CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks PDF

 CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Exam Objectives...

 CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Exam Objectives Bloom’s Network+ Exam Domain Module Taxonomy 1.0: Networking Fundamentals 1.1 C  ompare and contrast the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model 1, 4, 9 Analyze layers and encapsulation concepts. 1.2 Explain the characteristics of network topologies and network types. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9 Understand 1.3 S  ummarize the types of cables and connectors and explain which is 2, 5 Remember the appropriate type for a solution. 1.4 Given a scenario, configure a subnet and use appropriate IP addressing 3, 7, 8 Apply schemes. 1.5 E  xplain common ports and protocols, their application, and encrypted 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12 Understand alternatives. 1.6 Explain the use and purpose of network services. 3, 8, 11 Understand 1.7 Explain basic corporate and datacenter network architecture. 7 Understand 1.8 Summarize cloud concepts and connectivity options. 7, 9, 11 Remember 2.0: Network Implementations 2.1 C  ompare and contrast various devices, their features, and their 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 Analyze appropriate placement on the network. 2.2 C  ompare and contrast routing technologies and bandwidth 9, 12 Analyze management concepts. 2.3 G  iven a scenario, configure and deploy common Ethernet switching 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12 Apply features. 2.4 G  iven a scenario, install and configure the appropriate wireless 6, 9 Apply standards and technologies. 3.0: Network Operations 3.1 G  iven a scenario, use the appropriate statistics and sensors to ensure 2, 5, 7, 9, 12 Apply network availability. 3.2 Explain the purpose of organizational documents and policies. 2, 4, 6, 10, 12 Understand 3.3 E  xplain high availability and disaster recovery concepts and summarize 1, 2, 7, 9, 11, 12 Understand which is the best solution. 4.0: Network Security 4.1 Explain common security concepts. 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 Understand 4.2 Compare and contrast common types of attacks. 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 Analyze 4.3 Given a scenario, apply network hardening techniques. 2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 Apply 4.4 C  ompare and contrast remote access methods and security 4, 11 Analyze implications. 4.5 Explain the importance of physical security. 10 Understand 5.0: Network Troubleshooting 5.1 Explain the network troubleshooting methodology. 1 Understand 5.2 G  iven a scenario, troubleshoot common cable connectivity issues and 2, 5, 6, 11 Analyze select the appropriate tools. 5.3 G  iven a scenario, use the appropriate network software tools and 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12 Apply commands. 5.4 Given a scenario, troubleshoot common wireless connectivity issues. 6 Analyze 5.5 Given a scenario, troubleshoot general networking issues. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Analyze Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Ninth Edition CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks Jill West Networking Australia Brazil Canada Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. 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Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  CompTIA Network+ © 2022, 2019 Cengage Learning, Inc. Guide to Networks, Ninth Edition WCN: 02-300 Jill West Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein SVP, Higher Education & Skills Product: Erin may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as Joyner permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. VP, Higher Education & Skills Product: Thais Alencar Microsoft ® is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  BRIEF CONTENTS Prefaceix Module 10 Risk Management 541 Module 1 Introduction to Networking 1 Module 11 Security in Network Design 607 Module 2 Infrastructure and Documentation 53 Module 12 Performance and Recovery 667 Module 3 Addressing 107 appendix a CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Certification Module 4 Exam Objectives 725 Protocols 167 Module 5 appendix B Visual Guide to Connectors 745 Cabling 231 Module 6 appendix C Wireless Networking 295 CompTIA Network+ Practice Exam 747 Module 7 appendix D Network Architecture 357 Rubric for Hands-on Projects and Capstone Projects 759 Module 8 GLOSSARY 761 Segmentation 423 Index 795 Module 9 Wide Area Networking 481 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Table of Contents Prefaceix Labeling and Naming Conventions 77 Business Documents 78 Module 1 Change Management 80 Software and Hardware Changes 80 Introduction to Networking 1 Change Management Documentation 82 Network Models 2 Module Summary 85 Peer-to-Peer Network Model 3 Key Terms 86 Client-Server Network Model 5 Review Questions 87 Client-Server Applications 7 Hands-On Projects 88 Network Services and Their Protocols 7 Network Hardware 10 Module 3 LANs and Their Hardware 11 MANs and WANs 16 Addressing107 The Seven-Layer OSI Model 18 Addressing Overview 108 Layer 7: Application Layer 20 Layer 6: Presentation Layer 20 MAC Addresses 109 Layer 5: Session Layer 20 IP Addresses 112 Layer 4: Transport Layer 20 IPv4 Addresses 114 Layer 3: Network