Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7-9 PDF

Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS BASIC 7 - 9 E. H. MANTEY Based on the updated curriculum for computing issued by National Council for Curriculum and Asse...

Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS BASIC 7 - 9 E. H. MANTEY Based on the updated curriculum for computing issued by National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NaCCA) of the Ghana Education Service / Ministry of Education. i Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 © 2023 E. H. Mantey All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise without prior permission of the author. Contact us on: Post Office Box 227 Asafo - Kumasi Email: [email protected] Mobile: 0547 252 297 0244 804 456 0203 864 789 WhatsApp Line: 0547 252 297 Type setting and illustrations by E. H. Mantey Cover design by E. H. Mantey ii Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author is grateful to the Almighty God for the direction and the strength and enablement for this task to be accomplished. My sincere thanks go to Rev. J. K. Bempong for his advice and spiritual support. Am also grateful to Mr. Awuni Samuel for his directions and encouragement and Mr. Richard Mensah Gyapong for reading through the script and making the necessary corrections. Finally, I wish to thank my parents and the entire Mantey family. DEDICATION This book is dedicated to my late Grand Father T. S. Danquah and My children Eden Danquah Mantey and Jason Jude Mantey. iii  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 CONTENT BASIC 7 STRAND 1 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING 1 SUB-STRAND 1 : Components of Computers And Computer Systems SUB-STRAND 2 : Technology in the Community.............53 SUB-STRAND 3 : Health and Safety in Using ICT Tools. 61 STRAND 2 : PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE 66 SUB-STRAND 1 : Introduction to Word Processing SUB-STRAND 2 : Introduction to Presentation 91 SUB-STRAND 3 : Introduction to Electronic Spreadsheet..............113 STRAND 3 : COMMUNICATION NETWORK. 136 SUB-STRAND 1 : Computer Networks 136 SUB-STRAND 2 : Internet and Social Media.........153 SUB-STRAND 3 : Information Security......164 SUB-STRAND 4 : Web Technologies. 71 STRAND 4 : COMPUTATIONAL THINKING.175 SUB-STRAND 1 : Introduction to Programming 75 SUB-STRAND 2 : Algorithm...183 SUB-STRAND 3 : Robotics 89 SUB-STRAND 4 : Artificial Intelligence...........................192 iv  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 BASIC 8 STRAND 1 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING.197 SUB-STRAND 1 : Components of Computers And Computer Systems SUB-STRAND 2 : Technology in the Community............215 SUB-STRAND 3 : Health and Safety in Using ICT Tools.220 STRAND 2 : PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE.224 SUB-STRAND 1 : Introduction to Word Processing SUB-STRAND 2 : Introduction to Presentation 238 SUB-STRAND 3 : Introduction to Desktop Publishing SUB-STRAND 4 : Introduction to Electronic Spreadsheet...............262 STRAND 3 : COMMUNICATION NETWORK 278 SUB-STRAND 1 : Computer Networks SUB-STRAND 2 : Internet and Social Media...289 SUB-STRAND 3 : Information Security..298 SUB-STRAND 4 : Web Technologies 304 STRAND 4 : COMPUTATIONAL THINKING SUB-STRAND 1 : Introduction to Programming 309 SUB-STRAND 2 : Algorithm SUB-STRAND 3 : Robotics 320 SUB-STRAND 4 : Artificial Intelligence...........................325 v  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 BASIC 9 STR SUB-STRAND 1 : Components of Computers And Computer Systems SUB-STRAND 2 : Technology in the Community..........344 SUB-STRAND 3 : Health and Safety in Using ICT Tools.350 SUB-STRAND 1 : Introduction to Word Processing SUB-STRAND 2 : Introduction to Presentation SUB-STRAND 3 : Introduction to Desktop Publishing SUB-STRAND 4 : Introduction to Electronic Spreadsheet.............372. SUB-STRAND 1 : Computer Networks. SUB-STRAND 2 : Internet and Social Media....395 SUB-STRAND 3 : Information Security.398 SUB-STRAND 4 : Web Technologies......408 SUB-STRAND 1 : Introduction to Programming.... 408 SUB-STRAND 2 : Algorithm...418 SUB-STRAND 3 : Robotics.. SUB-STRAND 4 : Artificial Intelligence...........................425 vi  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 STRAND 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING SUB-STRAND 1 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS CONTENT STANDARD 1 PARTS OF A COMPUTER AND TECHNOLOGY TOOLS AND THEIR USES Indicators At the end of this content, learners will be able to: Discuss the fourth generation Describe the types of input devices of a computer and their uses Describe the types of output devices of a computer and their uses Describe Storage devices SECOND AND THIRD GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS The history of computer development is often discussed with reference to the different generations of computing devices. In computing, the word generation is described as the stages of development in technology or innovation. There are five generations of computers. These are: First-generation Second-generation Third-generation Fourth-generation Fifth-generation FIRST- GENERATION (VACUUM TUBES) These were the computers made from 1940 - 1956. The processor or (CPU) in these computers were made of vacuum tubes. They were the size of an entire room, over 5 meters high and very costly to maintain. Vacuum tube 1 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 First generation computers relied on binary-coded language (language of 0s and 1s) to perform operations and were able to solve only one problem at a time. Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, and UNIVAC. First-generation computers occupying the entire room Characteristics of First-Generation Computers 1. These computers were based on vacuum tube technology. 2. These were the fastest computing devices of their times. 3. They were very expensive to operate. 4. They used a large amount of electricity. 5. These computers were very large, and required a lot of space for installation. 6. Since thousands of vacuum tubes were used, they generated a large amount of heat. Therefore, air conditioning was essential. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS (TRANSISTORS) These were the computers manufactured from 1956-1963. Second generation computers used transistors, which were superior to vacuum tubes that was used in first generation. A transistor is made up of semiconductor material like silicon. Second generation of computers came about as a result of the introduction of a major processing device called transistor. These second-generation computers are more reliable and compact than the first generation of computers. Since transistors are very small device, the physical size of computers was greatly reduced. Computers became smaller, faster, cheaper, energy-efficient and more reliable than their predecessors 2 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Transistor Motherboard with Transistors Characteristics or features of second-generation computers 1. These machines were based on transistor technology. 2. They were smaller as compared to the first-generation computers. 3. They were more reliable and portable. 4. They generated less amount of heat 5. Second generation computers still required air conditioning. 6. The frequency of maintenance was less compared to first generation 7. The computational time of these computers was reduced from milliseconds to microseconds. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) They were the computers made from 1964 to early 1970s. Third generation of computers are also smaller and faster than the second generation of computers due to the introduction of Integrated Circuits made computers smaller, more reliable and more efficient. Integrated circuit consists of a single chip (usually silicon) with many components such as transistors and resistors fabricated on it. Integrated circuits replaced several individually wired transistors. 3 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Motherboard with ICs Integrated Circuits (IC) Characteristics or features of Third Generation Computers 1. These computers were based on integrated circuit (IC) technology. 2. They were portable and more reliable than the second generation. 3. These devices consumed less power and generated less heat. 4. The size of these computers was smaller as compared to previous computers. 5. The maintenance cost was quite low. 6. They were able to reduce computational time from microseconds to nanoseconds. Differences between Second and Third Generation Computers Second generation computer Third generation computer 1. Second generation were based on Third generation were based on transistors. integrated circuits (IC) 2. Second generation computers were Third generation computers cost less costly compared to second generation 3. They were slower and less reliable They were faster and more reliable compared to third generation computer 4. They were bigger in size compared to They were smaller in size due to the third generation computer introduction of integrated circuits 5. They produce a lot of heat and therefor They produced less amount of heat and require air condition always may not require air condition. 4  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS (EARLY 1970 1980) The fourth generation is an extension of third generation technology. Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits having about 5000 transistors and circuit element with their associated circuit on a single chip. Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to the personal computer (PC) revolution, which uses microprocessors. Examples of computers of fourth generation were 1. Apple II 2. Altair 8800 3. CRAY-1. 4. CRY-X-MP Microprocessor 5. DPD 11 Features or Characteristics of Fourth Generation Computers 1. Fourth generation computers are based on microprocessor. 2. These computers are very small. 3. Fourth generation computers are the cheapest among all the other generations. 4. They are portable and quite reliable. 5. These computers generate very small amount of heat; hence they do not require air conditioning. 6. Production cost is very low. 7. Power consumption is very low. Microchip A microchip is also known as an integrated circuit (IC). Microchips are used in all electronic devices - from small flash drives to complex computers and even some motorized vehicles. After the transistor was invented, subsequent technology allowed for a reduction in size and the creation of complex circuits that can be placed on a small piece of semiconductive material, usually silicon, known as a chip. 5 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Processor The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. The processor significantly affects overall computing powe personal computer, all functions of the processor usually are on a single chip. Some computer and chip manufacturers use the term microprocessor to refer to a personal computer processor chip. Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU). These two components work together to perform processing operations. Control Unit: The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates the operations in the computer. Arithmetic Logic Unit: The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is the component of the processor that performs arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic operations include basic calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Processor Architecture 6 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Advantages and disadvantages of microprocessor Advantages of a processor 1. The microprocessor are general purpose electronics processing devices which can be programmed to execute a number of tasks 2. High speed 3. Low power consumption 4. It is very reliable 5. Less heat generation 6. The microprocessor is very versatile Disadvantages of a processor 1. The overall cost is high 2. Overall product design requires more time 3. Most of the microprocessor does not support floating point operations 4. The processor has a limitation on the size of data 5. This processor should not contact with the other external devices COMPONENTS OF THE MOTHERBOARD Your computer cannot work without the motherboard. It ties everything together. It allows every part of your computer to receive power and communicate with each components are connected to. It is a thin plate that holds the CPU, memory, connectors for hard drive and optical drives. The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer. 7 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Main Components of the motherboard Components USES CPU slot The CPU slot or socket is a connector on the motherboard that connects the CPU. CPU Chip Central Processing Unit chip is a processor that performs all the tasks that take place inside the computer system RAM slot RAM slots are for attaching RAM. In desktop we can see two slots of RAM but in server motherboard we can see 4 or more slot of RAM. RAM comes in different size. BIOS Basic Input-Output System is firmware that is used to perform hardware initialization during the booting process. BIOS provides basic input output functionality. BIOS control the booting or startup process BUS The bus connects the CPU to various internal components. 8 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 PCI slot PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interface; PCI slot allows you to insert expansion cards into your computer. PCI used to connect additional PCI device like network cards, sound cards, modems, video cards. Most computers today no longer come with a PCI expansion slot. Parallel port Parallel port is used to connect and transfer data through multiple communication channels in parallel. CMOS CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) is used to store BIOS setting in computer motherboard. CMOS Battery also store date and time of the computer. USB connector USB is Universal serial bus. It is used to connect the PC to other devices via the USB port such as mouse, keyboards, scanners, cameras, and even printers. Heat Sink Heat sink a device that is designed with built-in fans to cool down hot components such the CPU. VGA Port A Video Graphic Array (VGA) connector is a three row 15-pin connector. It is used to connect and send signals between computers and monitors, and between computers and televisions Keyboard / mouse All computers have a keyboard or mouse connectors. They connector are used to connect keyboard and mouse through the PS/2 connectors. 9 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 INPUT DEVICE OF THE COMPUTER AND THEIR USES INPUT DEVICES Input device is any hardware component that allows you to send data and instructions into a computer. Input devices take information obtained from outside the computer system and send them into the computer. The widely used input devices are the keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, and webcam. EXAMPLES OF COMMON INPUT DEVICES Mouse Touch screen / monitor Barcode reader Digital camera Keyboard Scanner Signature pad Touch pad Fingerprint scanner Microphone Light pen 10 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC INPUT DEVICE As discussed early, input device is hardware that allow data to be entered into a computer. Input devices are usually grouped or categorized under manual or automatic. Manual input devices Manual input devices are input devices that are used by people to enter or sent data into a computer by hand. They require human interaction all the time. EXAMPLES OF MANUAL INPUT DEVICES 1. Mouse 5. Digital Camera 2. Keyboard 6. Light pen 3. Touchpad 7. Microphone 4. Scanner 8. Fingerprint Scanner Automatic input devices Automatic input device is an input device that allows data to be sent into the computer with no or little human interaction. Data in captured and entered directly into the computer without any human intervention. They are sometime referring to as direct input device. Examples of automatic input device Magnetic Strip Card Reader (MSCR) Optical Mark Reader Barcode Reader (OMR) Optical Character Reader Chip and Pin Reader (OCR) 11 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Differences between Manual and Automatic Input Device Manual Input Device Automatic Input Device Data is input into the computer by hand Data is input into the commuter by a device or machine They require human interaction. They require no or little human interaction USES OF INPUT DEVICES MOUSE The mouse is an input or pointing device used to select an item shown on the computer screen. The mouse usually has two buttons and a small wheel. TYPES OF MOUSE The mouse comes in different varieties including; Mechanical mouse Optical or laser mouse Wireless or cordless mouse MECHANICAL MOUSE Mechanical mouse has two buttons, that is left and right buttons, scroll button, cable or cord and a hard robber ball that rolls as the mouse is moved. The ball controls the movement of the cursor on the screen when rolling on a flat surface. Mechanical mouse is placed on a mouse pad. Mouse Pad is a rectangular rubber or foam pad that provides better traction than the top of a desk or table.) Rolling ball Mechanical mouse OPTICAL MOUSE Optical mouse has no ball or roller but uses light emitting diodes (LED) sensors in place of ball to detect movement. Optical mouse 12  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 WIRELESS OR CORDLESS MOUSE The wireless or cordless mouse uses either Infrared or Bluetooth technology to communicate with the computer. They can either be mechanical or optical but requires power in a form of batteries before the can be use. Wireless mouse Uses of mouse 1. To select an item on the monitor. 2. To direct the movement of the cursor 3. To open or launch application or program. 4. For playing computer game KEYBOARD A computer keyboard is an input device that allows users to enter data into the computer. It contains keys that you press to enter data into the computer. Keyboard allows the user to issue commands into the computer. Keyboard layouts also include QWERTY, Dvorak, AZERTY, QWERTZ, and DaVinci concept, each keyboard layout suits different environments. The most common used keyboard layout is the QWERTY and the Dvorak keyboards. TYPES OF KEYBOARDS There are various types of keyboards. They include; Standard wired keyboards wireless keyboards Standard Wired Keyboard Wired keyboard means there is a wire or cord connecting your keyboard to your computer. At the end of the wire is a USB connector that goes into a USB port on your computer or PS/2 plug that goes into the PS/2 connector on your computer. Wired keyboards are extremely reliable and hence the most widely used keyboard. 13 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 USB connector keyboard PS/2 connector Keyboard Wireless Keyboard A wireless keyboard is a computer keyboard that allows the user to communicate with computers with the help of radio frequency (RF), such as Wi- Fi, Bluetooth and infrared (IR) technology. They do Wireless Keyboard not require any cord or wired connection with the computer system. Uses of Computer Keyboard 1. Keyboard is used to key in or type on the computer. 2. It is also used to issue command on the computer. 3. It can also be used to play computer game DIGITAL CAMERA A digital camera is an input device that captures photograph and stores the image in a digital form or on a memory. Many digital cameras can also record videos with sound. Uses Digital Camera 1. To capture or take and store images digitally. 2. To record videos with sound. 14 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 LIGHT PEN It is a pen-liked instrument or device whose tip can be detected on the computer monitor. It is used to draw or make selection by tapping. The stylus has the same function as the mouse or touchpad. It is used on touchscreen devices such as computers, mobile device, personal digital assistants (PDA), game consoles and graphic tablet. Uses of Light Pen 1. It is used in making screen selection same as the mouse 2. To draw object on the monitor or screen. TOUCH SCREEN A touch screen is a touch-sensitive display device. It is a display screen on which user select options by touching the screen directly. Touchscreen enable the user to interact directly with what is displayed on the screen rather than using mouse or touchpad. Touch screen is an input device and at the same time an output device. Uses of Touch Screen 1. It enables users to input or control data or information on the computer. 2. It allows user to interact directly with what is displayed on the screen TOUCHPAD Touchpad is mostly located on laptop computers. It is also an input device for selecting items on the monitor. Uses of Touchpad 1. 2. To control the movement of the cursor. 3. To open an application. FINGERPRINT SCANNER OR READER A fingerprint scanner is a type of biometric security technology that uses both hardware and software techniques to identify the fingerprint scans of an individual. Uses OF Fingerprint Scanner 1. To capture and store the fingerprints details of an individual 2. It is used to authenticate the fingerprint of an individual in order to grant them access into a system. 15 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 SIGNATURE PAD on an LCD touchpad using a pen-liked stylus. Uses of Signature Pad 1. Signing forms and other paperwork 2. For adding signature to ID cards BARCODE READER Barcode reader, also called a price scanner is a hand held or stationary input device used to capture and read information contained in a bar code. It is a hardware input device capable of reading a barcode and printing out the details of a product or log information about that product into a database. Uses of Barcode Reader 1. To capture information about a product into a database. 2. To read barcodes of products. MICROPHONE Microphone is a device that converts sound vibration in the air into electrical signals. It used to send audio into the computer. Uses of Microphone 1. It allows users to speak into the computer. 2. For recording sound at the music studio 3. It is also used with public address system to produce sound SCANNER A Scanner is an input device that converts documents (text and graphics) into an electronic format that can be stored on a disk. A scanner converts printed material (such as text and pictures) into a form the computer can use. The two most common types of scanners are hand-held and flat-bed scanner. Hand-held Scanner Flat-bed scanner 16 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Uses of Scanner 1. To convert printed material into digital format. 2. To share hard copy photo with family and friends on the internet. 3. For copying of documents. POINTING DEVICES Pointing device is any device that is used to control the movement of the pointer or cursor on the computer screen. Examples include; 1. Mouse All pointing devices are input devices but not all input 2. Trackball Note devices are pointing device. For example, keyboard is 3. Pointing stick an input device but it is not a pointing device. 4. Joystick 5. Touchpad ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INPUT DEVICES KEYBOARD Advantages of Keyboard 1. Enables fast entry of new text into a document. 2. Most people find them easy to use. 3. Easy to do verification check as data is entered, as it appears on the screen simultaneously. Disadvantages of Keyboard 1. Users with limited arm/wrist use can find keyboards hard to use. 2. Entering data is slow when compared to direct data entry (e.g., OMR). 3. They use up desk space as they are quite large. MOUSE Advantages of Mouse 1. Faster to select an option by a mouse than a keyboard. 2. Enables easy navigation through applications and the internet. 3. Disadvantages of Mouse 17 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 1. People with restricted hand/wrist movement can find it hard to operate a mouse. 2. They are hard to use if there is no flat surface available 3. They are easily damage. JOYSTICK Advantages of Joystick 1. Easier to navigate round a screen compared to a keyboard. 2. Control is in three dimensions. Disadvantages of Joystick 1. More difficult to control the on-screen pointer with a joystick than with mouse. TOUCHPAD Advantages of Touchpad 1. Faster to select an option by a touchpad than a keyboard 2. Enables rapid navigation through applications and the internet 3. They require no flat surface unlike a mouse. Disadvantage of Touchpad 1. People with limited hand/wrist movement can find touchpads hard to use 2. It is difficult to control the pointer when compared to a mouse. 3. Drag and drop operation is difficult when compared to a mouse. WEBCAM Advantages of Webcam 1. Allow people to keep in contact with each other without the need to travel 2. It is very useful in video and conference calling Disadvantages of Webcam 1. Webcams have limited features and often poor picture quality. 2. They need to be connected to a computer. DIGITAL CAMERA Advantages of Digital Camera 1. They produce better quality photographs than traditional cameras. 2. Very easy to upload photographs to a computer. 3. 18 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Disadvantages of Digital Camera 1. The camera user needs to be computer literate to use the camera properly. 2. Images often need to be compressed to reduce the amount of memory used. 3. The resolution is not yet as good as traditional cameras. SCANNER Advantages of Scanner 1. Images can be stored for editing at a later time 2. It is possible to recover damaged documents and photographs by scanning them again. 3. Scanners are much faster and more accurate than typing the whole documents again Disadvantages of Scanner 1. The quality can be limited depending on how good the scanner resolution is. MICROPHONE Advantages of Microphone 1. Faster to input text than to type it using a keyboard 2. Possible to manipulate sound using special software Disadvantages of Microphone 1. Voice typing is not accurate as typing in manually using keyboard. 2. Sound files use up a lot of memory space. BARCODE READER Advantages of Barcode Reader 1. Faster than manually keying information. 2. Barcodes enable automatic stock control. Disadvantages of Barcode Reader 1. Barcode scanning is an expensive system to use. since every item in the shops needs a barcode and every barcode needs to be entered on the system. 2. Barcode can be swapped around on items this can affect the price. 3. Also, there is a need to invest in the computer technology and staff training 19 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 OUTPUT DEVICE OF THE COMPUTER AND THEIR USES Output devices are device that displays information on the computer to user. Output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information from machine-readable into human-readable form. It can be text, graphics, audio, and video. Common output device includes monitor, printer, projector, plotter, speaker and headphone. Computer output that are tangible are called hardcopy, and those that are not tangible are called softcopy. EXAMPLES OF OUTPUT DEVICES Printer Speaker Monitor Projector Headphone Plotter MONITOR Monitor also called Visual Display Unit (VDU) is an output device or screen that displays information on the computer to the user. The monitor is like the Television screen. It displays the content of data processed by the computer to users. They are available in screen sizes of 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, inches and so on. Information display on the screen of the monitor is called Softcopy, while printed materials are called Hardcopy. The two main type of monitor are Cathode-ray tube (CRT) and light emitting diode (LED) monitors. 20 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 CRT monitor LED monitor CRT Monitor A cathode-ray tube also known as CRTs monitor is a desktop monitor that contains a cathode-ray tube. A cathode-ray tube is a device that uses a beam of electrons in order to produce an image on a screen. CRT is a large, sealed glass tube. The front of the tube is the screen. CRT monitors for desktop computers are available in various sizes, with the more common being 15, 17, 19, 21, 22 and 24 inches. They are widely used in a number of electrical devices such as computer screens and television sets. Parts CRT monitor How it works In a cathode ray tube, the "cathode" is a heated filament. The heated filament is in a vacuum created inside a glass tube. The ray is a stream of electrons generated by an electron gun that naturally pour off a heated cathode into the vacuum. Electrons are negative. The anode is positive, so it attracts the electrons pouring off the cathode. This screen is coated with phosphor, an organic material that glows when struck by the electron beam. As a result, the image, which we see on the screen, is the combination of all the electron light emissions. LED and LCD Monitors A liquid crystal display (LCD) uses a liquid compound to present information on a display device. Computer LCDs typically contain fluorescent tubes that emit light waves toward the liquid-crystal cells. The quality of an LCD monitors or LCD screen depends primarily on its resolution, response time, brightness, dot pitch, and contrast ratio. 21 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device. For example, a monitor that has a 1600 x 1200 resolution displays up to 1600 pixels per horizontal row and 1200 pixels per vertical row. A higher resolution uses a greater number of pixels and thus provides a smoother, sharper, and clearer image. Pixel refers to the dots that make up the image. Dot pitch sometimes called pixel pitch, is the distance in millimeters between pixels on a display device. Response time of an LCD monitor or screen is the time in milliseconds (ms) that it takes to 5 to 16 ms. Brightness of an LCD monitor or LCD screen is measured in nits. A nit is a unit of visible light intensity. The higher the nits, the brighter the images. Contrast ratio describes the difference in light intensity between the brightest white and darkest black that can be displayed on an LCD monitor. Contrast ratios today range from 400:1 to 800:1. Higher contrast ratios represent colors better. LED Monitors LED short for light-emitting diode monitor, an LED monitor or LED display is a flat screen, flat-panel computer monitor or television. It has a very short depth and is light in terms of weight. The actual difference between LED and a typical LCD monitor is the backlighting. Advantages of LED Monitors 1. They are slim in design 2. Lower power consumption 3. Longer lifespan 4. Better colour and picture quality Differences between CRT and LED or LCD Monitors CRT Monitor LED /LCD Monitors 1. It consumes more power It consumes less power 2. It is less expensive LED monitors are very expensive 3. They are bulky and large in size They are light and thin in size 4. CRT provides low resolution LED provide high resolution compared compared to LED to CRT 22 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Uses of Monitor 1. Monitor displays information on the computer to the user. 2. It serves as an interface between the user and the computer. 3. It produces soft copies of information. 4. Allows the user interact with the computer using keyboard and mouse. PRINTER A printer is an output device that take data stored on the computer or other device and produce a hard copy of it. It is an output device used to produce text and graphic on a physical medium such as paper. Printers are the most popular computer peripherals and are commonly used to print texts and images or photos. Printed information is termed as hardcopy. PROJECTOR Projector is an output device that can take images generated by a computer or Blu- ray player and reproduce them by projecting onto a screen. Projector can produce either still images (slides) or moving images (video). SPEAKERS / HEADPHONE Headphones are output device that either plug into a computer line out or speaker. Speaker or headphone is an output device used to produce sound from the computer. They allow you to listen to audio from the computer. PLOTTER Plotter is an output device used to print vector graphics. Plotter uses pen, pencil, or maker instead of toner to draw multiple and continues lines or images onto a paper. They are used to print large images usually computer-aided designs (CAD). Plotters differ from printers in that, plotters use continues lines to create images while printers use a collection of dots ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OUTPUT DEVICES CRT Monitors Advantages of CRT Monitor 1. Less expensive than other display technology. 2. Fast response time. 3. They produce more colors 4. CRT also suitable for use even in dim or dark light. 23 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Disadvantages of CRT Monitor 1. Very bulky and take up large space on a desk 2. Not suitable for very brightly environment because less bright than LCD 3. They are large, heavy and bulky 4. Consume a lot of electricity and also produce a lot of heat LCD Monitors Advantages LCD Monitor 1. No radiation emission from the screen 2. Better under brighter conditions because of anti-glare technology 3. Lighter in weight with respect to screen size 4. Energy efficient because of lower power consumption Disadvantages of LCD Monitors 1. Slightly more expensive than CRT 2. Suffer from a motion blur effect 3. Restricted viewing angles 4. Slow response times Disadvantages of Graph Plotter 1. They are quite expensive. 2. The plotters are large in size, therefore, needs large space for installation 3. A plotter needs heavy maintenance 4. Plotters are not suitable for home use like printers. Speaker Advantages of Speakers 1. Usually long lasting and durable 2. Usually provided with the computer/laptop although these may not be the best quality. Disadvantages of Speakers 1. Can take up a lot of desk space compared to headphones 2. High volume may cause hearing impairment 3. High volume can distract people around you. 24 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Projector Advantages of Projector 1. Projected screen causes no damage to the eye as compared to other screens 2. They provide a large screen viewing 3. They are cheap than a large TV 4. They are easy to use and install. Disadvantages of Projector 1. It needs dark room to get better result. 2. Needs maintenance regularly. 3. Installation cost is more. PERIPHERAL DEVICES Peripheral devices are computer hardware that is added to the computer to expand it operation or functionality. Peripheral devices can be external or internal. For example, a printer is an external device that you connect using a cable, while an optical disc drive is typically located inside the computer case. Internal peripheral devices are also referred to as integrated peripherals. Types of Peripheral Devices There are many different peripheral devices, but they fall into three general categories: 1. Input peripheral devices o Mouse 3. Storage peripheral devices o Keyboard o Hard disk or External disk o Scanner o Floppy disk o Webcam o CD/DVD o Touchpad o Pen drive 2. Output peripheral devices o Flash memory cards o Monitor o Printer o Speaker o Projector 25 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 STORAGE DEVICE Storage devices are devices that are used to holds data and information for future use. They are used to store data temporarily or permanently. Examples of storage devices are hard disks, floppy disks, CDs and DVDs, flash memory cards, USB flash drives A storage medium (media is the plural), also called secondary storage, is the physical material on which a computer keeps data, and information. A storage device is the computer hardware that records and retrieves data to and from storage media. Writing is the process of transferring data, or information from memory to storage medium. Reading is the process of transferring data, or information from storage medium into memory Capacity is the number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold. Hard disk External hard disk Floppy disk CD/DVD Pen drive Memory card Storage devices 26  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 DATA REPRESENTATION ON THE COMPUTER The computer uses binary digit to represents data and information. The binary system is a number system that has just two unique digits, 0 and 1, called bits. A bit is the short form for binary digit. A Bit is the smallest unit of data the computer can process. A group of 8 bits as a unit forms a byte. A byte provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual characters. A kilobyte (KB or K) is equal to exactly 1,024 bytes. To simplify memory and storage definitions, computer users often round a kilobyte down to 1,000 bytes. For example, if a memory chip can store 100 KB, it can hold approximately 100,000 bytes (characters). A megabyte (MB) is equal to approximately 1 million bytes. A gigabyte (GB) equals approximately 1 billion bytes. A terabyte (TB) is equal to approximately 1 trillion bytes The capacity of a storage medium measured by the number of bytes it can hold. Storage Term Approximate Number of Exact Number of Bytes Bytes 10 Kilobyte (KB) 1 Thousand (1,000) 2 or 1,024 Megabyte (MB) 1 Million (1,000,000) 220 or 1,048,576 Gigabyte (GB) 1 Billion (1,000,000,000) 230 or 1,073,741,824 Terabyte (TB) 1 Trillion (1,000,000,000,000) 240 or 1,099,511,627,776 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER STORAGE There are two main categories of computer storage and these are: 1. Primary Storage (main memory) 2. Secondary Storage (storage medium) TYPES OF MAIN MEMORY 1. RAM (Random Access Memory 2. ROM (Read Only Memory) 27 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 RAM RAM (random access memory), also called main memory, consists of memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor. It is the temporary working memory of the computer. Most RAM is volatile, which means it loses its contents when the power is removed from the computer. For this reason, you must save any items you may need in the future. Saving is the process of copying items from RAM to a permanent storage device such as hard disk. ROM Read Only Memory refers to memory chips for storing permanent data and instructions. The data on most ROM chips cannot be modified (hence, the name read-only). ROM is nonvolatile, which means its contents are not lost when power is removed from the computer. The ROM contains both Power- On-Self-Test (POST) and Basic Input Output System (BIOS) instructions. Differences between Random Access Memory and Read Only Memory Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM) 1. It is volatile 1. It is nonvolatile 2. Easily accessible by the user 2. Not easily accessible by users 3. Can be upgraded 3. Not usually upgraded 4. Storage contents are temporal 4. Storage content are permanent SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE Secondary storage has been grouped into three main categories, these are 1. Magnetic Storage Device ( Hard Disk, Floppy Disk and magnetic tape ) 2. Optical Storage Device ( CD and DVD ) 3. Flash Storage Device ( Flash Drive and Memory Card ) MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICE Magnetic storage devices are storage mediums commonly used for large volumes of data. Magnetic storage refers to any type of data storage using a magnetized 28 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 medium. Magnetic storage is a form of non-volatile storage. This means that the data is not lost when the storage device is not powered on. Magnetic storage is widely used because it is relatively cheap in comparison with other storage technologies. The storage capacity is also very large, making it attractive for storing very large amounts of data. Example magnetic storage device include, magnetic tape, floppy disk and hard disk. A disk is the material that data is written on and a drive is the device for Note reading data on a disk. For example, hard disk contains the data while hard drive reads the data on the hard disk. MAGNETIC TAPE Magnetic tape is a thin plastic with magnetic coating on one side on which data or information is stored. Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording, made of a thin, magnetized coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film. VHS Video cassette Audio cassette Magnetic tape used by computers Technologies that use magnetic tape Magnetic tape is one of the older types of magnetic storage media. The magnetic tape recorder was invented in 1928 and was primarily used for analog audio recordings. Before music CDs were introduced in the 1980s, portable music devices used magnetic tape in the form of music cassettes. Early computers adapted this technology to store digital information. One of the major weaknesses is that information on a tape can only be accessed in a sequential or serial fashion. This is fine if you want to listen to a whole music album in sequence, but computer systems typically need to access data in a non-sequential manner. For magnetic tape, this means you may need to fast forward through a lot of tape to get to a specific piece of data. While magnetic tape is a very cheap way to store data, the very slow access to the data meant that it was primarily used for creating backups of data. 29 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Properties of Magnetic Tape Property Explanation Space or capacity Large storage capacity (terabyte or more) Speed The slowest of all of the storage media Data access Serial or sequential access Cost Cheap compared to other storage devices. Advantages and Disadvantages of Magnetic tape Advantages Disadvantage Can store large amount of data Data access is very slow Less expensive or cheap to buy Recordings are done on only one side It is good for data backups Data can be altered by magnetic strong magnetic field and dust. FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (FDD) /DISKETTE A floppy disk is storage medium that consists of a thin, circular, flexible plastic film with a magnetic coating enclosed in a square shaped plastic shell. A typical floppy disk is 3.5 inches wide and has storage capacities up to 1.44 MB. Floppy disks are not as widely used as they were 15 years ago because of their low storage capacity. Features of Characteristics of Floppy Disk 1. They are cheap. A floppy disk is not as expensive as a hard drive. 2. Easy to handle and transport (portable). 3. They have a write protection which protects your data from accidental deletion 4. Less storage capacity. 5. Slow data transfer rate. 30 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Characteristics or Properties of Floppy disk Property Explanation Space or capacity The less storage capacity (up to 1.44MB) Speed The slower compared to hard disk Data access Direct access (not serial access like tape) Cost Very cheap. HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) A hard disk is a storage device that contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that store data, instructions, and information. It is the main and the largest storage device for storing data, instructions, and the operating system. The hard disk has a metallic case that protect its contents from damage. It has a metallic disc called platters that holds data in magnetic form. Hard disks are read/write storage media. That is, you can read from and write on a hard disk any number of times. The size of hard disk is measured in gigabyte and is the largest storage device of the computer. on most computers. FEATURES OR PARTS OF THE HARD DISK DRIVE 31  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Functions of the Parts Platter: The platters are the circular discs inside the hard drive where data is stored. Spindle: For spinning or rotating the platters. It keeps the platters in position and rotates them. Read/Write(R/W) head: For reading and writing of data from the platter. Actuator arm: Controls the movement of the read/write heads. Actuator: For controlling the actions of the Actuator arm. Characteristics of a Hard Disk 1. The hard disk provides a large storage capacity. 2. It is much faster than the optical disk and floppy disk. 3. It is the primary media for storing data and programs. 4. It is more reliable than a floppy disk. Advantages of HDD 1. It has a very large storage capacity 2. 3. It has Persistent storage 4. HDD easily replaced and upgraded. Disadvantages of HDD 1. It depends upon on moving parts 2. The disk surface can be damaged easily. 3. It consumes heavy power. 4. It makes more noise. 5. Its read/write speed is slower than RAM. Differences between Hard disk and Pen drive Hard disk Floppy disk 1. Much larger storage capacity 1. Low storage capacity 2. Short access time 2. Long access time 3. Stores data at high speed 3. Stores data at low speed 4. Heavy in weight 4. Lighter in weight 5. Usually fixed and not potable 5. It is small and potable 32 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 EXTERNAL HARD DISK External hard drive is a storage device located outside the computer that is connected through a USB cable or wireless connection. They are mostly used for backups. They also called removable hard drive. External hard disk is enclosed in an airtight, sealed case. CACHE DISK Disk cache is a cache memory that is used to speed up the process of storing and accessing data from the host hard disk. It acts as a temporary storage area that the comput can retrieve data from easily and faster even more than RAM. Cache memory is a small-sized type of volatile computer memory that provides high- speed data access to a processor and stores frequently used computer programs, and data. It is the fastest memory in a computer, and is typically integrated onto the motherboard and directly embedded in the processor or main RAM. Cache disk operation diagram OPTICAL DISC An optical disc or media is a type of storage media that consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser. (The spelling, disk, is used for magnetic and flash memory media, and disc is used for optical media.) Optical discs used in personal computers are 4.75 inches in diameter. Smaller computers, game consoles, and mobile devices, however, often use mini discs that have a diameter of 3 inches or less. 33 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Some optical disc formats are read only, meaning users cannot write or save on the media. Others are read/write, which allows users to save on the disc just as they save on a hard disk. The three main types of optical discs are compact disc (CD), digital versatile disc (DVD) and Blu-ray disc (BD). Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) Blu-ray Disc (BD) Compact Disc (CD) Compact Disc (CD) A CD-ROM, or compact disc read-only memory, is a type of optical disc that users can read but not write (record) or erase hence, the name read-only. Manufacturers write the contents of standard CD-ROMs. A standard CD-ROM is called a single- session disc because manufacturers write all items on the disc at one time. Software manufacturers often distribute their programs using CD-ROMs A typical CD-ROM holds from 650 MB to 1 GB of data with the most common one being 700 MB. The three types of CD are: Compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM) Compact dis-recordable (CD-R) Compact disk-rewritable (CD-RW) Burning is the process of writing on an optical disc. Some operating systems, such as Windows, include the capability of burning discs. Ripping is the process of copying audio and/or video data from a purchased disc and saving it on digital media or on your computer Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) Although the size and shape of a CD and DVD are similar, a DVD stores data, instructions, and information in a slightly different manner and thus achieves a higher storage capacity. DVD quality also far surpasses that of CDs because images are stored at higher resolution. Widely used DVDs are capable of storing 4.7 GB to 17 GB, depending on the storage techniques used. 34 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 A DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc-read-only memory or digital video disc-read-only memory) is a high-capacity optical disc on which users can read but not write or erase. Manufacturers write the contents of DVD-ROMs and distribute them to consumers. DVD-ROMs store movies, music, music videos, huge databases, and complex software. Blu-ray Disc (BD) A newer, more expensive DVD format is Blu-ray, which has a higher capacity and better quality than standard DVDs, especially for high-definition audio and video. A Blu-ray Disc-ROM (BD-ROM) has storage capacities of 100 GB, with expectations of exceeding 200 GB in the future. Blu-ray Disc (BD) drives and players are backward compatible with DVD and CD formats. A CD drive can only read CDs, a DVD drive can only read DVDs and CDs, and a Blu- ray drive can read CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. In other words, newer drives can read older optical discs, but older drives cannot read newer optical discs. Types of optical disc format 1. Read only optical discs - CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and BD-ROM Discs 2. Recordable optical disc - CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R and BD-R Discs 3. Rewritable optical disc - CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW and BD-RE Discs Read Only Optical Disc Read only optical disc is a type disc that users can read but not write (record) or delete - hence, the name read-only. Manufacturers write the contents of standard CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs and BD-ROMs. A standard CD-ROM is called a single-session disc because manufacturers write all items on the disc at one time and distribute them to consumers. Software manufacturers often distribute their programs using CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs. Users cannot change the contents of these discs. Recordable Optical Discs Recordable optical disc is a multisession optical disc on which users can write, but not delete or erase, their own items such as text, graphics, and audio. Multisession means you can write on part of the disc at one time and continue with the other part at a later time. Each part of a recordable disc, however, can be written Recordable disc formats include CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R and BD-R discs. Rewritable Optical Discs 35  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Rewritable disc is an erasable multisession disc you can write on multiple times. CD- RW overcomes the major disadvantage of CD-R because it allows users to write and rewrite data, instructions, and information on the CD-RW disc multiple times - instead of just once. Rewritable disc can be written on multiple times and also erased. Rewritable disc formats include CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW and BD-RE discs. Summary of disc formats Optical Disc Read Write Erase Read Only Memory Optical Disc Yes No No CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and BD-ROM Recordable Optical Disc Yes Yes No CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R and BD-R Rewritable Optical Disc Yes Yes Yes CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW and BD-RE Caring for optical discs Below are some guidelines for the proper care of optical discs. 1. Never bend a disc; it may break. 2. Do not expose discs to excessive heat or sunlight. 3. Do not touch the underside of discs. 4. Aways hold a disc by its edges. 5. Do store the disc in a jewel box when not in use. Uses of Optical Discs CDs, Blu-ray, and DVDs are commonly used for the following purposes. 1. They are used for data transfer between devices. 2. These are used to deliver software to customers. 3. They are used hold large amounts of data, like videos, photos, music, and more. 4. Optical discs are used for making backups. Note: The order of arrangement of storage devices according to their capacity Hard Disk Drive > Memory Card and Pen Drive > CD > Floppy Disk Decreasing order in Capacity 36  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 The order of arrangement according to Access Time RAM > Hard Disk Drive > Pen Drive > CD-ROM Drive Decreasing order in access time USES OR IMPORTANCE OF STORAGE DEVICES 1. They are used for storing data or information on the computer. 2. For making backups 3. For transferring information from one device to another. 4. For sharing information with others. ASSESSMENT TASK MULTIPLE CHOICE 5. Which processor was used by third 1. The generation of computers that uses generation computers? the vacuum tube as its pr A. Transistors A. First generation B. Vacuum tube B. Second generation C. Integrated Circuit C. Third generation 6. Which of the following devices 2. Computers made from 1964 to early displays information on the computer 1970s can be found under which to the user in a softcopy? generation? A. Mouse A. First generation B. Monitor B. Second generation C. Printer C. Third generation 7. The number of horizontal and vertical 3. The type of mouse that uses a hard pixels in a display device is called rubber ball to cont A. Resolution A. Mechanical Mouse B. Pixel B. Wireless Mouse C. Dot pitch C. Optical Mouse 8. The smallest unit of data the computer 4. Mouse that requires power in a form of can process is called. batteries is called? A. Bit A. Mechanical Mouse B. Byte B. Optical Mouse C. Kilobyte C. Wireless or cordless Mouse 37  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 9. The fastest memory in the computer 7. Identify two (2) input devices that convert hard copy pictures or images A. Read Only Memory into a digital format. B. Random Access Memory 8. Explain the following terms C. Cache Memory i. Read only optical disc 10. The largest storage device of the ii. Recordable optical disc iii. Rewritable optical disc A. Hard disk B. Floppy disk 9. State four (4) characteristics of fourth C. Pen drive generation-computers. 11. Which of the following has the lowest 10. State two (2) differences between storage capacity? manual input device and automatic A. Hard disk input device. B. Floppy disk C. Pen drive 11. Identify any four (4) ways of 12. Large icons that populate the right- protecting your optical disc from hand side of windows 10 start menu is damage. known as A. Icons 12. State two uses each of the following B. Tiles devices C. Thumbnail a. Mouse b. Keyboard STRUCTURED QUESTIONS c. Monitor 2. What is generation of computers? 13. Explain the term peripheral devices and give five examples 3. State three characteristics of second generation of computers. 14. Explain the following i. Reading 4. State four characteristics of third ii. Writing generation of computers iii. Capacity 5. State three difference between second 15. List the parts of the computer hard and third generations of computers disk and state their functions. 