COMPANA Parade of the Fishes PDF

COMPANA S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 | KARDONG 2019 WEEK 1: FISH – WEEK 3 – Class Aves 1.0 PARADE OF THE FISHES IN TIME...

COMPANA S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 | KARDONG 2019 WEEK 1: FISH – WEEK 3 – Class Aves 1.0 PARADE OF THE FISHES IN TIME AND Class Mammalia TAXA PART 1 1.4 CLADISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHORDATES 1.1 LECTURE OUTLINE Some traditional taxa are no longer used I. Fishes A. Superclass Agnatha B. Class Placodermi placoderms bony fishes C. Class Acanthodii D. Class Chondrichthyes E. Class Actinopterygi F. Class Sarcopterygi sawedeaginous 1.2 PHYLOGENETIC HISTORY OF CRANIATES criteria allowed classify as five common to phylum chordata 1.5 FISH used aquatic animals o "Fish" has many usages extending beyond what are actually considered fishes today (e.g., starfish, etc.) G echinoderm increase in common ancedor A modern fish -S ○ GAquatic vertebrate with gills, limbs (if present) in the form of fins, and Sudden increase 2 in forsil evidence usually with a skin covered in scales at the layer of of dermal origin not all descendants are cambrian 1.3 TRADITIONAL TAXONOMY OF LIVING - period included in this CHORDATES Do not form a monophyletic group posses vertebral column classification ○ In an evolutionary sense, can be Phylum Chordata A not form vertebra defined as all vertebrates that are not ○ Subphylum Vertebrata & Jawless fishes tetrapods Superclass Agnatha ○ Common ancestor of fishes is also an Class Myxini ancestor of land vertebrates grouping of fishes not Class monophyletic Cephalaspidomorphi jawed Pure cladistics would make land vertebrates Superclass Gnathostomata ↑ fishes "fish"- a nontraditional and awkward usage Class Chondrichthyes Class Actinopterygii fishes The grouping of fishes is not monophyletic actually excluding all the teresstrial animals Class Sarcopterygi Class Amphibia form this goruping Class Reptilia jparapuletic PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KARDONG 2019 COMPANA SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 1 descendants remove  COMPANA S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 | KARDONG 2019 WEEK 1: FISH phagfishes Class Myxini 1.6 CLADOGRAM OF FISHES Class Cephalaspidomorphi Order > - lamprey Petromyzontiformes Order --c Cephalaspidiformest Order Anaspidiformest 2.2 OSTRACODERMST - common ancestor of AGNATHA Earliest known vertebrate fossils Armored jawless fishes that are small and lacked paired fins Bottom-dwelling organisms from the Late Cambrian ○ Sucked up organic material from the sediment like vacuum cleaners 2.0 FISHES: SUPERCLASS AGNATHA Extinct by the Devonian ○ Could not compete with otherjawed = Jawless Fishes fishes Includes the extinct heavily armored ○ Because the jawed fishes or ostracoderms (common ancestor) and the gnathostomes started to evolved this living hagfishes and lampreys fishes have better way in getting food All other craniates are gnathostomes and compete successfully Do not possess jaw Cannot grasp their food, they have to sucker like apparatus to get their food With the lack of jaw this limits food option and this makes them quite small They also lack paired fins, not very active their movement 2.1 TAXONOMY OF SUPERCLASS AGNATHA & most are Subphylum Vertebrata extinct ○ Superclass Agnatha - Class Pteraspidomorphit Order 530-million-year-old fossils were discovered in Pteraspidiformest the Chengjiang (china) deposits belonging to Order fishlike vertebrates Thelodontiformes+ ○ Myllokunmingia Order Galeaspidiformest ○ Haikovichthys E PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KARDONG 2019 COMPANA SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 2  COMPANA S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 | KARDONG 2019 WEEK 1: FISH These fossils push back the origin of ○ Nearly blind and locate food by an vertebrates to at least the Early Cambrian acute sense of smell and touch period Show many vertebrate characteristics Circulatory system includes three accessory including a heart, paired eyes, otic capsules hearts in addition to a heart behind gills and rudimentary vertebrae Hagfishes do not have solid vertebra their notochord persist up to adulthood this allows them to be flexible 2.3 LIVING AGNATHANS 2.5 CLASS CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI LAMPREYS All lampreys in Northern Hemisphere belong to Include hagfishes (Class Myxini) and lampreys no the family Petromyzontidae (Class Cephalaspidomorphi) narsolid but erfebra Marine lamprey Petromyzon marinus occurs Members of both groups lacks jaws, internal on Atlantic coastlines and grows to a length of ossification, scales or paired fins one meter Both groups share porelike gill openings and Half of species belong to nonparasitic an eel-like body * water exit brook-dwelling species (they attract t or prey - other animal) Recent molecular analysis shows lampreys - and hagfishes forming a monophyletic unit 2.4 CLASS