells the difference between cells that are yours and those that don’t belong in your body. 2. Activates and mobilizes to kill germs that may harm you. 3. Ends an attack once the threat is gone. 4. Learns about germs after you’ve had contact with them and develops antibodies against them. 5. Sends out antibodies to destroy germs that try to enter your body in the future. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 What disorders and diseases can affect the immune system? 1. Allergies 2. Autoimmune Diseases 3. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases 4. Infectious Diseases 5. Cancer 6. Sepsis TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 A. BASIC STRUCTURES OF THE IMMUNOLOGIC SYSTEM 1. THE LYMPHOID SYSTEM or LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 2. CENTRAL LYMPHOID ORGANS 3. PERIPHERAL ORGANS TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 A.1. THE LYMPHOID SYSTEM (Lymphatic System) The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, nodes, and ducts that pass through almost all bodily tissues. It allows the circulation of a fluid called lymph through the body in a similar way to blood. It is part of the immune system. It also maintains fluid balance and plays a role in absorbing fats and fat-soluble nutrients.  TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 ✓ Lymphoid system consists of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymphoid tissues (in mucosa and connective tissues) and bone marrow, a myeloid tissue involved in blood cell formation ✓ Organs and tissues include lymphocytes as part of their basic structure ✓ Lymphoid organ consist of the lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and tonsils ✓ Lymphoid tissues consist of lymphocytes and plasma cells ✓ Lymphatic system consists of a communication network of vessels, lymph nodes clusters, and circulating and resident lymphocytes that function as a primary component in the immune system response TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 What does the lymphatic system do? 1. FLUID BALANCE - Collecting excess fluids from the body’s tissues and returning it to the bloodstream 2. ABSORPTION - Helping the body absorb fats 3. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM - Protecting the body against invaders TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 How does the lymphatic system work? Every day, about 20 liters of plasma (the liquid part of your blood) flow out of tiny pores in the thin walls of your capillaries. It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues surrounding each capillary. The tissues hungrily soak up all the nutrients while leaving behind waste. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 How does the lymphatic system work? The plasma doesn’t mind cleaning up the mess — it picks up the waste and then returns to your bloodstream the same way it came, by flowing back through the pores in your capillary walls. Each day, about 17 liters of plasma return to your bloodstream in this way. Since 20 liters initially flowed out of your capillary walls, that means 3 liters are still roaming around in your body’s tissues TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 How does the lymphatic system work? That’s where your lymphatic system steps in. Tiny lymphatic capillaries pick up this remaining fluid from your tissues. The fluid changed its name during its journey: now instead of plasma, it’s called lymph. Your lymphatic capillaries move the lymph into larger tubes called lymphatic vessels. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 How does the lymphatic system work? These vessels keep the lymph moving until it ultimately reaches one of two major ducts in your upper chest. These are called your right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct, and they’re a bit like highway on-ramps. They merge into large veins called your subclavian veins and empty the lymph into them. From there, your lymph reenters your bloodstream and can flow through your body again. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 A.2. CENTRAL LYMPHOID ORGANS These are the Primary Lymphoid Organs It includes lymphoid organs where the lymphocytes are produced, maintained, and matured. It includes: 1. Thymus Gland 2. Bone Marrow TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 A.2. CENTRAL LYMPHOID ORGANS The main function of these organs is to create lymphocytes the immune system needs to fight against illness and disease. There are two main lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. T cells destroy any cells that have been overtaken by germs, while B cells produce antibodies to fight against future infection.  TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 The thymus gland, which assists in T lymphocyte formation, is located in the superior mediastinum behind the sternum. This organ is located in your upper chest beneath your breastbone, and it’s most active before puberty. It’s where T-cells (a type of white blood cell) fully mature. T-cells help your body fight off invaders. It is essential for the maturation of T cells and the development of cell-mediated immunity thus referred to as primary lymphoid organ. In fact, the term ‘T cell’ means thymus-derived cell and is used to describe mature T cells. It is composed of cortical and medullary epithelial cells, stromal cells, interdigitating cells and macrophages.  TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 The main functions of the thymus as a primary lymphoid organ are: 1. To produce sufficient numbers (millions) of different T cells each expressing unique T cell receptors (generate diversity) such that in every individual there are at least some cells potentially specific for each foreign antigen in the environment. 2. To select T cells for survival in such a way that the chance for an auto-immune response is minimized.  TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 Bone marrow is a special semi-solid tissue mass composed primarily of hematopoietic stem cells, adipose tissue, and stromal cells that is present inside the bone in the cancellous section. The red bone marrow is a primary organ of a lymphoid system whose main function is to produce B lymphocytes. This is the soft, spongy tissue in the center of certain bones, like your hip bone, backbones and breastbone. Your bone marrow has the vital job of making white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.  TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 The bone marrow functions like a busy production line, churning out the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets needed for oxygen transport, immune defense, and blood clotting. In addition to producing blood cells, the bone marrow is a repository for vital vitamins and minerals. It contains stores of calcium, iron, and other necessary elements that are required for sustaining strong bones and proper body operation. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 RED BONE MARROW Red bone marrow, also known as myeloid tissue, is primarily the spongy tissue in your bones that produces blood cells. Red bone marrow’s location in the human body is very limited as it is only present in a small number of bones by adulthood, including the pelvis, vertebrae, ends of femur and tibia, scapula, skull and sternum, which are the primary locations for this type of bone marrow. Red bone marrow comprises various cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells, which are responsible for the continuous production of new blood cells. These stem cells have the remarkable ability to differentiate into different types of blood cells, including red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 FUNCTIONS OF RED BONE MARROW The primary function of red bone marrow is hematopoiesis, the process of producing new blood cells. 1. ERYTHROPOIESIS, the production of red blood cells, is one of the essential functions of red bone marrow. Red blood cells carry oxygen to tissues and organs throughout the body, ensuring their proper functioning. 2. LEUKOPOIESIS, the production of white blood cells, is another critical function of red bone marrow. White blood cells play a vital role in the immune system, defending the body against infections and diseases. 3. THROMBOPOIESIS, or Platelet production, is also facilitated by the red bone marrow. Platelets are involved in blood clotting, which is essential for preventing excessive bleeding. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 YELLOW BONE MARROW Yellow bone marrow, the second kind of bone marrow found in the body, gets its name from the abundant yellow fat cells. It is also known as fatty marrow and is found in the long bones. Compared to red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow primarily comprises fat cells (adipocytes) and contains fewer hematopoietic cells. Red bone marrow eventually changes to yellow bone marrow as a person ages, especially in long bones. Fat accumulation within the bone marrow area causes this conversion to occur. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 FUNCTIONS OF YELLOW BONE MARROW The primary function of yellow bone marrow is to store fat. 1. It is an energy reserve for the body and can be mobilized when needed. 2. The fat stored in yellow bone marrow provides insulation and cushioning to the bones, protecting them from mechanical stress. 3. Yellow bone marrow also contains mesenchymal stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of connective tissue cells, such as bone, cartilage, and fat cells. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RED AND YELLOW BONE MARROW RED BONE MARROW YELLOW BONE MARROW Also known as Medulla Ossium Rubra. Also known as Medulla Ossium Flava. Becomes more dominant with age as red marrow More prevalent in infants and children is gradually replaced by yellow marrow Highly vascular and rich in blood vessels and Less vascular and contains more adipose (fat) capillaries tissue Responsible for hematopoiesis (formation of Primarily functions as a storage site for adipose blood cells) cells Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and Does not actively produce blood cells platelets Can revert to yellow marrow under certain conditions, such as severe anaemia or blood Does not typically revert back to red marrow disorders TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 A.3. PERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS These are the Secondary Lymphoid Organs It includes lymphoid organs where the lymphocytes undergo further maturation and contact the bloodstream with the lymph. It includes: 1. Tonsils 2. Lymph nodes 3. Mucosa – associated Lymph Tissue (MALT) 4. Spleen  TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TONSILS AND ADENOID These organs are often termed as the first line of defense against harmful bacteria and viruses. They contain white blood cells and can trap germs that enter the nose or mouth. Your tonsils are in the back of your throat. Your adenoids are just behind your nasal cavity but are only active during childhood.  TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 Lymph nodes are found throughout the body and consist of a small rounded mass of tissue from which the lymph fluid drains. Lymph nodes are bean-shaped glands that monitor and cleanse lymph as it filters through them. They clear out damaged cells and cancer cells. Your lymph nodes also store lymphocytes and other immune system cells that attack and destroy harmful substances like bacteria. You have about 600 lymph nodes scattered throughout your body. Some are closely connected in groups called chains. They are prevalent in the armpits (Called the axillary lymph nodes), groins (called the inguinal lymph nodes), neck (called the cervical lymph nodes), and knees (called the ave side, there is an efferent lymphatpopliteal lymph nodes).Others are deeper inside your body. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025  TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 Mucosa-associated lymph tissue (MALT) consists of a grouping of lymph tissue that is found in many organs of the body that work together to promote an immune response; specific locators identify the source of the tissue; for example; bronchial-associated lymph tissue(BALT), gut-associated lymph tissue (GALT), skin-associated lymph tissue(SALT). They are primarily located in organs and mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary systems. The major types of mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues are found in tonsils and Peyer’s patches. MALT looks for and destroys germs that could harm you.  TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 Peyer’s patches - Made up of lymphoid follicles, these small masses of tissue line the walls of the ileum in your small intestine. Not only do lymphoid cells identify and destroy germs and other pathogens, they also play a large role in defending against future infection. In fact, more than 50 percent of the cells responsible for antibody production come from the bowel wall. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025  TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 SPLEEN This largest lymphatic organ is located on your left side under your ribs and above your stomach. Your spleen filters your blood and removes cells that are old or not working properly. It also keeps red blood cells and platelets available in case your body needs them. Anatomically, it contains two distinct types of tissues; the red pulp and the white pulp. The red pulp plays the primary function of filtering the blood, removing the old RBCs, and digesting the hemoglobin. The white pulp primarily contains lymphocytes (both B and T lymphocytes). It is a site where lymphocytes are activated by the antigens present in the blood resulting in the activation of the humoral and cell-mediated immune response. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 A.4. MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM (MPS) MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, class of cells that occur in widely separated parts of the human body and that have in common the property of phagocytosis, whereby the cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances and ingest worn-out or abnormal body cells. The MPS functions to protect the body by participating in the immune response; it secretes chemical components and factors (enzymes, complement proteins and interleukins TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 A.4. MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM (MPS)  TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 A.4. MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM (MPS) MONOCYTES are the largest component of the white blood cells (WBCs) and have one nucleus and very little cytoplasm; they are considered to be agranulocytes  TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 A.4. MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM (MPS) MACROPHAGES are considered to be mature cells of the MPS; they migrate to different areas of the body, becoming specialized cells to perform their function of defense TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 A.4. MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM (MPS) The mononuclear phagocyte system also plays an important role in the destruction of worn-out red blood cells and the recycling of iron. Specialized macrophages, primarily those residing in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen, break down old red blood cells and metabolize the hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells), thereby freeing the iron compound heme for the production of new red blood cells. TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 B. BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE IMMUNOLOGIC SYSTEM 1. THYMUS GLAND 2. BONE MARROW 3. SPLEEN TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 B.1. THYMUS GLAND ✓ In childhood, the gland is large; with the aging, the gland atrophies because of fat infiltration ✓ The thymus gland gives rise to the differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes, which are involved in cell- mediated immunity, a part of the process of autoimmunity ✓ It secretes thymic hormones such as thymosin; hormone level is stable from birth to age 25 and then gradually decreases thereafter TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 B.2. BONE MARROW ✓ Bone marrow serves as a diagnostic predictor for immunologic, hematologic, and oncologic disorders ✓ It provides for analysis of chemical markers leading to the identification of specific disease processes ✓ It is the source of primary lymphoid action that helps to initiate, maintain and provide for the immune response; marrow gives rise to cellular components of blood and stores stem cells ✓ Bone marrow gives rise to B lymphocytes and humorally mediated response (Humural immunity that involve the production of antibodies, specific substance produced in response to specific antigens TOPIC 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 B.3. SPLEEN ✓ The spleen is the site of destruction of RBCs as well as a storage site for blood ✓ It acts as a reservoir for B lymphocytes ✓ It filters and removes foreign material, worn-out cells, and forms of cellular debris ✓ The spleen contains both red and white pulp tissues that help to perform functions of RBC removal and B lymphocyte development into mature plasma cells 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TOPIC 2: NORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSE The immune response is a complex and highly coordinated process that the body uses to defend against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This system comprises a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work in concert to identify and neutralize these harmful invaders. TOPIC 2: NORMAL MMUNE RESPONSE 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 1. DEFENSE ▪ The body provides for a communication network of protection that involves both non- specific and specific forms of defense A. NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSE – relates to external reactions that include anatomic and