Common Laboratory Tests PDF

COMMON LABORATORY TESTS Melena Black, tarry stool, upper GIT bleeding URINALYSIS...

COMMON LABORATORY TESTS Melena Black, tarry stool, upper GIT bleeding URINALYSIS Hematochezia Normal urine: Red, bloody, lower GIT bleeding Should be sterile Color: pale yellow Fecal Occult blood pH: 4.5 – 8 (generally acidic) Ulcer, colorectal cancer, recurrent abdominal pain, Sp. Gr.: 1.002 – 1.030 alternating diarrhea and constipation 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 ↑𝑆𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 Steatorrhea High sp.gr. means more solute than water and vice versa Fat in stool, no bile acid, malabsorption, defective enzyme, In DM, nephrosis drugs (Orlistat) (High sp.gr. - concentrated urine) In DI HEMATOLOGY (Low sp.gr. - diluted urine) Laboratory test Reference range FBC Hemoglobin 115-165 g/L White Blood Cell (WBC) 4.0-11.0 x 109/L Platelets 150-450 x 109/L Red Blood Cell (RBC) 3.8-4.8 x 1012/L Reticulocytes 50-100 x 109/L Packed Cell Volume (PVC) 0.36-0.46 L/L If your urine matches the colors numbered 1, 2, or 3, you are Mean Cell Volume (MVC) 83.101 FL hydrated. Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH) 27-34 pg Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) 31.5-34.5 g/dL If your urine matches the colors numbered 4 up to 8, you are dehydrated and need to drink more fluid Cell type % Of WBC count Reference range MAIN FUNCTION OF KIDNEYS WBC Neutrophils 40-75% 2.0-7.0 x 109/L Lymphocytes 5-15% 1.5-4.0 x 109/L Monocytes 2-10% 0.2-0.8 x 109/L Basophils 6.1 HCO3- < pCO2 < 4.6 HCO3- > kPa 22 mmol/L kPa 28 mmol/L Module 3 – Clinical Pharmacy Page 11 of 12 RJAV 2022  Components of PN Oral diet Parenteral nutrition source Water Water Protein L-Amino acid mixture Carbohydrates Glucose Fat with essential fatty acid Lipid emulsions with essential fatty acids Vitamins Vitamins Minerals Trace elements Electrolytes Electrolytes Steps in mixing TPN components 1. Glucose to amino acids – press the upper left chamber (glucose) to mix with the lower chamber (amino acids) 2. Add electrolytes and trace elements – add electrolytes & trace elements in port 3. Lipid emulsion – press the upper right chamber (liquid) to mix with lower chamber Nutrients can be introduced in the body by different routes such as enteral and 4. Add vitamins parenteral routes. 5. Mix thoroughly – mix thoroughly then hang it on the drip Combinations of oral diet, enteral feeding and parenteral nutrition, either stand peripherally or centrally, may be appropriate Enteral Nutrition A method of providing nutritional support via tubes inserted into the stomach or small intestine Parenteral Nutrition It is nutritionally balanced aseptically prepared or sterile physiochemically stable solution or emulsion for IV administration It is indicated whenever the GI tract is inaccessible or non- functional or when enteral nutrition is inadequate or unsafe ✓ Solution should be compounded in a pharmacy using a laminar flow ✓ Solution must be infused or discarded within 24hours after hanging ✓ Vitamins are only stable at room temperature for 24hours so they are added to the PN solution at the time of infusion Peripheral/ Partial Parenteral Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) Nutrition (PPN) - A nutritional support that - Supplies all daily nutritional supplies only part of daily requirements and indicated nutritional requirement, oral for long term use (>30 days) intake in a peripheral vein and may be administered for short term nutritional continuously over a 24-hour support (