Layer 21 IPv6 Addresses 121 Layer 2: Data Link Layer 21 Types of IPv6 Addresses 122 Layer 1: Physical Layer 22 Ports and Sockets 126 Protocol Data Unit or PDU 22 Summary of How the Layers Work Domain Names and DNS 130 Together 22 Namespace Databases 131 Safety Procedures and Policies 25 Name Servers 131 Resource Records in a DNS Database 133 Emergency Procedures 25 DNS Server Software 135 Safety Precautions 26 Troubleshooting Address Problems 137 Troubleshooting Network Problems 29 Troubleshooting Tools 137 Module Summary 33 Common Network Issues 147 Key Terms 36 Module Summary 151 Review Questions 36 Key Terms 154 Hands-On Projects 38 Review Questions 155 Hands-On Projects 156 Module 2 Infrastructure and Module 4 Documentation53 Protocols167 Components of Structured Cabling 54 TCP/IP Core Protocols 168 From the Demarc to a Workstation 55 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) 169 Cabling 62 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 174 Monitoring the Environment IP (Internet Protocol) 175 and Security 65 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) 180 Network Documentation 67 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) on IPv4 Network Diagrams 67 Networks 181 Operating Procedures 74 NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) 182 Inventory Management 76 Ethernet 183 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Table of Contents v Encryption Protocols 186 Cable Performance Tester 273 Key Encryption 187 OPM (Optical Power Meter) 274 IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) 188 Module Summary 275 SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS Key Terms 278 (Transport Layer Security) 189 Review Questions 279 Remote Access Protocols 192 Remote File Access 194 Hands-On Projects 280 Terminal Emulation 194 VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) 199 Module 6 Remote Access Policies 202 Troubleshooting Network Issues 204 Wireless Networking 295 Troubleshooting Tools 204 Characteristics of Wireless Transmissions 296 Solving Common Network Problems 208 The Wireless Spectrum 296 Module Summary 211 Channel Management 300 Key Terms 214 Antennas 301 Signal Propagation 303 Review Questions 215 802.11 WLAN Standards 306 Hands-On Projects 216 802.11 Innovations 308 Access Method 310 Module 5 Association and Wireless Topologies 311 IEEE 802.11 Frames 314 Cabling231 Implementing a Wi-Fi Network 316 Transmission Basics 232 Determine the Design 316 Frequency, Bandwidth, and Throughput 232 Configure Wi-Fi Connectivity Devices 321 Transmission Flaws 235 Configure Wi-Fi Clients 322 Duplex, Half-Duplex, and Simplex 237 Wi-Fi Network Security 325 Multiplexing 238 WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) 326 Copper Cable 240 WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access, Version 2) 326 Coaxial Cable and Twinaxial Cable 240 Personal and Enterprise 327 Twisted-Pair Cable 243 Other Security Configurations 329 STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) 245 Security Threats to Wi-Fi Networks 331 UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) 247 Troubleshooting Wi-Fi Networks 334 Comparing STP and UTP 247 Wi-Fi Network Tools 334 Cable Pinouts 248 Avoid Pitfalls 335 PoE (Power over Ethernet) 254 Module Summary 340 Ethernet Standards for Twisted-Pair Cable 256 Fiber-Optic Cable 258 Key Terms 342 SMF (Single Mode Fiber) 260 Review Questions 343 MMF (Multimode Fiber) 261 Hands-On Projects 344 Fiber Connectors 261 Media Converters 263 Fiber Transceivers 264 Module 7 Ethernet Standards for Fiber-Optic Cable 266 Common Fiber-Cable Problems 267 Network Architecture 357 Cable Troubleshooting Tools 268 Physical Architecture 359 Toner and Probe Kit 269 Managed Switches 360 Multimeter 270 Switch Path Management 360 Cable Continuity Tester 271 Switch Port Security 363 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vi CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks Hierarchical Design 363 Review Questions 460 Software-Defined Networking (SDN) 367 Hands-On Projects 461 Storage Area Network (SAN) 370 Virtual Architecture 374 Module 9 Network Connection Types 376 Pros and Cons of Virtualization 383 Wide Area Networking 481 NFV (Network Functions Virtualization) 385 Cloud Architecture 386 WAN Essentials 482 Cloud Service Models 388 Entry Point Equipment 483 Cloud Deployment Models 390 Routing Protocols 485 Orchestration and Automation 391 Routing Tables 487 Connectivity and Security 392 Routing Path Types 489 Network Availability 394 route 489 Fault Tolerance 395 Routing Metrics 490 Routing Protocols to Determine Best Module Summary 402 Paths 490 Key Terms 404 Interior and Exterior Gateway Protocols 491 Routing Redundancy 493 Review Questions 404 WAN Connectivity 495 Hands-On Projects 406 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) 498 Cable Broadband 500 Module 8 Fiber 503 Leased Lines 504 Segmentation423 MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) 505 Cloud Connectivity Options 507 Network Segmentation 424 Software-defined WAN (SD-WAN) 508 Subnet Masks 426 Wireless WANs 511 How Subnet Masks Work 428 Cellular 511 Calculating Subnets 431 Satellite 515 IPv4 Subnet Calculation in Binary 432 Troubleshooting Connections 517 IPv4 Subnet Calculations Using Internet Connectivity Issues 517 Formulas 434 Interface Problems 517 Subnet Mask Tables 437 Routing Issues 520 Subnetting Questions on Exams 437 