chemical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes; they are considered non- selective, which means that they are activated against any foreign substance that the body would encounter B. SPECIFIC DEFENSE - relates to internal physiological reactions of the body that include both cell mediated and humorally mediated antibodies; they are considered specific, which means that they are unique substances that require activation ▪ The body initiates its immune response in the presence of an antigen, a protein substance that triggers antibody production TOPIC 2: NORMAL MMUNE RESPONSE 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 2. HOMEOSTASIS ▪ The body seeks to maintain an immune balance where it can successfully remove damaged cells ▪ In homeostasis, there is a balanced response of circulating and resident lymphocytes to maintain adequate protection TOPIC 2: NORMAL MMUNE RESPONSE 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 3. SURVEILLANCE Surveillance is the ability of the body to use memory and recognition in order to maintain an immune response The body will remember the activation response even if the person doesn’t remember the specific insult 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TOPIC 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY IMMUNITY refers to the body's potential to fight the foreign disease causing organism/antigen and eventually prevent the invasion of pathogens. There are different ways of immune responses that are employed by the body for its safeguard against disease-causing pathogens. TOPIC 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 1. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY is a long- term response in an organism that leads to the development of antibodies that offer protection ▪ This can be accomplished by the individual developing antibodies in response to having the disease process or by a response to artificial antigens as with the administration of vaccine or toxoid ▪ This immunization response can be boosted and maintained via repeated injections ▪ Titer serum levels can be monitored in the client to indicate whether or not immunity is present TOPIC 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 1. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Acquired immunity is immunity you develop over your lifetime. It can come from: ✓ a vaccine ✓ exposure to an infection or disease ✓ another person’s antibodies (infection-fighting immune cells) TOPIC 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 2 TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY 1. ACTIVE IMMUNITY ✓ Active immunity is the most common type. It develops in response to an infection or vaccination. These methods expose your immune system to a type of germ or pathogen (in vaccinations, just a small amount). ✓ Immune cells called T and B cells recognize there’s an “invader” pathogen and activate the immune system to fight it. ✓ The next time the T and B immune cells encounter that specific germ, they’ll recognize it and immediately activate the rest of your immune system to prevent you from getting sick. TOPIC 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 2 TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY 2. PASSIVE IMMUNITY ✓ requires that the antibody be introduced to the individual, either by maternal transfer (placenta and/ or colostrum) or immune serum antibody injection, to promote a specific antigen response cells the one that releases antibodies , proteins that cling to antigens and destroy them. ✓ There are two main types of passive immunity: A. Maternal Antibodies B. Immunoglobulin Treatments TOPIC 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TOPIC 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 2. NATURAL IMMUNITY ✓ This type of immunity that exists in an individual is related to species, race, or genetic trait ✓ An individual is born with natural immunity ✓ It is also called “innate immunity” TOPIC 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 2. NATURAL IMMUNITY ✓ Your innate immune system doesn’t fight specific germs. ✓ Instead, it protects against all germs, like bacteria and viruses, by trying to keep them from entering your body. Your innate immune system includes things such as: ▪ your cough reflex ▪ stomach acid ▪ your skin and its enzymes ▪ mucus TOPIC 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 3. HUMORAL IMMUNITY (Antibody-Mediated) ✓ This involves the recognition of antigens by the B lymphocytes ✓ B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells ✓ Memory cells lead to a more rapid response by remembering the original insult ✓ Plasma cells secrete Immunoglobulins, a group of glycoproteins, each of which has four polypeptide chains (two heavy and two light chains); the FAB fragment, which is different in each immunoglobulin, denotes specific antigen binding sites ✓ Immunoglobulins are identified as IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM TOPIC 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 4. CELL - MEDIATED IMMUNITY ✓ Cellular immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity, is an immune response that does not rely on the production of antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. ✓ T lymphocytes are recognize a specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a group of proteins that play a role in autoimmune recognition and tissue rejection and binds to them to elicit an immune response TOPIC 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 4. CELL - MEDIATED IMMUNITY ✓ Protein markers on the surface of the T-cell help to define specific function receptor sites; these are called CD antigens or clusters of differentiation; CD markers serve as an important prognostic indicator of immune function and are used in the diagnosis and management of clients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndome (AIDS) ✓ Humoral immunity is considered a long-term process whereby the T lymphocytes help to protect the body against bacterial, viral and fungal infections 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TOPIC 