Mosquito-Borne Diseases: A Presentation PDF

SMALL BITE, BIG THREAT BATTLING MOSQUITOES IN RAINY SEASONS! INTRODUCTION TO MOSQUITO- BORNE DISEASES  WHAT ARE MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASES? Mosquito-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes. Mosquitoes act as vectors by carrying and transmitting viruses, bacteria,...

SMALL BITE, BIG THREAT BATTLING MOSQUITOES IN RAINY SEASONS! INTRODUCTION TO MOSQUITO- BORNE DISEASES  WHAT ARE MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASES? Mosquito-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes. Mosquitoes act as vectors by carrying and transmitting viruses, bacteria, or parasites to humans or other animals when they bite. WHAT ARE THE DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOES? ANOPHELES MALARIA AEDES DENGUE, ZIKA VIRUS DISEASE, CHIKUNGUNYA, YELLOW FEVER CULEX WEST NILE VIRUS , JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS HOW DOES MOSQUITOE BORNE DISEASES SPREAD? Mosquito becomes infected when they feed on birds or mammals carrying the disease. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the disease to humans and other animals, transmitting pathogens through its saliva. The pathogen develops within the mosquito and is passed to a new host during subsequent bites. PREVALENCE OF MOSQUITOE BORNE DISEASES WHY MOSQUITO-BORNE DISEASES ARE A GLOBAL HEALTH CONCERN? Current situation As of 30 April 2024, over 7.6 million dengue cases have been reported to WHO in 2024, including 3.4 million confirmed cases, over 16 000 severe cases, and over 3000 deaths. While a substantial increase in dengue cases has been reported globally in the last five years, this increase has been particularly pronounced in the Region of the Americas, where the number of cases has already exceeded seven million by the end of April 2024, surpassing the annual high of 4.6 million cases in 2023. Furthermore, this is three times what was reported during the same period in 2023, highlighting the acceleration of this health problem. Figure 1. Epidemic curve of dengue cases and deaths as reported to WHO from January to April 2024* https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2024-DON518 Figure 3: Mosquito Population by Country 2024 https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/mosquito-population-by-country FACTORS INFLUENCING PREVALENCE  SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS URBANISATION POVERTY HIGH HEAVY AGE GENDER TEMPERATURE RAINFALL LIMITED ACCESS DEFORESTATION TO HEALTHCARE OCCUPATION TRAVEL CLIMATE CHANGE OPEN WATER STORAGE - CULTURAL PRACTICES EMERGENCE OF MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASES  SEASONAL TRENDS OF MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASES NORTHERN AND EASTERN INDIA Peak mosquito-borne diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya) WESTERN INDIA during the monsoon, with Japanese Similar patterns, with additional encephalitis also peaking in the peak for Zika virus during and monsoon. after the monsoon. SOUTHERN INDIA Peak in monsoon and post-monsoon for malaria, dengue, chikungunya; Japanese encephalitis less common. Monsoon- June to September Post monsoon- October to December  SOCIOECONOMIC BURDEN OF MOSQUITO-BORNE DISEASES IN INDIA DENGUE Total direct annual medical cost estimated at approximately $548 million. 67% of cases treated in ambulatory settings (18% of costs); 33% required hospitalization (82% of costs). Private healthcare facilities accounted for 80% of total costs. Total economic cost, including nonmedical and indirect costs, estimated at $1.11 billion. The actual economic and disease burden of dengue in India is much higher than officially reported, and stronger control measures are necessary. (Garg et al. 2008, Shepard et al. 2014). https://meridian.allenpress.com/jamca/article/39/4/258/497761/Mosquito-borne-diseases-in-India-over-the-past-50  SOCIOECONOMIC BURDEN OF MOSQUITO-BORNE DISEASES IN INDIA PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT: Causes substantial economic losses due to healthcare expenses, loss of productivity, and decreased quality of life (Bhavsar et al. 2010). Outbreaks can significantly affect tourism and agriculture industries. Outbreaks can lead to panic, fear, social unrest, and loss of employment and productivity (Colón-González et al. 2021). Mosquitoes cause more human suffering than any other organism, affecting humans, dogs, and horses (CDC 2020a). https://meridian.allenpress.com/jamca/article/39/4/258/497761/Mosquito-borne-diseases-in-India-over-the-past-50  COST OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES VERSUS THE COST OF TREATING DISEASES. Prevention Treatment: (excluding vaccination): $21.19 million to $58.88 $2.4 million to $8.4 million per million per year for year for bed nets, spraying, and outpatient and public health campaigns. hospitalization costs. Roll Back Malaria Partnership. "Insecticide-Treated Nets: Supply Update and Market Outlook." 