Computer ch1,2.pdf

What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device that allows you to process and store data (information). Three major types of computers: Desktop Computers...

What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device that allows you to process and store data (information). Three major types of computers: Desktop Computers Laptop Computers Mobile Computers Computer Information System : Healthcare practitioners rely on ever-expanding body of information to provide safe, efficient client care and on Introduction to Computer Ch1 technology to assist in providing that information. The purpose of an information system is to provide information to the users so as to facilitate the work of the organization. Information system : is a system that produces Input Process Output information using an input/process/output cycle. Basic information system consists of four elements: people, policies and procedures, communication (connectivity) and data. A Computer information system then adds two more elements : (hardware) and software. Ex: Healthcare Management Systems, Decision Support Systems. Components of a computer information system : People Hardware Software Data Policies & Procedures Communication (connectivity) 1- People People are the most important part of the system; they benefit from the information provided by the system. Three types of users are typically identified: 1.End users - 2.Technical professionals - 3.Informatics specialists. In healthcare, end users are the healthcare providers who use computers as a tool to assist them in delivering care. Increasingly, end users also include consumers who access healthcare information on the Internet and/or store their Personal Health Record (PHR) on Internet accessible servers. Technical professionals are the information technology professional who develop, maintain, and evaluate the technical aspects of information systems. They are generally responsible for the network, database, software and hardware updates, security, communications, and to respond to end user problems and inquires. Informatics specialists are professionals who bridge the gap between the healthcare providers and an end user and the technical professionals. Their education and professional experience include both healthcare and computer/information. 2-Computer Hardware The hardware consists of all devices of the Computer that you can see and touch. These include input, processing and output devices. Different Hardware types are: Input Device Output Device Processing Device Storage Device (memory) Secondary storage Device All desktop computers have the following components: Monitor CPU Keyboard Mouse THE MONITOR The monitor looks like a television screen and is where you see what is happening on your computer. Processing Devices THE TOWER (OR CASE) The tower houses the computer itself. You might find it on the floor or desk standing upright, or lying flat under the monitor. Some new models incorporate the tower inside the monitor, so you might not see it at all. Input devices comprise of any devices that users need in order to give instructions to a computer. Essentially input devices act as the medium for sending data to a computer so that users can interact with and control it Other forms of input devices might include: Cameras - Microphones - Scanners/ barcode readers - Styluses - Joysticks/ game controllers - Touchscreens Any device that helps you to put information into your computer is an input device.  THE KEYBOARD OUTPUT DEVICES Any device that returns processed information back to you is an output device. THE MOUSE Scroll Wheel These might include: Left Button Right button Printers - Speakers/headphones - Screens/monitors - Projectors STORAGE DEVICES Storage devices include any of the disk drives that hold information before and after it is processed. You can see them represented in the images below. Storage Devices (memory) Memory devices are any devices that are capable of storing information temporarily or permanently. There are two types of memory; primary and secondary. Primary memory refers to RAM (random access memory): which is used to store instructions and data temporarily before and after they are processed. RAM is volatile, which simply means it only retains information when the computer is turned on and is cleared once the computer turns off. Its called “working memory” Secondary memory refers to any external storage media. Secondary memory is non-volatile, which means that information can be stored long-term. The most common example of an external secondary memory device is the USB flash drive. Introduction to Computer Ch1 Storage Devices (memory) Characteristics of secondary storage: 1.Large capacity - How much data/programs/applications can it fit on (disk space). 2.Portability - Very easy to carry around with you. 3.Durability - Difficult to break. 4.Cost - Less expensive. 5.Non-volatility - Retains the stored information even if not constantly supplied with electric power. It is suitable for long-term storage of information. 