MYXINI HAGFISHES live Entirely marine (salt-water marine) Nutrition and feeding (wor, like vacuum cleaner) ○ Scavengers and predators of annelids, molluscs, dead or drying fishes, etc. ○ Enters dead or dying animal through mouth - orifice or by digging inside using keratinized plates or tongue PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KARDONG 2019 COMPANA SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 3  COMPANA S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 | KARDONG 2019 WEEK 1: FISH the anticoagulant infuse by the lamprey Notochord that commence from the midbrain cause them and continues to the end of the body (no to bleed vertebral column) out Dorsal hollow nerve cord develops as of the amphioxus but with a tripartite brain Seven pair of gill slits open to the exterior for respiration 2.6 AMMOCOETES LARVA larval form of 2.7 PARASITIC MARINE LAMPREYS a lamprey Eggs hatch in two weeks into ammocoetes Migrate to the sea (catadromous life cycle) larvae ○ Fish born in salt water migrate to fresh Lives first on yolk supply and drifts water as juvenile back to ocean downstream to burrow into sandy areas to spawn Suspension-feeder until it metamorphoses Attach to a fish by a sucker-like mouth into an adult ○ Sharp teeth rasp through flesh as they ○ Eruption of eyes suck fluids ○ Keratinized teeth replacing the hood - ○ Inject anticoagulant into a wound ○ Enlargement of fins ○ Maturation of gonads When engorged, lamprey drops off but wound ○ Modification of gill openings may be fatal to fish to freshwater marine Parasitic Freshwater Lampreys freshwater to marine Adults live 1 - 2 years before spawning and dying salmon Anadromous forms live 2 - 3 years fish born freshwater 2.8 NON-PARASITIC LAMPREY Do not feed ○ Digestive tract degenerates as an adult ○ Once their undergo metamorphosis to become adult form, they have enough nutrients in their body so that they can spawn, after spawning just like salmon they will die They spawn and die main in life is to purpose reproduce Juvenile stage five characteristic PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KARDONG 2019 COMPANA SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 4  COMPANA S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 | KARDONG 2019 WEEK 1: FISH 4.0 FISHES: CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES About 970 living species Smaller and more ancient group some Well-developed sense organs, powerful jaws, and predaceous habits helped them survive They only have cartilage not mineralize True bone is completely absent throughout bowls the class mineralization have some Phosphatized mineral tissues retained in teeth, scales, and spines 4.1 TAXONOMY OF CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES 3.0 FISHES: CLASS PLACODERMI Class Chondrichthyes ○ Subclass Elasmobranchii 3.1 GNATHOSTOMES Order Cladoselachiformes † Order Squaliformes Development of jaws in primitive fishes Order Rajiformes Derived from the pharyngeal arches for Order Carcharhiniformes prey-grasping and biting Order Lamniformes Possess two paired fins or Order Myliobatiformes Enjoyed more active life Y balance and 9 other extant taxonomic Orders 3.2 CLASS PLACODERMI: PLACODERMST ○ Subclass Holocephali Already extinct but Present during the 4.2 REPRESENTATIVES OF CLASS Paleozoic CHONDRICHTHYES scientific name Represent the sister group to chondrichthyes w/ common name (cartilaginous fishes) and telosts (bony fishes) which evolved from ostracoderms Had paired pectoral and pelvic fins allow them to mannever in water = PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KARDONG 2019 COMPANA SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 5  COMPANA S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 | KARDONG 2019 WEEK 1: FISH 4.3 SUBCLASS ELASMOBRANCII 4.5 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM they have several rows of teeth Order Carcharhiniformes Upper and lower jaws equipped with sharp, ○ contains the coastal tiger shark and triangular teeth that are constantly replaced bull shorks and the hammerhead shark Mouth opens into large pharynx, containing ○ Order Lamniformes ‘contains large, openings to gill slits and spiracles (remnant of - pelagic sharks such as the great white the first gill slit) - shark and mako shark Order Squaliformes Short esophagus runs to stomach ○ contains dogfish sharks liver and pancreas Order Rajiformes odischarge into short, straight intestine ○ contain skates Order Myliobatiformes Spiral valve in intestine slows passage of food ○ contains several groups of rays and increases absorptive area this allow more (stingrays, manta rays, etc.) time for absorption 4.6 SENSE ORGANS of nutrients 4.4 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Lateral eyes are lidless Body is fusiform longer Paired nostrils are associated with olfaction Tough, leathery skin with placoid scales - dorsal short Prey can also be located from long distances reduce water turbulence - ventral sensing low frequency vibrations