Computing Fundamentals_2e8daae1e16d97c0a1fd672d5cee5c3f.pdf

SLIDES PREPARED BY V1.00 © 2016 CCI learning solution–Computing Fundamentals PRESENTER MS.Fatma COLLEGE / CENTRE Center of Foundation Studies PROGRAM General Foundation Program SEMESTER Fall 2024-25 Foundation Basic Information Tec...

SLIDES PREPARED BY V1.00 © 2016 CCI learning solution–Computing Fundamentals PRESENTER MS.Fatma COLLEGE / CENTRE Center of Foundation Studies PROGRAM General Foundation Program SEMESTER Fall 2024-25 Foundation Basic Information Technology 1 Unit 1: Recognizing Computers 1 Computers All Around Us 2 Elements of a Personal Computer 3 Working with Storage Systems 4 Using Input/output Devices 5 Buying a Computer (Hardware) 6 Looking at Software Lesson 1: Computers All Around Us Personal Computer Notebook or Laptop Tablet Server (Network) Personal Digital Assistant PDA Pocket PC Cellular Phones/ Mobiles Other Electronic Computing Devices Identifying Computers Integrated (our life?) in our work, home, and social environments (computer everywhere) Perform a multitude/ many of tasks. Many organizations have combination of large and small systems to “manage flow of information” (calls/ SMS) (omantel) Computers can be: Designed specifically as computing devices (just a computer/ process the data) Embedded in products (performing it is task) Desktop Computers Called personal computers Sit on, beside, or under desk Process data quickly (15*85)= ???? Where we can used: PC Typically used in small businesses, schools, and homes. Generally two types (manufacturing company): PC Mac Mac Notebooks or Laptop Computers Advantages Portability Power consumption considered “greener” alternative Can purchase accessories to enhance enjoyment and experience Mac Notebook Cost: Netbook vs. Notebook Size: Usage: PC Notebook Netbook Similar to notebook but smaller and less expensive Designed/ usage to handle wireless communications or access to Internet only Tablets Similar to notebook for portability and connection to data Screen can swivel or fold over Uses touch screen capability for data entry Ways/ methods: With “finger, pen device, or built-in keyboard” Server (Network) Server is a computer dedicated to sharing recourses among two or more computers and manage large amount of data: (text, pictures, videos, audio). Servers typically are configured with additional processing, memory and storage capacity to handle the load of servicing clients. Processing Memory Storage H.W: Computer (Memory vs. storage) Hand-held or Mobile Computers Cellular phones/ mobiles more sophisticated, and can include (applications): Playing and listening to music MP5 Taking pictures or recording videos Text messaging Paging (Memory Management Scheme) E-mail Accessing the Internet Global Position Systems (GPS) (locations) Cost varies with number of features and capabilities (functions) Hand-held or Mobile Computers Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) Specific software helps make appointments, keep contact lists, or write notes Very popular for portability and software Can be main computing device Incorporates touch screen technology Hand-held or Mobile Computers MP3 refers to file type for music to be recognized on audio player Media player enables viewing of movies, videos, or books Provide audio and visual capabilities or access to Internet Hand-held or Mobile Computers Game systems Embedded computing chip that enables individual to play interactive games with video technology Many come with option to link to Internet Electronic book reader Special computing device designed with software program to download and view electronic copy of published work Can find software to read book on PDA or media player Calculators Use same type of chips in computers to perform same calculations Computer is really very large and advanced calculator that performs tasks based on binary computations of 1 or 0 Other Types of Computers (processing data) Equipment to diagnose automobile problems Automated Teller Machines (ATMs - Bank) Point-of-sale machines Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) Robotics Medical equipment Small home appliances (examples Oven) Large home appliances (example washing machine) Lesson Summary Computers all around us Identifying computers Types of computers Desktop computers Notebook & Laptop computers Netbook computers Tablets devices Server Hand-held & Mobiles computers Other types of computers Lesson 2: Elements of a Personal Computer System unit Microprocessor chip How memory is measured What ROM is What RAM is How memory works Looking at the System Unit (Box) Often most important and expensive part? System unit Importance = every part should be connected to this Box. price of a computer OMR 250 screen/ monitor OMR 50 keyboard OMR 5 mouse OMR 3 system unit OMR 192 Separate devices inside the box perform specialized functions? (Critical thinking skill CTS) PC Notebook Notebook has same components as desktop? yes  Micro/processor CPU Chip Often called “brain” of computer, why? as instructions from software programs and input devices received are executed here. Referred to as “Central Processing Unit (CPU)”, why? and processes information and instructions at different speeds Hertz (Hz) measures speed: of internal computer clock in terms of frequency or number of cycles per second. (Hz = 1, MHz = 1 