2011. Garg, P., Nagpal, J., Khairnar, P., & Seneviratne, S. L. (2008). "Economic burden of dengue infections in India." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 102(6), 570-577. LIFE CYCLE OF MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASES  1) INFECTED PERSON OVIPOSITION MATURED STAGE (20-30 DAYS) 4)THAT PERSON BECOMES 2) MOSQUITO INFECTED TAKES BLOOD MEAL WITH VIRUS 3)INFECTED MOSQUITO BITES ANOTHER PERSON IMMATURE STAGE (4-14 DAYS) WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASES? Most people with mosquito-borne diseases show COMMON SYMPTOMS no symptoms. Headache If symptoms do appear, they are usually mild but can sometimes be severe and fatal. Fever Symptoms typically emerge 2-14 days after exposure. Fatigue WHAT ARE THE SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS OF MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASES? DENGUE FEVER MALARIA YELLOW FEVER CHICKUNGUNYA WEST NILE Pain behind the eyes Chills Chills Rash Back pain Significant joint and Discomfort/ Nausea/ vomiting Severe joint pain Nausea / vomiting muscle pain uneasiness Swollen glands and Sweating while body Back & knee pain Joint swelling Body aches rashes temperature falls Bleeding gums (rare) Sensitive to light Red eyes/ face/ tongue https://www.mosquitomagnet.com/articles/symptoms-you-shouldnt-ignore-if-youve-been-bitten-by-a-mosquito WHEN TO CONSULT A DOCTOR? SEVERE ILLNESS Mosquito bites usually cause minor itching, but female mosquitoes can transmit serious diseases. High fever Paralysis Symptoms like headache or fever might not be Stiff neck Coma linked to the bite immediately. Informing your doctor about a recent bite can Seizure Heavy bleeding help diagnose mosquito-borne illnesses. Confusion Brain swelling  PREVENTION MEASURES AND STRATEGIES HOW DO YOU PROTECT YOURSELF FROM MOSQUITOES BITE? Use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)- registered insect repellents. Wear loose-fitting, long-sleeved shirts and pants. Dress children in long sleeves and pants, and cover strollers and carriers with mosquito netting. Wear clothing and gear treated with permethrin. Use Permethrin (insecticide) -treated mosquito nets if air conditioned and screened rooms are not available. Control mosquitoes indoors and outdoors. HOW TO USE INSECT REPELLENTS? Use EPA-registered repellents like DEET or Picaridin, safe for all, including pregnant women. Follow label instructions. Avoid OLE or PMD for children under 3 years age. Apply repellent to your hands first before a child's face, avoiding hands, eyes, mouth, cuts, or irritated skin. Reapply repellent as directed, avoid applying under clothing, and apply sunscreen before insect repellent. HOW TO CONTROL MOSQUITOES INDOORS? Regular Maintenance: Empty and scrub water-holding items like vases and flowerpot saucers weekly to remove mosquito eggs and larvae. Insecticides: Use indoor insecticides if mosquitoes persist after installing and repairing screens and managing water sources. Professional Help: Consider hiring a pest control professional to treat indoor areas if needed. HOW TO CONTROL MOSQUITOES OUTDOORS? Remove Standing Water: Weekly, empty, scrub, turn over, or cover items holding water, such as tires, buckets, and pools. Tightly cover water storage containers and fill tree holes. Prevent Mosquito Breeding: Use wire mesh on containers without lids and repair cracks in septic tanks. Drain and turn over kiddie pools. Kill Larvae: Use of larvivorous fish and crustacean. Apply larvicides to large bodies of water that cannot be covered or emptied, following label instructions. Control Adults: Use outdoor adulticides in dark, humid areas where mosquitoes rest, like under patio furniture or carpets, and follow label instructions. WHAT PRECAUTIONS SHOULD YOU TAKE TO PREVENT MOSQUITO-BORNE DISEASES WHEN TRAVELING? Plan ahead by packing insect repellent and protective clothing. Choose lodging with screens or air conditioning, or bring a mosquito net. Check for available vaccines if traveling abroad. Monitor for symptoms after your trip and continue preventing mosquito bites for 3 weeks.  HOW TO CONTROL MOSQUITOES IN OUTBREAK? What local government What you and pest Mosquito control Why activity is departments or control professionals activity important? mosquito control can do? groups do? Use a product that kills Adulticides are the only Depending on the size Apply adulticides adult mosquitoes. way to immediately kill of the area, use according to label infected adult backpack sprayers, instructions to kill mosquitoes and stop trucks, or airplanes to mosquitoes inside and the spread of viruses. apply adulticides. outside homes.  