Module Summary 524 Implementing Subnets on a Network 439 Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) 442 Key Terms 527 Subnets in IPv6 444 Review Questions 527 Virtual LANs (VLANs) 447 Hands-On Projects 528 Switch Port Configuration 448 VLAN Trunks 451 VLANs and Subnets 452 Module 10 Types of VLANs 453 View Configured VLANs 455 Risk Management 541 Dynamic VLAN Assignment 456 Security Risks 542 Troubleshoot and Secure VLANs 456 People Risks 545 Module Summary 458 Technology Risks  548 Key Terms 460 Malware Risks 552 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Table of Contents vii Risk Assessment and Management 557 Authentication Technologies 637 Attack Simulations 558 Directory Services 638 Red Team–Blue Team Exercise 559 Kerberos 639 Scanning Tools 560 SSO (Single Sign-On) 642 Honeypots and Honeynets 561 RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In Physical Security 562 User Service) 643 TACACS1 (Terminal Access Controller Access Prevention Methods 563 Control System Plus) 644 Detection Methods 566 Device Hardening 569 Module Summary 646 Updates and Security Patches 569 Key Terms 648 Administrative Credentials 571 Review Questions 649 Services and Protocols 573 Passwords 575 Hands-On Projects 650 Anti-Malware Software 578 Asset Disposal 579 Module 12 Security Policies for Users 580 Security Policy Goals 581 Performance and Recovery 667 BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) 582 Collect Network Data 668 AUP (Acceptable Use Policy) 582 Environmental Monitoring 668 NDA (Non-Disclosure Agreement) 584 Traffic Monitoring Tools 672 Password Policy 584 Privileged User Agreement 587 Manage Network Traffic 683 Anti-Malware Policy 587 Performance Baselines 684 Bandwidth Management 685 Module Summary 589 Flow Control 686 Key Terms 591 Congestion Control 687 Review Questions 592 QoS (Quality of Service) Assurance 688 Hands-On Projects 593 Plan Response and Recovery Strategies691 Incident Response 692 Module 11 Data Preservation 693 Disaster Recovery Planning 694 Security in Network Design 607 Disaster Recovery Contingencies 695 Network Hardening by Design 608 Power Management 696 Router and Switch Security Configurations 608 Backup Systems 701 Switch Security Configurations 611 Module Summary 706 Network Security Technologies 615 Key Terms 707 Proxy Servers 615 Review Questions 708 Firewalls 617 IDS (Intrusion Detection System) 624 Hands-On Projects 709 IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) 627 Cloud Security Technologies 627 appendix a Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) 629 CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Authentication 630 Certification Exam Authorization 634 Accounting 634 Objectives725 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks appendix B appendix D Visual Guide to Connectors 745 Rubric for Hands-on Projects and Capstone appendix C Projects759 GLOSSARY 761 CompTIA Network+ Practice index 795 Exam747 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Preface Knowing how to install, configure, and troubleshoot a computer network is a highly marketable and excit- ing skill. This course first introduces the fundamental building blocks that form a modern network, such as hardware, topologies, and protocols, along with an introduction to the OSI model. It then provides in- depth coverage of the most important concepts in contemporary networking, including TCP/IP, Ethernet, wireless transmission, virtual networks, cloud computing, segmentation, security, performance optimiza- tion, and troubleshooting. After reading the modules and completing the exercises, you will be prepared to select the network design, hardware, and software that best fit your environment. You will also have the skills to build a network from scratch and maintain, upgrade, troubleshoot, and manage an existing network. Finally, you will be well-prepared to take CompTIA’s Network+ N10-008 certification exam. This course explains technical concepts logically and in a clear, approachable style. In addi- tion, concepts are reinforced by real-world examples of networking issues from a professional’s standpoint. Each module opens with an “On the Job” story from a network engineer, technician, or administrator. These insightful stories of actual events, along with Applying Concepts activities, Hands-On Projects, and Capstone Projects in each module, make this text a practical learning tool. The numerous tables and color illustrations, along with the glossary, appendices, and study ques- tions, provide a valuable reference for any networking professional. Intended Audience This course is intended to serve the needs of students and professionals who are interested in mastering fundamental, vendor-neutral networking concepts. No previous networking experience is necessary to begin learning from this text, although knowledge of basic computer principles is helpful. Those seeking to pass CompTIA’s Network+ certification exam will find the course’s content, approach, and numerous study questions especially helpful. For more information on CompTIA® Network+ certification, visit CompTIA’s website at comptia.org. The course’s pedagogical features are designed to provide a truly interactive learning experi- ence, preparing you for the challenges of the highly dynamic networking industry. In addition to the information presented in the text, each module includes Applying Concepts