Million, GHz = 1 Billion) 1 MHz = 1 million cycles per second (faster) (1,000,000) 3 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second (very faster) (3000 million) 3000 MHz Speed vs. speed unit “Dual and quad core processors = Server” contain two or four processor chips? yes Looking at Memory = CPU Computers developed using numbering system of 1s and 0s or binary system = device (electrical circuits (0,1)). For a computer to store information, must have memory chip? (RAM) installed Memory capacity measured unit in bits and bytes: Bit is smallest unit of data used by computers Group of eight bits make one byte 1 Byte = 8 Bits 1 Kilobyte KB = 1,024 Bytes 1 Megabyte MB = 1,024 KB (1024X1024 Bytes) 1 Gigabyte GB = 1,024 MB 1 Terabyte TB = 1,024 GB 1 Petabyte (PB) = 1,024 TB All data made up of bytes? in combinations calculated by computer Every file used in software program has specific file size Data file size increases or decreases based on? contents stored. 18 Looking at Memory Computer development Important of memory (RAM) Capacity measurement unit of memory Data vs. byte File vs. data  Read Only Memory (ROM) = (BIOS) Group of integrated circuits, responsible for: CUP Starting computer = (dead) Checking RAM = (dump) Loading operating system (Windows) (Hard-disk – RAM). (sick) (Ready to work) Occurs only when computer first turned/ starting on or each time you restarting (reboot) computer Reads information entered and processes it during time it resides in memory When process complete, clears itself and waits for next entry Does not perform any tasks other than reads information and processes it Read = take from - Write = keep in © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 20 Read Only Memory (ROM) = BIOS Responsibility Starting Checking Loading Occurs First turn Restart Reads information only  Random Access Memory (RAM) Located in system unit as electronic memory pool where computer holds copies of programs and data Temporarily stores software program currently using and data created in program; may be referred to as system RAM. Nature (class room) RAM is volatile (Temporary memory) Speed measured unit (of RAM)? in nano/ seconds (ns) Used in video display card or to buffer information sent to printer (for organization purpose) H.W: 5 comparisons (ROM vs. RAM) Understanding How Memory Works 1. ROM BIOS takes control when computer started and loads operating system 2. When operating system gains control, see Windows “splash screen” Operating system checks Windows “registry,” which identifies what hardware and software installed When complete, see Windows “desktop” 2. Certain amount of RAM used to run basic files As computer performs specific tasks, it uses RAM needed When starting software “application” or program, asking computer to put copy of program in RAM Close application program when not in use to make RAM available Lesson 3: Working with Storage Systems storage devices/ systems/ medias: hard disk drives optical drives (DVD) portable or removable storage devices (flash) network drives (server) remote storage (google drive, email) Computer memory vs. computer storage RAM vs. HD, CD/DVD, Flash, …  What are Storage Systems? Permanently storage RAM is temporary so you must save work to storage device/ system Storage device you use depends on (which factor): the amount of storage you need and the data transfer rate or the speed of data retrieval. (CTS) Hard disk drives used most often, why? to store and retrieve software programs and data. Can use other medias such as flash/pin drive or optical disc (DVD) for backup or portability purposes. (backup=good practice) Working with Disk Drives Disk drive performs three functions: Rotates disk at constant speed to access sectors on entire disk surface Moves read/write head across tracks on entire disk surface Reads data from disk and writes data to disk using read/write head Data from RAM written on disk arranged in tracks divided in sectors Process of preparing disk for use is called formatting Places special information on each track that marks location of each sector  Working with Hard Disk Drives Primary storage area for both data and programs Software programs must be installed on hard drive Hard drive stores and retrieves information at high speeds Data transfer rate of hard drive is function of hard drive rotation speed and number of heads per surface The higher the rotation speed and/or number of heads, the less time it takes to find data Also used in network servers where drives very large to accommodate requirements of whole organization and data storage requirements Data transfer rate quite fast although can be restricted by type of network interface cards and number of users or tasks to be processed Working with Optical Drives Designed to read flat, circular disc, commonly referred to as Compact Disc (CD) or Digital Versatile/Video Disc (DVD) Read by laser device or optical drive that spins disc at speeds from 200 rpm or higher CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) or DVD-ROM drive Similar to player in audio/video entertainment system Information written or burned onto surface and retrieved with laser beam Can only read data New computers come with at least one optical drive Usually DVD optical drive or CD/DVD optical writer drive.  