6.Mutability - Allows information to be overwritten at any time. 7.Speed – Allows maximum speed for data read and write. Hardware vs. Software HARDWARE = All the physical pieces of the computer. Keyboard Monitor (screen) Mouse Speakers Printer SOFTWARE = All the programs we use to interact with the computer. System software (Operating system (OS)) - Application (program) 3- Computer Software Two types of Software Application (program): Operating system (OS) Microsoft Office: Word - Excel - Outlook - PowerPoint - Windows 7 - Windows Vista - Accounting eg : MYOB - Games Windows XP - Linux System Software A system software aids the user and the hardware to function and interact with each other. Basically, it is a software to manage computer hardware behavior so as to provide basic functionalities that are required by the user. Operating System: It is the most prominent example of System Software. It is a collection of software that handles resources and provides general services for the other applications that run over them. Android - iOS - Mac OS - MS Windows Floppy Disk Drive – obsolete format. DVD or CD Drive You won’t see this unless your computer is more than 10 years old. C: Drive – inside the tower Network drive - resides on another Removable storage (USB or Flash – the CPU computer. Drive) Application Software also known as end-user programs or productivity programs are software that helps the user in completing tasks. Word Processors: These applications for documentation. Along with that it also helps in storing, formatting and printing of these documents. Database Software: This software is used to create and manage a database “ MS Access “  Application Software Multimedia Software: It is the software that is able to play, create or record images, audio or video files. Adobe Photoshop - Windows Media Player - Windows Movie Maker Graphics Software: Graphics Software has been devised to work with graphics as it helps the user to edit or make changes in visual data or images Adobe Photoshop Web Browsers: These applications are used to browse the internet. They help the user in locating and retrieving data across the web. Google Chrome - Internet Explorer 4- Data Data are facts that are used by programs to produce useful information. Like programs, data are generally stored in machine-readable form on disk or tape until the computer needs them. Introduction to Computer Ch1 5- Procedures Procedures are the policies that govern the operation of a computer system. “Procedures are to people what software is to hardware” is a common analogy that is used to illustrate the role of procedures in a system. 6- Communications and connectivity : connectivity is the ability to connect systems or application programs by moving data from one device to another. Ideally, these connections are established without requiring many changes to the applications or the systems on which they run. Test your Understanding 1. __________software is designed to provide specific services for users. A. System B. User C. Network D. Application 2. The primary function of computer is ___________ processing. E. Information F. Numerical G. Binary H. ASCII 3.Carolina is looking to buy a new computer, and its researching system requirements. Carolina learns that the amount of _____ in the computer greatly affects performance. A.random access memory B.flash memory C.read only memory D.clock speed True or False Software is a set of instructions that helps a computer perform tasks. (True/ False) An operating system is considered application software.(True/ False) Windows 8 is a type of system software. (True/ False) 27  Intr oduction Guess how is it possibleto see the latest news,football game, talk to our friend, hotel reservation, timings or status of a particular flight, send or receive mails/messages as and when we wish to. Yes, it is possible through the Internet, where all this happens like magic on few clicks of the mouse. Millions of people across the globe are able to communicate and interact with each other through the Internet. All we need for this is an Internet connection on any computing device The Internet or “Net” (network of networks) is the largest computer network in the world that connects billions of computer users. (5.03 billion people , 27 M Saudi population almost 75 % ) Thus, its name which is derived from the combination “Inter- Networking ”. Network is a collection of computers and devices connected via communication channels and transmission media allow to share resources (hardware, software, data, information). Generally, nobody own internet. It’s a vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single huge networks. It allows easy and quick access to a huge number of information/resources stored at many different locations around the world. Brief History The internet grew out of an experiment in the 1960’s by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). The DoD wanted to create a computer network that would continue to function in the event of a disaster, such as a nuclear war. If part of the network was damaged or destroyed, the rest of the system still had to work. 1968- DARPA ( Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) contracts with BBN ( Bolt, Berank, Newman) to create ARPANET. The network was ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) which linked U.S. scientific and academic researchers. It was the forerunner of todays Internet. Internet Ch2 The actual term “Internet” was finally coined in 1995 by the FNC (Federal Networking Council, USA). Vinton Cerf Father of Internet Co-designer of the TCP/IP networking protocol. How the Internet Works The architecture of the internet is based on the specification of the TCP (Transport Control Protocol (TCP) l IP designed protocol and was to connect any two networks. In general , small local internet service providers connects to medium sized regional networks , which later connects to the larger National networks , which then connect to very large