in the lateral An asymmetrical heterocercal tail for thrust line - consists of neuromasts in and lift in water interconnected tubes and pores on side of Vertebral column turns upward and extends body, this allows them to sense vibrations int into dorsal lobe of caudal fin the water ○ THEY DO NOT CLOSE THEIR EYES Fins located Electroreceptors, the- ampullae of Lorenzini, Paired pectoral and pelvic fins head in are located on the shark's head ○ In males, the medial part of the pelvic ○ Electro receptor fin is modified to form a clasper used ○ Sense electrical charges or energy in in copulation the water One or two median dorsal fins; one median caudal fin Sometimes a median anal fin PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KARDONG 2019 COMPANA SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 6  COMPANA S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 | KARDONG 2019 WEEK 1: FISH Respiratory water enters through large spiracles on top of the head then push to the gills & Teeth adapted for crushing prey ○ Molluscs, crustaceans, and sometimes small fish Stingrays - ○ Have whiplike tail with spines and &venom glands could paralyzed Electric rays - ○ Have large electric organs on each side of head electricity not strong 4.9 SUBCLASS HOLOCEPHALI 4.7 REPRODUCTION because there is a Fossil chimaeras ○ First occurred in the Mississippian Fertilization is internal clarper / copulation period, reached a zenith in the In terms of Cretaceous and early Tertiary, and Maternal support of embryo is variable then declined specie gives Oviparous eggs hatch outside the birth to an egg Mouth lacks teeth mother's body ○ Equipped with large flat plates for an hatches outside "Mermaid's purse" capsule - crushing food encasing eggs ○ Upper jaw fused to the cranium - Ovoviviparous ○ Feed on molluscs, echinoderms, the embryo develops within crustaceans, and fish the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk Scales are absent - Viviparous - the embryo develops within similar to the uterus and is nourished 5.0 BONY FISHES through a yolk sac placenta human - from the mother's blood Fishes with bony endoskeletons gave rise to a - clade that contains 96% of living fishes and all living tetrapods 4.8 RAYS they have be cause a flatten ventral 3 features unite bony fishes and tetrapod More than half of elasmobranchs are rays portion descendants Endochondral bone replaces cartilage to Most specialized for benthic life during development-buoyancy mineralize ○ They live in the floor of the ocean or Lung or swim bladder is present - the sea exchanges evolved as an extension of gut Have several cranial and dental Dorsoventrally flattened body and enlarged of gases characters unique to clade pectoral fins used to propel themselves ○ Wings of the ray a motivation of pectoral fin PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KARDONG 2019 COMPANA SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 7  COMPANA S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 | KARDONG 2019 WEEK 1: FISH 6.0 FISHES: ACTINOPTERYGII Ancient and modern bony fishes whose membranous fins are supported by slender fin - rays radiating from basal skeletal elements - within the body wall - fins are not lobed Gill slits are covered by a bony operculum Do not define a natural group and is a term of - Air sac or swim bladder is usually present convenience rather than a valid taxon - Internal nares are lacking Spumping - of water inside G Bony operculum (bone that covers their gills) Paleozoic era, bony dermal armor and scales and branchiostegal rays associate them with were overlain with a form of enamel called acanthodians ganoin Operculum increased respiratory efficiency ○ Helped draw water across gills & Caudal fins are heterocercal like sharks however Both traits have disappeared in more recent ○ Extraction of oxygen by the gills to be modern species more efficient in I species Can be divided into basal group and Neopterygii Gas-filled structure off the esophagus ↳ more moder new species ○ Helped in buoyancy and also in hypoxic waters extracting oxygen ○ In fishes that use these pouches for 6.1 TAXONOMY OF CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII respiration C pouches are called lungs Class ActinopterygiI ○ In fishes that use these pouches for ○ Subclass Chondrostei buoyancy Order Paleonisciformes+ pouches are calledO swim Order Polypteriformes - bladders Order Aceipenseriformes Specialization of jaw musculature improved ○ Subclass Neopterygi feeding Order Lepisosteiformes Order Amiformes By the middle Devonian, bony fishes developed ○ Division Teleostei I traditional or cladistic into 2 major lineages Order Clupeiformes Order Cypriniformes C Ray-finned fishes, class Actinopterygi, Order Anguilliformes radiated to form modern bony fishes Order Gadiformes - Order Perciformes Lobe-finned fishes, class and more than 30 additional extant orders - Sarcopterygii, include lungfishes and the coelacanth class under major bony fishes PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KARDONG 2019 COMPANA SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 8  COMPANA S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 | KARDONG 2019 WEEK 1: FISH 6.2 REPRESENTATIVE OF CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII 6.5 ORDER ACEIPENSERIFORMES: CHONDROSTEONS to freshwaterit water 27 species of freshwater and anadromous i sturgeons and paddlefishes ancient Dam construction, overfishing, and pollution have led to their decline new 6.3 SUBCLASS CHONDROSTEI Retained a heterocercal tail, spiracle and some other plesiomorphic features but have lost the heavy ganoid scales Haye highly modified jaws and jaw-suspension systems Sturgeons and Chinese paddlefish are suction-feeding predators while the North American paddle-fish are pelagic filter-feeders theyothy not on the 6.4 ORDER ACEIPENSERIFORMES: BICHIRS surface 6.6 SUBCLASS NEOPTERYGII of the In the clade Cladista ocean Appeared in late Permian and diversified extensively Have lungs, heavy ganoid scales, and other but a bit during the Mesozoic characteristics similar to the paldeoniscids little deeper 16 species of which all live in the freshwaters 3 surviving early neopterygians are the bowfin, of Africa still but fed gars and Atractosteus penetrasun ○& Gulp air ○ Use the vascularized swim bladder to by &supplement gills One lineage gave rise to the modern bony fishes: Teleost PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KARDONG 2019 COMPANA SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 9  COMPANA S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 | KARDONG 2019 WEEK 1: FISH bonsues 6.9 DIVISION TELEOSTEI Moder fishes Dermal scales have become very thin and flexible Dermal bones of the skull are generally thinner and more numerous that in other bony fishes Jaws and palate have become more independently maneuverable Pelvic fins is more forward 6.7 ORDER LEPISOSTEIFORMES: GARS > - Homocercal tail same length Consists of seven living species of gars restricted to eastern North and Central America Elongate jaws and teeth, thick rhombic scales, posterior placement of anal and dorsal fins Have lurking predatory habits quiet when posterior they swim mudskipper 8 sharksucker Redlion fish 7.0 FISHES: CLASS SACROPTERYGII Ancestor of tetrapods ○ Group tf extinct sarcopterygian fishes called rhipidistians direct ancestor Early sarcopterygians ○ Had lungs, gills, and a heterocercal-type tail 6.8 ORDER AMIIFORMES: BOWFINS ○ During the Paleozoic, tail became a but Consist of the only living North American during &- symmetrical diphycercal tail same ○ Had powerful jaws, heavy, enameled leath ona in lobe Paleozoic bowfin scales, and strong, fleshy, paired lobed middle Inhabit backwaters of rivers and ponds fins Stout-bodied predators with thin, round scales Have an internal nares that open into the and slightly heterocercal tail oropharyngeal cavity Have elongate, bow-shaped dorsal fin Retain a gas-filled air sac help buoyancy Breathe air and can live for long periods of Gill slits are covered by a bony operculum that time out of the water grows caudad from the 2nd pharyngeal arch PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KARDONG 2019 COMPANA SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 10  COMPANA S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 | KARDONG 2019 WEEK 1: FISH The Pre-Devonian ancestors are unknown 7.4 RHIPIDISTIANS 7.1 CLASS SACROPTERYGII Mostly extinct group of lobe-finned bony fishes Skeletal elements of fin lobes corresponds to Two major clades: represented by 8 fish - proximal skeletal elements of early tetrapod species - limbs ○ Actinistia: coelocanths (2 species) Skull was similar with that of early amphibians direct ancestor - ○ Rhipdistia: lungfishes (Dipnoi) (6 Had air sacs that are probably used of tetrapods - species) occasionally as lungs Rhipidistians flourished in late Paleozoic and Most had internal nares then most became extinct ○ Include ancestors of tetrapods ancestor of Jetrapods common older than lungfishes 7.2 TAXONOMY OF CLASS SARCOPTERYGII Class Sarcopterygii ○ Superorder Crossopterygi ○ Superorder Dipnoi 7.3 SUPERORDER CROSSOPTERYGII: 7.5 SUPERORDER DIPNOI:- LUNGFISHES COELACANTH - Australian lungfishes, unlike close relatives, Arose in the Devonian, radiated, reached rely on gill respiration and cannot survive long a peak in the Mesozoic, and dramatically - out of water declined - South American and African lungfish can live Thought to be extinct 70 million years, a - out of water for long periods of time specimen was dredged up in 1938 - More were caught off coast of the Comoro Islands and in Indonesia Living coelacanth is a descendant of Devonian freshwater stock Tail is diphycercal with a small lobe between the upper and lower caudal lobes Young coelacanths born fully formed after hatching from eggs up to 9 cm in diameter can live out of water Diphycercal time for long period of PPT | LECTURE | TEXTBOOK : KARDONG 2019 COMPANA SEM1 REVIEWER PAGE 11