Optical Writers Also known as burner drive, looks and acts like regular optical disc drive Software comes with optical writer drive to “burn” or write data onto a disc Formats of drives include: CD-R/ DVD-R: can write once only to blank disc, but disc can be read multiple times CD-RW/ DVD-RW: can read and write multiple times onto same disc DVD-RAM: similar to DVD-RW but can only be used on devices that support this format; usually in the form of cartridges Blank discs relatively inexpensive, with -R disks cheaper than -RW Size of disc can be 650 or 700 MB, while DVDs can be 4.7GB to 17+GB with rapid access speeds Special software needed to manipulate or edit video before burned to DVD Using other Types of Storage Devices Tape drive or tape streamer uses cartridge with magnetic tape Generally used to back up large amount of data Use different formats, with tape sizes ranging from 250MB to over 80GB Other tape drives use Digital Audio Tape (DAT) format Zip drive similar to DVD-RAM drive except that disk can hold between 100MB and 750MB data Offers relatively inexpensive storage option Newer systems not compatible with original 100MB devices Removable media systems can include flash memory cards, sticks or USB flash key/thumb drives, or external hard drives Benefits include portability, large storage size, and data-sharing capability Using other Types of Storage Devices Hard drives in network server similar to hard disk drives in computer Traditionally much larger than available with desktop computer May be set as disk array, as drives usually organized to work together Remote or virtual storage systems do not exist on your computer or location Common service provided by Internet Service Providers (ISP) Drives on network or dedicated server at particular site Must login to with secure ID and password to access information Very useful for off-site backup storage of data, or as “central system” for people in multiple locations to share information Disadvantage can be speed of Internet connection Using the Keyboard Input device used to send information to computer Input alphanumeric data or instruct computer via series of keystrokes Escape Key Function Keys Ctrl Key Alt Numeric Ksey Window Keenytpad Cursor Movem Key Keys  Using the Keyboard Some keyboards ergonomically designed to reduce or prevent stress on wrists Some keyboards contain buttons to enhance multimedia experience Regardless of keyboard type, same keys are available for document processing Special keyboards can be purchased for game enthusiasts or for people with disabilities Using the Keyboard Executes typed command, performs selected option, marks end of line, or creates blank line. Deletes one character to left of flashing cursor; may show as left arrow (⭠). Also on numeric keypad as ; deletes character above or to right of flashing cursor. Inserts blank space between words or sentences. Cancels current selection, or generates special code for computer; called Escape key. Advances cursor to right by specified number of spaces in word processing program, or to next cell in spreadsheet program. Selects uppercase letters for typewriter keys and punctuation symbols on number keys. Can use with other keys to perform function or task. Using the Keyboard Locks letter keys to produce only uppercase characters. Provides secondary meaning or function for specific keys. Displays Start menu. Displays shortcut menu similar to right-clicking item. Options in menu depend on where mouse pointer was when key pressed. Provides secondary meaning or function for specific keys. Move cursor up, down, left or right. Located between typewriter keys and numeric keypad. Captures information on screen and sends to Windows Clipboard. Toggle (start and stop) scrolling display of data on screen. + Stop or freeze computer, then continues when any key pressed; sends Break code to computer to unfreeze or unhang computer.  Using the Keyboard Function Keys Located along top row Labeled through to Each key assigned special meaning or function in application programs Primary purpose to provide shortcut for commonly used commands Cursor and Numeric Keypad Can toggle on and off by pressing key When on, pad becomes calculator or numeric pad When off, pad becomes arrow or cursor movement pad Using Pointing Devices Enables you to select or activate items on screen by placing pointer arrow on item and performing required action Traditional pointer device is a mouse Move mouse on flat surface causes mouse to initiate movement reflected by pointer on monitor Traditional mouse uses ball that rotates to initiate movement as you move mouse device Trackball has ball on side where your thumb rests; rotate ball to move pointer Newer mouse models use optical light to move pointer on screen  Using Pointing Devices To select items, grasp mouse with palm down and index finger gently resting on left button Slide mouse flat along desk and mouse pointer moves in same direction on screen If run out of space on desk, lift mouse and place in new position on desk, and continue moving To cancel any option, click left button anywhere on screen away from option being selected Available in traditional style or as wireless devices Can work with PC or Mac Using Pointing Devices Touchpad enables you to use finger to move pointer Has two buttons that work as left and right mouse buttons To move pointer around on screen, place