16. Mention three difference between 6. Explain the following terms; hard disk and pen drive a. Input device b. Output device 17. Give four uses of storage devices c. Storage device 20. Write three differences between RAM and ROM 38 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 CONTENT STANDARD 2 DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF THE FEATURES OF THE WINDOWS DESKTOP Indicators At the end of this content, learners will be able to: Discover the new Windows Operating System (Start screen, Use of tiles, Taskbar buttons, Preview thumbnails) Practice file management techniques (file and folder management) THE NEW WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM The desktop is a graphical user interface that appears after booting the computer. It can also be seen as a graphical user interface that provides quick access to programs and information. The desktop is the screen where all icons are arranged on the computer. Like the top of an actual desk, it serves as the surface for your work. All your icons, files, open programs and folders appears on the desktop. FEATURES OF COMPUTER DESKTOP The desktop is the screen you see after you turn on the computer. The desktop contains start button, taskbar, icons, files, folders and programs. The main features of computer desktop are; 1. Icons 2. Taskbar 3. Wallpaper or Background 39 Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Icons Wallpaper or Background Opened windows Taskbar Notification area Start button Cortana Windows 10 Desktop TASKBAR The taskbar is a bar located at the bottom of the desktop. It contains the start button, icons of running application, pinned programs, Cortana and notification area. ICONS Icons are small pictures that represent files, folders, programs and other items on the computer. Icons provide quick access to specific programs. To open a program on the desktop, just double-click on the icon that represent the program that you want to open. 40  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 The default icons on windows 10 desktop This PC Recycle Bin Control panel Network Note that by default only the recycle bin will appear on the desktop. You can add the other icons anytime you want. This PC (My Computer) This PC opens window, which displays all local and network drives on your computer. It also displays all peripheral devices currently connected to the computer. This PC is also referred to as My Computer on older windows. Recycle Bin The recycle bin contains deleted files and folders from the computer hard disk. All deleted items on the computer are stored temporarily in the recycle bin. Items in the recycle bin may be restore to its original location or remove completely from the computer. Control Panel The control panel displays all the available settings that you can change on your computer system. Network or Network places Network places displays the networking connectivity of your computer. You can use network places to connect to other computers on the network. Network icon was formerly known as My Network Places. This icon is where all your files and folders are stored. Folders such as Desktop, Downloads, Documents, Pictures, Music, Video, links etc. are kept here. IMPORTANCE OF ICONS 1. For easy identification of item on your computer 2. To access installed programs quickly 3. It serves as a shortcut to access programs or data. 41  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 TASKBAR The taskbar is a long horizontal bar located at the bottom of the desktop. It contains the start button, icons of running applications, pinned applications, Cortana and notification area. The major function of the taskbar in allowing users to locate and launch programs through Start and the Start menu, or view any program that is currently open. The taskbar has been divided into three main sections. These are; 1. Start button 2. Pinned applications 3. Notification area / system tray Functions of the Taskbar 1. To quickly launch or open pinned programs. 2. It helps users to view currently open programs. 3. It allows users to locate and launch programs through the start menu. Notification area This area displays small icons that notify you about things that happening on your computer. It also displays the time and date, volume, and network connections of the computer system. Pinned Program Frequently used applications can be pinned to the taskbar for easy access. Users can also pin the favorite programs on the taskbar for quick access. When you open any activity, a small window of that activity appears on the taskbar. This is called the tab. Cortana: The Cortana is a new intelligent personal assistant. It is an upgrade of the old windows help system. To get started with the Cortana, type a question in the search box on the taskbar or simply select the microphone icon and talk to Cortana. 42  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 START BUTTON The start button is located at the lower left corner of the taskbar. The start button provides access to all commands and programs on the computer. It can be used to open or start a program, find and open files, and shut down the computer. Functions of Start Button 1. To launch applications or programs 2. Fast access to frequently used programs 3. To shut down the computer. START MENU OR SCREEN Microsoft discontinued with the start menu but it is now back on the taskbar. It is now a combination of old start menu and the windows 8 start screen. The most used applications are listed on the left side of the start menu for easy accessibility. All programs link, in previous windows version has been replaced with All Apps link. All apps Features of Start screen Tiles 43  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 Function of the start screen or menu 1. To access the most used application 2. It provides quick access to all Apps or programs on the computer. 3. Contains the tiles for installed Apps. Tiles Tiles are shortcuts for Windows 10 Apps available in the Microsoft Store. Tiles are the large icons that populate the right-hand side of the start menu. It contains icons such as Calendar, Mail, weather, Calculator, Photos, Microsoft Edge browser, Microsoft store and more. Functions of windows tiles 1. It displays useful information at glance without opening the actual app. 2. To launch application with just a single click. Thumbnail Thumbnail shows a preview of a folder or pictures and videos for users to easily find what they are looking for. It is a small image that is used to identify a file or folder by its contents. It gives a brief description of a file or folder by showing a small image of the file or items contain in that folder. Functions of preview thumbnail 1. Thumbnail shows a preview of files and folders for easy identification. How to enable thumbnail preview in windows 10 1. Click on File Explorer from the taskbar 2. Click on View from the menu bar 3. Click on Option 4. Select View from the popup menu 5. Uncheck 6. Click on Apply to save changes. 44  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 FILES MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE FILES A File is a collection of related information save on a disk. The information can be of different types such as text, data or images. Similar to the way you keep files or documents in file folders for easy reference. An icon of a file normally shows the type of program used to create that file. Files are open or launch by double clicking on its icon. FOLDER A folder is an electronic container for storing documents, files and other folders. A folder may contain other folders known as Sub folder. Most folder icons appear as yellow colour. Folders that contain information about the operating system is called system folder. This type of folders is created by the operating system and not the user. Folders that contain information about all installed programs are called program folders. A folder within another folder is called a sub-folder. The main folder is called the parent folder. USES OF FOLDERS 1. It helps users to locate important file quickly 2. For keeping related files together 3. For organizing files on the computer. How to Create a Folder on the Desktop 1. Right-click on an empty space on the desktop 2. Select New from the menu 3. Select Folder from the pop-up menu 4. 5. Press Enter from the keyboard Note: the shortcut keys for creating new folder is CTRL + SHIFT + N 45  Achievers Computing for JHS Basic 7 RENAMING A FOLDER ON THE DESKTOP Renaming is the process of changing the name of a folder or giving folder a new name. Folders are renamed for easily identification. A file or folder maybe renamed when the name of that file or folder exist already or when the content of the folder has changed. There are some characters or symbols that cannot be used for renaming a folder. Examples include: *, :, , /, \, |, >,