activities and Hands-On Projects that guide you through software and hardware configuration in a step-by-step fashion. At the end of each module, you will also find progressive Capstone Projects that give you the oppor- tunity to build on previous modules’ work and connect ideas from module to module using various virtualized, emulated, and cloud environments. Module Descriptions The following list summarizes the topics covered in each module of this course: Module 1, “Introduction to Networking,” begins by answering the question “What is a network?” Next, it presents the fundamental types of networks and describes the devices and topologies that create a network. This module also introduces the OSI model, best practices for safety when work- ing with networks, and the seven-step troubleshooting model. Module 2, “Infrastructure and Documentation,” begins with a tour through a campus network’s data rooms, from the ISP’s entry point through to the users’ endpoints. The module introduces best practices for managing network and cabling equipment and explains issues related to managing the Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. x CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks environment in which networking equipment operates. This module also describes characteristics of documentation and explains how to create a network diagram that can be used in troubleshooting. It ends with a discussion on how to create and follow appropriate change management procedures in an enterprise network environment. Module 3, “Addressing,” describes addressing standards used by devices on a network at various layers of the OSI model, including MAC addresses at the data link layer, IP addresses at the network layer, and ports and sockets at the transport layer. It also explains how host names and domain names work. The module concludes with an introduction to commands used in troubleshooting networks. Module 4, “Protocols,” describes the functions of the core TCP/IP protocols, including TCP, UDP, IP, and others. It compares common encryption protocols, such as IPsec and SSL, and then explores common remote access protocols, such as SSH, RDP, and VPNs. The module finishes with a discussion of TCP/IP utilities used for network discovery and troubleshooting. Module 5, “Cabling,” discusses basic data transmission concepts, including throughput, bandwidth, multiplexing, and common transmission flaws. Next, it describes copper cables, fiber-optic cables, and Ethernet standards, com- paring the benefits and limitations of different networking media. The module then concludes with an examination of common cable problems and the tools used for troubleshooting those problems. Module 6, “Wireless Networking,” examines how nodes exchange wireless signals and identifies potential obstacles to successful wireless transmission. The module explores wireless technologies that support the IoT (Internet of Things). It then describes WLAN (wireless LAN) architecture and specifies the characteristics of popular WLAN trans- mission methods. In this module, you will also learn how to install and configure wireless access points and clients, manage wireless security concerns, and evaluate common problems experienced with wireless networks. Module 7, “Network Architecture,” takes a journey through the progression of abstraction in network architecture. It begins with a description of switch management and a comparison of three-tiered and two-tiered (spine-and-leaf) switch architectures. After some discussion of SDN (software-defined networking) and SAN (storage area network) technologies, the module presents common virtual network connection types and the concept of NFV (Network Func- tions Virtualization). It then identifies features and benefits of cloud architecture, connectivity, and automation. The module concludes with a discussion of key network availability concepts. Module 8, “Segmentation,” explores the advantages and methods of network segmentation. The module examines the purposes of subnets and their calculations. It then describes techniques for segmenting with VLANs and explains related, advanced features of switches, including VLAN management. Module 9, “Wide Area Networking,” expands your knowledge beyond the LAN with a discussion of WAN (wide area network) concepts and technologies. The module explores how routers work and how various internal and external gateway protocols select and manage routes between networks. The module follows the progression of a fictional com- pany to compare WAN connectivity options, including DSL, cable broadband, leased lines, MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), cloud connectivity options, and SD-WAN (software-defined WAN) so you’ll understand how each technology works and what makes each one unique. It then explores common wireless WAN technologies. The module concludes with a discussion of common Internet connectivity issues and interface configuration problems. Module 10, “Risk Management,” covers common security risks and vulnerabilities on a network, including risks associated with people, technology, and malware infections. Here you’ll also learn how to assess a network’s weak- nesses, how to apply appropriate physical security measures, and how to harden devices on the network. Finally, this module teaches you about the kinds of information you should include in security policies for