finger on touchpad and glide in direction for pointer to move To select item, position pointer over item and then tap touchpad once or click left button To activate item, position pointer over item and then tap touchpad twice in quick succession or double-click left button To drag item, position pointer over item, press , and glide finger on touchpad to required location To display shortcut menu, position pointer over item and then click right button Can work with PC or Mac Using Usingthe Mouse the Mouse Click Point mouse cursor at item, then press left mouse button once and release button to select item. Double-Click Point mouse cursor at item and then click left mouse button twice quickly to initiate programs or open files. Right-Click Point mouse cursor at item and then click right mouse button to display shortcut menu. Left Drag Press and hold left mouse button while moving mouse moves items or selects multiple items. Right Drag Press and hold right mouse button while moving mouse moves or copies items. When button released, shortcut menu appears for further command selection. Middle Wheel or Customize to perform certain actions, e.g., use wheel to scroll up or down. Button © CCI Learning Solutions Inc. 40  Using Printers Printers convert what is on screen into print using variety of print options Many home users have inkjet-type printers for printing simple documents Printers, ink cartridges, and paper lower in cost Print quality quite good and they can print several pages per minute For large amount of printing, laser printer set up on network for multiple users to share Can choose from black-and-white or color laser printers May contain several trays of varying paper sizes Specific types of printers include plotter, photo printer, or all-in-one printer Using Speakers Play sounds saved as digital files Different forms of sound files Can be specific to music programs or generic for any player device File format used to save sound file determines quality of audio file Set of speakers may be included with computer as separate device to plug in, or may be incorporated into computer Can purchase variety of speakers of different qualities Using Microphones Record sounds and convert into digital format for use on computer Specialized software recognizes voice and converts what you say into text characters on screen Very beneficial for users with special needs Not usually included with computer Large variety and quality of microphones available for purchase Looking at the Monitor Output device that enables you to view information computer displays All have power switch, brightness and contrast controls to adjust screen image Come in variety of sizes, resolutions, and types Resolution, or monitor’s ability to display images Measurement based on particular mathematical levels of sharpness and clarity Factor in price Flat screen monitors popular due to size as well for touch screen technology Lesson 4: Using Input/ Output Devices (BIOS) input/output devices common input devices common output devices specialized devices how a device connects what a port is what a device driver is (is a software) -  What are Input/ Output Devices? BIOS Enables communication between computer and computer user? (2 parts) Three classifications of Input/Output devices: Send information/ instructions to computer (system unit) Display or transmit information from the computer Communicate between computers Input device Anything used to enter data into computer Output device Anything used to display data on or from computer  Looking at Input/Output Devices Scanners “Takes picture” of original and then converts to digital format Software included with scanner determines degree of detail Bar Code Reader Scanner designed to reduce amount of data entry for routine ransactions or verification of product Scans or reads thin and thick lines and bar codes Game Controllers or Joysticks Designed to use with games Variety of joysticks Looking at Specialized Devices Touch Screens Use pen or stylus to select or activate items Digital Cameras Captures pictures and transfer directly to computer View pictures using special cable on computer or television, or print using photo printer Use flash cards to store more files Webcam Type of digital camera connected to take pictures and video to share live with others Requires Internet connection and specialized software program Some notebooks have built-in Webcam or can purchase separately Looking at Specialized Devices Remote Control Can use to activate commands on projector or while running slideshow Improve accessibility for people with impairments Specialized Input Devices Certain industries use specialized software Work similar to other input devices to analyze data Security Devices Biometrics handle security issues for logon process and to maintain integrity of data on computer Require unique identifier before can access computer  Looking at Specialized Devices Projector Connect to display presentation on screen only, surface such as wall- mounted screen, or both Photo Printer Print photographs on special photographic paper Plotters Specialized printers designed to print onto very large pieces of paper Specialized Output Devices Control devices to manage or control tasks Voice Synthesizer Assist people with physical challenges Connecting Ports Parallel Network Serial Midi (musical instrument digitized interface) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Wireless devices USB (Universal Serial Bus) Adapters Hubs  Copyright? Law (information is a business) Computer Software, text-book, graphics, images, audio and video all these are copyright materials. It is owned by the producer and it is il-legal to make unauthorized copies. When you buy software it is supplied in a sealed package on which the terms and conditions of use are printed. This is called the Software Licence. (a single user or group of users/ network/ server) When the user accepts the terms and conditions then it is referred as End User Licence Agreement. The package will have a unique identification number that you may need when installing the software. Software can be installed on the network to be accessed by the multiple users. Licence specifies the number of users that can access software at any point of time. It is illegal to make copies of the software, except for backup purposes, so you are breaking the law if you copy some software from a friend onto removable media such as CD or memory stick to use on your own computer. Computer Ergonomics It is important to create strain less working environment. Ergonomics refers to the design and functionality that affects the ability of a person to do their work. It comprises of several factors Seating: Chairs should be of adjustable height. Users feet are flat on the floor with their knees level with their hips. It should give support to lower back. The height of the desk and the chair should mean that the forearm is roughly horizontal when using keyboard and mouse. Lighting: The room should be sufficiently lit. Computers should neither face windows nor back on to a window so that users have to sit with the sun in their eyes. Ventilation: The room should have opening windows or air conditions to allow free air circulation to prevent overheating. Computer Ergonomics Hierarchical Structure of Drives, Folders & Files File: is a set of data. Folder: is a container (folders or files) Drive: is a storage system (folders or files) File management folder: manage your folders & files Desktop: is a storage place and it is the first operating system screen Desktop: a computer system PC Hierarchical Structure of Drives, Folders & Files Data can be stored on a number of different types of secondary storage devices/ drives. Your computer could have: 1. hard disk drive 2. floppy drive 3. CD/DVD 4. flash/ pin memory 5. other removable drives (tapes). 6. storage space on the network-servers (If your computer is on network). Folders & Files on the Desktop File Name vs. File Type (the program/ application) File name: file name & file extension name (student list.docx) File name: optional File extension name: decide the file type of 3/ 4 characters File Extension Name or File Type (Program)  Buying a new computer (Core Specifications) Purchasing a home or business computer can be a challenge decision: Processor CPU: The computer processor is and will always be one of the most important considerations when purchasing a computer. Today, with multiple CPU/Processor manufacturers, it may be more confusing as well as more cost efficient to look at all options for computer processors. Always buy the current technology processor. Memory (RAM): Memory is one of the more important purchasing decisions on a computer. The more memory in the computer, the more efficient the computer will run. Nowadays memory is ranging from 2GB to 16 GB on personal computers. Hard Drive - TB: The hard drive will be the destination of all your files and information. Make sure you get a hard disk drive that will have plenty of available space and will run at speeds that don't slow the overall computer down. Latest hard disk drives are with the capacity of 1 TB or more. Buying a new computer (data processing) CD/DVD: Most newer computers today have an included disc burner in the computer. If you wish to make your own CD's / DVD's make sure the computer supports it. Modem: Depending on how you plan on connecting to the Internet the Modem may not be that important of a buying decision. Most users today are using broadband Internet, which does not require a modem. However, if this is not available in your area make sure your computer includes a modem. Screen, Keyboard, Mouse, Webcam, … Solving Problems 1. Convert 4 bytes into bits? 2. Convert 104 bits into bytes? 3. Convert 2 megabytes into bytes? 4. Convert 7168 kilobytes into megabytes? Problems Solving 4 bytes = ? Bits Common factor = 8 The operation = multiplication (X) 1 byte = 8 bits 4 bytes=4X8 bits 4 bytes = 32 bits Problems Solving 104 bits = ? Bytes Common factor = 8 The operation = division (/) 8 bits = 1 byte 104/8 bits = 13 bytes Problems Solving 2 MGs = ? Bytes Common factor =1024 The operation = multiplication (X) 1. MB -> KB -> Byte = 2(1024x1024) 2. 2 MG = 2 (1024) KB 3. 2x(1024) x (1024) Bytes = 2,097,152 bytes Problems Solving 7168 KB = ? MB Common factor= 1024 The operation = division (7168/ 1024) MB = 7 MB Solving Problems H.W: Assignment 3 Convert 9 bytes into bits? Convert 120 bits into bytes? Convert 1 megabyte into bits? Convert 3 terabytes into megabytes? References Textbook II: IC3 – GS5 (INTERNET AND COMPUTING CORE CERTIFICATION GUIDE) V1.00 © 2016 CCI learning solution–Key Applications. Thank You 69