HOW TO CONTROL MOSQUITOES IN OUTBREAK? What local government What you and pest Mosquito control Why activity is departments or control professionals activity important? mosquito control can do? groups do? Once a week, empty and Dispose of abandoned scrub, turn over, cover, or Mosquitoes lay eggs in or tires and roadside trash, throw away items that Prevent mosquitoes from near water. Mosquitoes and maintain public hold water like tires, laying eggs and eggs from can complete their life spaces like parks to buckets, planters, toys, hatching. cycle in about a week. reduce mosquito breeding birdbaths, flower pot sites. saucers, and trash containers.  HOW TO CONTROL MOSQUITOES IN OUTBREAK? What local government What you and pest Mosquito control Why activity is departments or control professionals activity important? mosquito control can do? groups do? Use larvicides to stop Larvicides kill mosquito Treat standing water in Apply larvicides to mosquito larvae from larvae present in water. public places and on water-holding items like becoming adults. Killing larvae reduces private property during fountains and septic tanks numbers of adult neighborhood cleanups or as directed, but avoid mosquitoes that could mosquito control efforts. treating water intended become infected and for drinking. spread germs. TECHNOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL ADVANCES New Technologies in Mosquito Control : Improved insecticides, biological agents, and traps. Genetically Modified Mosquitoes: Altered to reduce populations and disease spread. Drones: Map breeding sites and track mosquito numbers. HOW DO VACCINES AND PROPHYLACTIC MEDICATIONS CONTRIBUTE TO THEIR PREVENTION? Vaccines: New vaccines for diseases like dengue and yellow fever prevent severe illness and support immunity. Take before travel, as per schedules, and during outbreaks. Prophylactic Medications: Antimalarials reduce infection risk. Take before and during travel to endemic areas, and as advised post-exposure. COMMUNITY SPREAD CONTROL GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP): A major initiative in India for managing various vector-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and lymphatic filariasis through comprehensive strategies. Key Components: Surveillance, vector control (e.g., indoor residual spraying, use of insecticide-treated nets), case management, and public awareness campaigns. Importance: NVBDCP coordinates efforts across states and central agencies to reduce the incidence and prevalence of these diseases through a multi-faceted approach. GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES Other Policies and Regulations: National Malaria Control Program (India): Focuses on malaria through surveillance, IRS, and insecticide-treated nets. National Chikungunya Control Program (India): Aims to control chikungunya with vector control and community awareness. National Guidelines for Integrated Vector Management (India): Provides guidelines for integrated vector control and community involvement.  GOVERNMENT-LED CAMPAIGNS Dengue Control Campaign (2016) in Delhi : Launched to tackle a dengue outbreak, the campaign aimed to reduce cases through intensive vector control and community engagement. Strategies: Conducted house-to-house inspections to identify and eliminate mosquito breeding sites. Engaged the community in cleanup efforts and preventive measures. Implemented targeted insecticide applications and larvicides. Outcome: Significant reduction in dengue cases. Enhanced public awareness about dengue prevention. Reference: Sharma, R. K., et al. (2017). "Successful Strategies for Dengue Control in Delhi." Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 54(3), 200-208. MONITORING AND EVALUATION Surveillance: Essential for identifying and managing disease threats. Mosquito Tracking: Helps predict and manage outbreaks. Early Detection: Enables prompt response to outbreaks. Continuous Evaluation: Assesses and improves control measures. Effectiveness Assessment: Guides future strategies based on intervention success. Adaptation: Adjusts strategies based on findings. Acceptance Point: Public support for monitoring and evaluation is crucial for effective mosquito-borne disease control. KEY TAKEAWAYS FROM THIS WEBINAR: Prevention: Use EPA-registered insect repellents, wear protective clothing, and ensure screens are intact on windows and doors to prevent mosquito bites. Community Involvement: Engage in community cleanup efforts to eliminate standing water to prevent mosquito breeding. Symptoms Monitoring: Be aware of symptoms like fever, headache, and body aches that may appear 2-14 days after a mosquito bite and seek medical advice promptly. Government Policies: Support and follow government policies and community efforts to control mosquito populations. Travel Precautions: When traveling to endemic areas, get vaccinated if available, take prophylactic medications, and use preventive measures to avoid mosquito bites.