users. Module 11, “Security in Network Design,” examines methods for hardening router and switch configurations, fol- lowed by an exploration of common security devices specifically designed to protect a network. The module breaks down AAA (authentication, authorization, and accounting) processes that control users’ access to network resources and looks closely at the partnership between authentication and directory services. Module 12, “Performance and Recovery,” presents basic network management concepts and describes how to utilize system and event logs to collect network data. It then explores methods of using this information to evaluate, monitor, manage, and optimize network performance. The module closes with a discussion of threats to network avail- ability and components of a reliable disaster recovery plan and a defensible incident response plan. The four appendices at the end of this course serve as references for the networking professional: Appendix A, “CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Certification Exam Objectives,” provides a complete list of the latest CompTIA Network+ certification exam objectives, including the percentage of the exam’s content that each domain represents and which modules and sections in the text cover material associated with each objective. Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Preface xi Appendix B, “Visual Guide to Connectors,” provides a visual connector reference chart for quick identification of connectors and receptacles used in contemporary networking. Appendix C, “CompTIA Network+ Practice Exam,” offers a practice exam containing 100 questions similar in con- tent and presentation to the multiple-choice questions you will find on CompTIA’s Network+ examination. Appendix D, “Project and Discussion Rubrics,” gives instructors and students a set of standards for assessing student understanding of and engagement with each module’s discussion assignments and project activities. Features To aid you in fully understanding networking concepts, this course includes many features designed to enhance your learning experience. On the Job stories—Each module begins with a real-world story giving context for the technology and con- cepts presented, providing insight into a variety of modern computing environments from the various perspec- tives of different professionals in the IT industry. Module Objectives—Each module lists the learning objectives to be mastered within that module. This list serves as a quick reference to the module’s contents and a useful study aid. Applying Concepts activities—Embedded throughout each module, these “just-in-time” activities help you solidify your understanding of concepts as you read, providing immediate practice of relevant skills with step-by-step instructions. Colorful illustrations, photos, tables, and bullet lists—Numerous full-color illustrations and photos of net- work media, protocol behavior, hardware, topology, software screens, peripherals, and components help you visualize common network elements, theories, and concepts. Insightful diagrams provide details and comparisons of both practical and theoretical information. The many tables and bulleted lists make essential information easily accessible for quick reference, presenting condensed information in easy-to-digest chunks. OSI layer icons—These icons provide visual reinforcement of the link between concepts and the relevant lay- ers of the OSI model. A thorough understanding of where concepts sit on the OSI model makes managing and troubleshooting networks more effective and efficient. CompTIA Network+ Exam Tips and Notes—Each module’s content is supplemented with Note features that provide additional insight and understanding, while CompTIA Network+ Exam Tips guide you in your prepara- tions for taking the CompTIA Network+ certification exam. Legacy Networking features—Older technology covered by the CompTIA Network+ exam provides historical reference to current technology. Key Terms and Glossary—Highlighted key terms emphasize the core concepts of networking and are defined in the convenient Glossary. Module Summaries—Each module’s text is followed by a summary of the concepts introduced in that module. These summaries help you revisit the ideas covered in each module. Review Questions—The end-of-module assessment begins with a set of review questions that reinforce the ideas introduced in each module. Many questions are situational. Rather than simply asking you to repeat what you learned, these questions help you evaluate and apply the material you learned. Answering these questions will help ensure that you have mastered the important concepts and provide valuable practice for taking CompTIA’s Network+ exam. Hands-On Projects—Although it is important to understand the theory behind networking technology, nothing beats real-world experience. To this end, each module provides several Hands-On Projects aimed at providing you with practical software and hardware implementation experience as well as practice in applying critical thinking skills to the concepts learned throughout the module. Requiring only a Windows 10 computer and a typical home network, the projects rely on cloud, virtualization, and simulation technologies to ensure acces- sibility in a wide variety of learning environments. Capstone Projects—Each module concludes with two or three in-depth projects where you