Comparative Respiratory Anatomy PDF

COMPARATIVE RESPIRATORY ANATOMY 1. Segments of respiratory system - NASAL CAVITY, PHARYNX, LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI, LUNGS 2. Systems/divisions of respiratory tract as to immune defenses - CONDUCTIVE, TRANSITIONAL, GAS EXCHANGE 3. Immune defense of conductive system - MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE 4....

COMPARATIVE RESPIRATORY ANATOMY 1. Segments of respiratory system - NASAL CAVITY, PHARYNX, LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI, LUNGS 2. Systems/divisions of respiratory tract as to immune defenses - CONDUCTIVE, TRANSITIONAL, GAS EXCHANGE 3. Immune defense of conductive system - MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE 4. Immune defense of transitional system - CLARA CELLS 5. Immune defense of gas-exchange system - INTRAVASCULAR PULMONARY MACROPHAGES 6. Trapping of particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages - DEPOSITION 7. Removal of trapped particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages - CLEARANCE 8. Difference between the deposited and trapped particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages - RETENTION 9. Dorsal, lateral and ventral boundaries of nasal cavity - NASAL BONE, PREMAXILLA MAXILLA, AND PALATINE 10. Rostral and caudal boundaries of nasal cavity - NOSTRIL AND POSTERIOR NARES OR CHOANAE 11. Apertures of pharynx - NASOPHARYNX, OROPHARYNX, AND LARYNGOPHARYNX 12. Meatuses/ air spaces in the nasal cavity - SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, INFERIOR, AND COMMON NASAL MEATUSES 13. Separates the nasal cavity into left and right - NASAL SEPTUM 14. Common passageway for digestive and respiratory tracts - PHARYNGEAL PROPER 15. Voicebox - LARYNX 16. Slit-like opening at the proximal aspect of larynx bounded on either side by vocal cords - RIMA GLOTTIS 17. Aspiration pneumonia - PREVENTED BY EPIGLOTTIS AS IT COVERS RIMA GLOTTIS WHILE SWALLOWING 18. Windpipe - TRACHEA 19. Concentric layers of trachea - FASCIA PROPRIA, CARTILAGINOUS RING ,FIBROELASTIC LAYER, MUSCULAR LAYER, MUCUS MEMBRANE LAYER (outer to inner) 20. Cartilage type in tracheal rings - HYALINE CARTILAGE 21. Point of tracheal bifurcation - CARINA 22. Branches of bronchi - LEFT AND RIGHT PULMONARY BRONCHI, SECONDARY, TERTIARY, BRONCHIOLES, AND PULMONARY ALVEOLI 23. Diffusion - MOVEMENT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE EXCHANGE FROM GREATER TO LESSER CONCENTRATION IN PULMONARY ALVEOLI 24. Phonation - VOICE PRODUCTION OF LARYNX 25. Olfaction - FUNCTION OF CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS OF NASAL EPITHELIUM 26. Chemoreceptive cells of nasal epithelium - SENDS SIGNAL TO THE BRAIN VIA OLFACTORY NEVE 27. Olfactory nerve - CN1 28. Pointed and wide portion of the lungs - APEX AND BASE 29. Borders of lungs - DORSAL AND VENTRAL 30. Extra lobe of the right lung - INTERMEDIATE OR ACCESSORY LOBE 31. Lobes of the right lung - APICAL, CARDIAC, DIAPHRAGMATIC, & ACCESSORY 32. Lobes of left lung - APICAL, CARDIAC, & DIAPHRAGMATIC 33. Surfaces of the lung - COSTAL, MEDIASTINAL, INTERLOBAR, & DIAPHRAGMATIC 34. Diaphragm - BROAD UNPAIRED MUSCLE THAT SEPARATES THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL CAVITY; ORGAN OF RESPIRATION 35. Parts of the diaphragm - COSTAL, STERNAL, & LUMBAR PARS COSTALIS, PARS STERNALIS, & PARS LUMBALIS 36. Hiatuses of the diaphragm - HIATUS VENA CAVA, HIATUS