bandwidth network and make Internet backbone. Bandwidth: is often used to describe the amount of data transferred to or from within a prescribed time. But their physical infrastructures often include global connections through underwater cables and satellite. Internet Services How to work with Internet In order to work with the Internet, we need to know certain related terms and keywords like www, web browsers web pages, websites, etc. We should know how to get connected to the Internet. Once connected – how to use it. Tim Berners- Lee Father of WWW. Invented WWW while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in 1989. Tool to allow scientists around the world to share data He wrote the first web browser in 1990. WWW (World Wide Web) The World Wide Web, commonly known as the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext/hypermedia documents (web pages) accessed via the Internet through Web browsers. Web pages are a kind of digital documents which are identified by URL and interlinked by hypertext links. Hypertext is text displayed on a computer or other electronic device with references to other text that the reader can immediately access, usually by a mouse click or key press sequence. Hypermedia is used as a logical extension of the term hypertext in which graphics, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks intertwine to create a generally non- linear medium of information. Difference between WWW and Internet Internet = collection of networks that connect millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals. WWW = means that we use to access information over the internet. Different communications protocols Special link (hyperlink) that enable users to jump from one place to another on the web. WWW is in-fact only one of the many services provided by the internet.  Access to the Internet Local Area Network (LAN) servers local servers can provide access to the internet through normal connections. e.g.Ethernet Wi-Fi Wide Area Network (WAN) Internet services that covers larger areas (e.g., Wi-Fi). Connection via an online service e.g. : is Microsoft Network requiring sign-up procedures Serial Line Internet Protocol(SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Communications protocol software that transmits packets over telephone lines, allowing dial-up procedures Web Page A web page is a document or resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and displayed on a monitor or mobile device. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other webpages via hypertext links. It can contain text, graphics, audio, video and has built-in connection or links to other web documents. A web page has a unique address called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Uniform resource locator (URL) Any website located on the Internet has an address associated with it indicating the location of the website. Every page has an address associated with it. This address is known as the URL. E.g., http://www.kfu.edu.sa Web Pages can be accessed via the internet by using a program called web browser. Internet Ch2 Web Browser A software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. It allows to locate, view, and navigate the web. It can have a Graphical User Interface, meaning they can display pictures (graphics) in addition to text and other forms of multimedia such as sound and video like Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome and Opera, or can be text-based, like Lynx or Links. First web browser was develop in 1991: Mosaic develop by Marc Andreessen. Different Types of Web Browser Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox Internet explorer Safari Opera Mini Netscape Navigator Web Servers Software & Hardware The function of web server is to store web page and deliver them to end user on demand. The communication between client and server takes place using the Hypertext Transfer protocol (http). Protocol A set of guidelines or rules. Communications protocol is a formal description of message formats and the rules for exchanging those messages. Format that agreed to transfer data between two devices. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Internet Protocol (IP) File transfer protocol (FTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Networks News File Transfer Protocol (NNTP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP); Normally use together with IP Electronic Mail (E-mail) A written message that is sent and received over the Internet. E-mail is the first service implemented on Internet. The message can be formatted and enhanced with graphics and may also include other files as attachments. Like ordinary mail, email have address, E.g., [email protected] An e-mail address identifies an e-mail box to which e-mail messages may be delivered. 27 Most e-mail on the Internet uses the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Covid -19 Pandemic : There already had been high growth of using Internet services and adoption in education technology , e-commerce ,digital payments etc.  Internet Services FTP : File transfer protocol is a standard network protocol designed for transferring computer files from one host to another host. Its more convenient for transferring large data files. IM : Instant messaging is a type of online chat which involves textual exchange of message in real time. VoIP is a service used for the delivery of voice communications over the internet. Teleconferencing People can have a conference or meeting sitting at different locations with a microphone attached to their computers. Video-conferencing In teleconferencing we are able to talk to each other sitting at different locations but in video-conferencing we can also see what is happening at the other side. E-commerce E-commerce or Electronic-Commerce means online transactions of business. Internet Ch2 In this, the vendor and customer conduct a transaction sitting at different geographical locations, connected through the Internet. What are the examples of E-commerce? We can do shopping by sitting at home, visiting the desired e-commerce site and placing an order E.g. http://ebay.com, - http://amazon.com, etc. M-commerce It is an acronym for mobile commerce. It involves buying and selling of goods through wireless devices at any place. We can do transactions through our cell phones also. NFC payment : Near Field communication payments via Apple pay, Google pay , Samsung pay apps. Mobile wallets A mobile wallet also known as digital wallet, it stores payment information on mobile device , usually in an app. It can be utilized via. NFC, QR code etc. QR code payment During COVID pandemic Quick response code were frequently used by general stores, restaurants to provide touchless payment option. Digital currency It’s a type of currency available only in digital form ,not in a physical form. It includes cryptocurrencies. E.g.,: Bitcoin , Ethereum etc. Wikis A wiki is a website which allows collaborative modification of its content and structure. Wikipedia is by far the most popular wiki-based website. Blogs A blog is a regularly updated website or web page, typically run by an individual or small group, that is written in an informal or conversational style. Podcast is a series of spoken word, audio episodes, all focused on a particular topic or theme. Webcast A webcast is a (live) online broadcast of the audio or video feed from your meeting or event. Search Engines A search engine is a software system designed to carry out web searches. It search for documents using specified keywords later they return the list of documents where these keywords were found. Systems that enable users to search for documents on the world wide web. E.g.,: Google , Bing , Yahoo etc.  Biometric Authentication Because of its convenience and ease to use a fingerprint authentication has become the biometric technology of widest choice. Protection of identity Almost 50 million people subscribe to some form of identity theft protection in 2010. Advantages of Internet Communication Research Financial transactions For Updates Education Communication: Communication is a process transmitting and receiving symbol, data, image, text, document, graphic etc by using various computer devices. It including the process of collecting, processing, distributing, sharing, retrieving, transferring and storing the information. Internet now being a main communication tool. Using video conferencing, internet phone, Messenger, email etc. Research: In order to do research you need to go through hundreds of books as well as the references and that was one of the most difficult jobs to do earlier. Education Education is one of the best things that the internet can provide Internet Ch2 There are a number of books, reference books, online help centres, expert’s views and other study oriented material on the internet that can make the learning process easier as well as a fun. Financial Transactions Financial transaction is the term which is used when there is exchange of money. With the use of internet in the financial transaction, your work has become a lot easier. With the ability to do the financial transaction easily over the internet you can purchase or sell items so easily Disadvantages of Internet Theft of Personal Information Spamming Malware Threats Social Isolation, Obesity and Depression Theft of Personal Information The use of Internet for banking, social networking, or other services, often makes our personal information vulnerable to theft. Unscrupulous hackers can access our sensitive information through unsecured connections by planting phishing software. Spamming Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails, which serve no purpose and needlessly obstruct the computer system. Spammers usually use bots that bombard the receiver with an endless line of advertisements. This can prove to be increasingly perplexing, as it keeps getting mixed with our more important emails. Malware Threats with the Internet is the ease with which any malware can infect our computers. Virus programs are inconspicuous and may get activated simply by clicking a seemingly harmless link. Computers connected to the Internet are extremely prone to IP targeted virus attacks that may end up crashing the system completely. Social Isolation, Obesity and Depression There is an addiction for everything that pertains to the web and that includes excessive surfing, online gambling, social networking, and gaming addiction Since all problems are so deeply linked with one another and with the Internet, it isn't uncommon for people to be afflicted with multiple issues. Learning Check 3. Webcasting differ from podcasting in that podcasting 2. Learning online through 4. Firefox is an example of a 1. URL stands for refers to live streaming, while webcasting simply refers to Internet is also known as: web browser. media files placed on the internet. Uniform Research Limited E-teaching True True Uniform Resource Locator Virtual classes UniLine Resource Labs E-learning False False Uniform Research Locator Videoconferencing