implement the skills and knowledge gained in the module through real design and implementation scenarios in a variety of networking environments. With the help of sophisticated virtualization and emulation products available Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xii CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks free online, the Capstone Projects introduce you to a multitude of real-world software, hardware, and other solutions that increase your familiarity with these products in preparation for addressing workforce challenges. Support for building good habits—Supplemental steps in many projects guide you in creating a customized wiki to document information learned and projects completed. A project in the final module gives tips for organizing this wiki as a way to display your new skills for job interviews. User-friendly organization—Logical arrangement of content consolidates similar concepts for efficient cover- age, allowing for deeper investigation of particularly rich concepts and skills that are emphasized in the latest CompTIA Network+ N10-008 exam, including a strong emphasis on security, troubleshooting, and virtualiza- tion, with added coverage of cloud, wireless, and switch technologies. New to this Edition Just as networking technology continues to evolve, so does learning science and the insights available to course designers. In the interest of providing you with the most effective and durable learning experience, this latest edition is packed with improvements and enriched features. Fully updated—Content maps completely to CompTIA’s Network+ N10-008 exam for productive exam preparation. “Remember this...” feature—Section-specific learning objectives blend the Network+ exam objectives with the material covered in each section to help you focus on the most important points of that section. Self-check questions—Periodic multiple choice questions sprinkled throughout the readings help you men- tally complete the “learning cycle” as you practice recalling the information as you learn it. With answers and thorough explanations at the end of each module, you can check your own learning and assess your progress toward mastering each module’s objectives. Project prompts—“You’re ready” boxes in the module indicate at which point you’ve learned all required concepts to competently complete each project at the end of the module. By embedding this information in your learning path, you can choose to interleave hands-on activities with your reading or continue with your reading and leave the projects for later. Flexible learning environment—New and updated skills-based projects encourage hands-on exploration of module concepts. These projects include thought-provoking questions that encourage critical thinking and in-depth evaluation of the material. The software tools used in the projects are included in Windows or freely available online, and hardware requirements are kept to a minimum, making these projects accessible to more students in a wide variety of learning environments. Group activities—Some projects in each module offer optional group work activities to enhance the explora- tion of various concepts and skills. Cloud, virtualization, and emulation technologies—Projects at the end of each module challenge you to explore concepts and apply skills with real-world tools. Many projects employ Cisco’s network simulator, Packet Tracer, so you can practice setting up a network from start to finish, including device configuration, subnetting, and extensive use of the command line. Other projects guide you in configuring virtual networks so you can experience more complex networking concepts within a single, physical computer. Some new projects also take you into AWS so you can “get your hands dirty in the cloud” and discover why IT as an industry is becoming cloud-centric. Text and Graphic Conventions 7 Application Wherever appropriate, additional information and exercises have been added to this text to 6 Presentation help you better understand the topic at hand. The following labels and icons are used through- 5 Session out the text to alert you to additional materials: 4 Transport OSI model icons highlight the specific layer(s) of the OSI model being discussed, and they 3 Network indicate when the layers of interest change throughout the module. 2 Data Link 1 Physical Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Preface xiii Note Prolific notes draw your attention to helpful material related to the subject being described and offer expanded insights to enrich your understanding. Exam The CompTIA Network+ Exam Tip icon provides helpful pointers when studying for the exam. Tip Legacy Networking Studying older technologies can help you better understand the ways current technologies developed and what additional challenges future technologies need to overcome. By setting this information apart, you can identify which standards have become obsolete but still offer rich and insightful context for understanding networking and for preparing to take the Net- work+ exam. Applying Concepts Embedded Applying Concepts activities give you “just-in-time” practice with skills and concepts as you read about them. Remember this... The Remember this... feature highlights important points from each section as you finish reading that material. This invitation to pause and reflect helps you track your learning and ensure you’re absorbing the most relevant concepts as you go. Self-check To complete the learning cycle, these self-check questions help you practice recalling the information you’ve read. With answers and extensive explanations provided to readers at the end of each module, this low-stakes practice testing helps you assess how well you’re learning and what material you might need to review before completing graded work. You’re Ready These action pointers indicate when you’ve studied the concepts needed for each Hands-on Project at the end of the module. At each point, you can choose whether to take a break from reading to apply the concepts you’ve learned, or you can keep reading. These forks in the learning path encourage you to actively engage in choosing how you learn best. Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xiv CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks Hands-On Projects Each Hands-On Project in this course is preceded by the estimated time to complete the project, the relevant exam objective, the required resources, and a description of the project. Hands-On Projects help you understand the theory behind networking with activities using the latest network software and hardware. Capstone Projects Capstone Projects give you the opportunity to apply concepts in a more in-depth way than what the Hands-On Projects offer. By building on each other, these Capstones weave concepts from module to module, allowing you to make creative connections and see the big picture. They challenge you to demonstrate a solid understanding and application of skills required for the CompTIA Network+ exam and a career in networking. ✔ Certification Each main section of a module begins with a list of all relevant CompTIA Network+ objectives covered in that section. This unique feature highlights the important information at a glance and helps you better anticipate how deeply you need to understand the concepts covered. Instructor Materials Everything you need for your course is in one place. This collection of book-specific lecture and class tools is available online. Please visit login.cengage.com and log in to access instructor-specific resources on the Instructor Companion Site, which includes the Guide to Teaching Online; Instructor Manual; Solutions to the textbook and MindTap, and live virtual machine labs; Test Bank files; PowerPoint Presentations; Syllabus; and Student Downloads. Guide to Teaching Online—The Guide to Teaching Online includes two main parts. Part 1 offers general tech- nological and pedagogical considerations and resources, and Part 2 provides discipline-specific suggestions for teaching when you can’t be in the same room with students. Electronic Instructor Manual—The Instructor Manual that accompanies this textbook includes the following items: additional instructional material to assist in class preparation—including suggestions for lecture topics, additional projects, and class discussion topics. Solutions Manuals—The instructor resources include two solutions guides: ❍❍ The Solution and Answer Guide includes solutions to all of the module activities found in the book, including Applying Concepts, Review Questions, Hands-On Projects, and Capstone Projects. It also provides the MindTap solutions, including grading rubrics for the Networking for Life and Reflection Discussion activities, plus answers to the lab manual review questions. ❍❍ The Live Virtual Machine Labs Solution and Answer Guide includes examples of correct screenshots and answers to the inline questions found within the labs. Test Banks with Cengage Testing Powered by Cognero—This flexible, online system allows you to do the following: ❍❍ Author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage solutions. ❍❍ Create multiple test versions in an instant. ❍❍ Deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want. Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Preface xv PowerPoint Presentations—This course comes with a set of Microsoft PowerPoint slides for each module. These slides are meant to be used as a teaching aid for classroom presentations, to be made available to stu- dents on the network for module review, or to be printed for classroom distribution. Instructors are also at liberty to add their own slides for other topics introduced. Syllabus—The sample syllabus provides an example of a template for setting up a 14-week course. Student Downloads—The student downloads include Accessible Launch Text for MindTap Lab Simulations and Accessible Launch Text for MindTap Live Virtual Machine Labs. Packet Tracer Files—A Packet Tracer solution file is provided for each Packet Tracer project through the Instructors site. Some Packet Tracer projects build on earlier Packet Tracer networks. If needed for one or more students, you can provide a previous project’s solution file as a start file for one of these progression projects. Total Solutions for Networking To access additional course materials, please visit www.cengage.com. At the www.cengage.com home page, search for the ISBN of your title (from the back cover of your book) using the search box at the top of the page. This will take you to the product page where these resources can be found. MindTap MindTap for Network+ Guide to Networks, Ninth Edition, is a personalized, fully online digital learning platform of content, assignments, and services that engages students and enc