4: IMMUNOGLOBULINS ✓ Immunoglobulins (Ig), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells). They act as a critical part of the immune response by specifically recognizing and binding to particular antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, and aiding in their destruction. TOPIC 4: IMMUNOGLOBULINS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TOPIC 4: IMMUNOGLOBULINS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 CLASS LOCATION CHARACTERISTIC Body secretions, tears, saliva, Lines mucous membranes IgA colostrum & breastmilk Protects body surfaces IgD Plasma Present on lymphocytes Plasma Allergic/anaphylaxis IgE Interstitial fluids Bound to mast cells Exocrine secretions Crosses placenta Plasma IgG Complement fixation Interstitial fluid Secondary immune response Complement fixation IgM Plasma Plasma Primary immune response Involve in ABO antigen TOPIC 4: IMMUNOGLOBULINS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1. NATURAL KILLER CELL (Nut Cell, NK Cell) activity is present at birth, increases as one reaches adulthood and decreases gradually in old age; null cells do not require prior sensitization and are not considered T- or B lymphocytes TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025  TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 2. CYTOKINES ( also referred to as lymphokines and monokines) are soluble protein mediators of the immune response; interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon are examples of these chemical messengers, which have been used as treatment options in boosting the immune response  TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 ▪ Cytokines are low molecular weight regulatory proteins or glycoproteins secreted by white blood cells and various other cells in the body in response to a number of stimuli. ▪ Cytokines are usually secreted by cells of the immune system. ▪ Some cytokines [e.g. type I interferons and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)] are secreted by non-immune cells (e.g. epithelial cells). ▪ These proteins assist in regulating the development of immune effector cells, and some cytokines posses direct effector functions of their own. ▪ It includes: ✓ Monokines: Cytokines produced by mononuclear phagocytic cells. ✓ Lymphokines: Cytokines produced by activated lymphocytes, especially Th cells. ✓ Interleukins: Cytokines that act as mediators between leukocytes. ✓ Chemokines: Cytokines primarily responsible for leucocyte migration. TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025  TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 3. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM ✓ This is a group of glycoproteins that are activated in sequential order and provide a link to the humoral response ✓ IgG and IgM are responsible for activating the complement cascade; once this is activated , it is said that the complement has been fixed or complement fixation has taken place ✓ Complement assays are used in the diagnosis of immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases ✓ There is a classic pathway and alternate pathway whereby the complement system can be activated  TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 ▪ The complement system is a connection to your body’s defense system to protect you from anything that can damage your body. ▪ One of the most common things your complement system does when it activates your defense system is to protect your body from foreign invaders like bacteria that cause an infection or an illness. ▪ When your defense systems activate, your complement system: ✓ Targets foreign invaders. ✓ Activates inflammation to prevent infection. ✓ Removes foreign invaders from your body. TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025  TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 4. BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS (BRMs) ✓ Biologic response modifiers (BRMs), also known as immunomodulators, are the class of medications that target the disease-causing mechanism. They are used in autoimmune diseases as first-line medications or after the failure of conventional agents. ✓ Are group of substances that can elicit, modify and restore the biological response between an individual and tumor cell ✓ This is an area of key research in which scientists are looking at developing better outcomes, thereby improving response and overall cure rates for immune disorders  TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 Biologic response modifier (BRM) therapy involves the use of naturally occurring or recombinant (reproduced through genetic engineering) agents or treatment methods that can alter the immunologic relationship between the tumor and the cancer patient (host) to provide a therapeutic benefit. Although the mechanisms of action vary with each type of BRM, the goal is to destroy or stop the malignant growth. The basis of BRM treatment lies in the restoration, modification, stimulation, or augmentation of the body’s natural immune defenses against cancer.  TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 ✓ Examples include: A. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES - produced by a specific group of identical cells, that are then used to treat tumors because of their specific targeting effect B. COLONY – STIMULATING FACTORS - a group of proteins that stimulate growth of specific hematological cells (red blood cells or white blood cells) to prevent or help reduce a client’s adverse response to disease; these types of BRMs are used as treatment measures in a variety of hematologic and immunologic diseases TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 A. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES  TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 B. COLONY – STIMULATING FACTORS  TOPIC 5: OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 B. COLONY – STIMULATING FACTORS  CONNECT WITH ME Feel free to get in touch! A L I CE A. Q UATCHO N, R N Clin ical In st ru c tor [email protected] Messenger: Alice Abang Quatchon