AORTICUS, HIATUS ESOPHAGI 37. Structure passing thru hiatus vena cava (1) - CAUDAL VENA CAVA 38. Structures passing thru hiatus aorticus (3) - AORTA, VENA AZYGOS, CISTERNA CHYLI 39. Structures passing thru hiatus esophagi (3) - ESOPHAGUS, VAGUS NERVE, ESOPHAGEAL BRANCH OF GASTRIC ARTERY 40. Regions/ segments of mediastinum - PRE CARDIAL, CARDIA, POST CARDIAL 41. Structures that pass thru mediastinum - HEART, THYMUS, TRACHEA, ESOPHAGUS, BLOOD VESSELS, AORTA, VENA CAVA, SYMPATHETIC, AND VAGUS NERVE 42. Mediastinum – POTENTIAL SPACE IN BETWEEN LUNGS 43. Serous lining of thorax (and abdomen) - PLEURA AND PERITONEUM 44. Turbinates in the nasal cavity - ETHMOTURBINATE (DORSAL/ SUPERIOR NASAL CONCHAE) AND MAXILLOTURBINATE (VENTRAL/INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE) 45. Organ which regulates air volume in respiration - LARYNX 46. Organ which prevents aspiration of foreign bodies - LARYNX 47. Paired laryngeal cartilages - ARYTENOIDS, CORNICULATES, CUNEIFORMS 48. Unpaired laryngeal cartilages - CRICOID, EPIGLOTTIC, AND THYROID 49. Entrance of pharyngeal aperture, bounded in front by epiglottis, behind by arytenoids, and laterally by ary-epiglottic folds - ADITUS 50. Bounded laterally by ventricular folds, and has lateral ventricle which leads into laryngeal saccule - VESTIBULE 51. Part of larynx continuous with trachea - POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT 52. Extrinsic muscles of larynx - STERNO THYRO HYOID, THYRO HYOID, HYOEPIGLOTTIC 53. Laryngeal muscle which tenses the vocal cords - CRICO THYROID 54. Laryngeal muscle which dilates the rima - DORSAL CRICOARYTENOID 55. Laryngeal muscle which closes the rima - LATERAL CRICO ARYTENOID 56. Laryngeal muscle which assists in closing the rima - TRANSVERSE ARYTENOID 57. Laryngeal muscle which closes the rima and loosens vocal cord - VENTRICULAR AND VOCAL 58. Structures which enter/ leave the lungs at hilus - BRONCHUS, PULMONARY ARTERY AND VEIN, BRONCHIAL ARTERY, PULMONARY NERVE AND LYMPH VESSEL 59. Types of lungs and sample animals - TYPE 1; HAS WELL DEVELOPED SECONDARY LOBULES (CATTLE, SHEEP, GOAT, PIG), TYPE 2; NO SECONDARY LOBULES (MONKEY, DOG, CAT), TYPE 3; INCOMPLETE DEVELOPED SECONDARY LOBULES (HORSE) 60. Characteristics of fetal lung: SMALLER, PALE GRAY , SINK IN WATER, FIRMER DOES NOT CREPITATE 61. Characteristics of normal lung: SOFT AND SPONGY, CREPITATES WHEN PRESSED, BRIGHT PINK IN COLOR, FLOATS IN WATER. 62. Characteristics of lungs in cattle, ox, sheep, pig and dog - OX/ SHEEP: DIVIDED INTO LOBES BY DEEP FISSURE PIG: SAME AS OX BUT LEFT LUNG IS REGARDED AS HAVING ONLY TWO LOBES DOG: RIGHT IS LARGER THAN LEFT; DIVIDED INTO FOUR LOBE BY VERY DEEP FISSURE HORSE: NO DEEP FISSURE. RIGHT LUNG HAS INTERMEDIATE LOBE 63. Lines of reflections of parietal pleura, and descriptions VERTEBRAL PARIETAL PLEURA (FACES THORACIC VERTEBRA): COSTAL PARIETAL PLEURA TURNS VENTRALLY TO BECOME MEDIASTINAL PLEURA STERNAL PARIETAL PLEURA (FACES STERNUM): COSTAL TURN DORSALLY TO BECOME MEDIASTINAL PLEURA, DIAPHRAGMATIC PARIETAL PLEURA (FACES DIAPHRAGM): PARIETAL IS REFLECTED INTO THE DIAPHRAGM 64. Part of diaphragm, and descriptions - (1) PARS COSTALIS - near the ribs (at cartilages of ribs 8, 9, 10) (2) PARS STERNALIS - nearest to sternum (upper part of xiphoid) (3) PARS LUMBALIS - ventral to lumbar vertebrae (right crus, 1st to 5th lumbar vertebrae; left crus, 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae)