Common English Course Book PDF

COMMON ENGLISH Author Gencer ELKILIÇ COMMON ENGLISH AUTHOR Gencer ELKILIÇ AUTHOR Assoc.Prof. Dr. Gencer ELKILIÇ Kafkas University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of English Language and Literature, Kars. Editors Assist. Prof.Dr. Kadir BAYRAKÇI Assist. Prof.Dr.Turan Özgür GÜNGÖR İlhami EGE ISBN: 978-975-00350-5-0 Kapak ve Sayfa Tasarım Suat Bingöl Baskı Favori Basım Ltd. Şti. Ünalan Mah. Ayazma Cad. Anzer Sk. No: 12 Üsküdar - İstanbul © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the authors. PREFACE Common English is a course book for EFL students. This book includes structures from elementary level to upper-intermediate one. The purpose of the book is to help the learners to internalize English to develop their academic skills. The book contains extensive exercises to practice the structures that have been taught. Author SEPTEMBER, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT 1 GREETİNGS & NOUNS................................................................................................ 13 EXERCISE 1............................................................................................................................... 13 EXERCISE 2............................................................................................................................... 14 COUNTABLE NOUNS............................................................................................................... 14 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS........................................................................................................... 16 EXERCISE 3............................................................................................................................... 17 Proper Names and Common Names......................................................................................... 17 Collective Nouns.......................................................................................................................... 18 EXERCISE 4............................................................................................................................... 18 EXERCISE 5.............................................................................................................................. 19 EXERCISE 6.............................................................................................................................. 19 UNIT 2 TO BE (PRESENT)........................................................................................................ 21 PERSONAL PRONOUNS........................................................................................................... 21 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 22 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.................................................................................................. 23 WHAT.......................................................................................................................................... 23 WHO............................................................................................................................................ 23 WHERE....................................................................................................................................... 24 WHERE ______ FROM?............................................................................................................. 24 WHAT COLOUR IS THIS?.......................................................................................................... 24 WHAT IS YOR JOB? (WHAT DO YOU DO?).............................................................................. 25 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 25 WHEN.......................................................................................................................................... 26 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 27 HOW............................................................................................................................................ 27 WHICH........................................................................................................................................ 27 WHOSE....................................................................................................................................... 28 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 28 EXERCISE 5............................................................................................................................... 28 NUMBERS................................................................................................................................... 29 UNIT 3 THERE IS – THERE ARE.............................................................................................. 31 HOW MANY?............................................................................................................................. 32 HOW MUCH?............................................................................................................................. 32 EXERCISE 1............................................................................................................................... 32 EXERCISE 2............................................................................................................................... 33 EXERCISE 3............................................................................................................................... 33 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 34 UNIT 4 OBJECT PRONOUNS................................................................................................... 35 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 35 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 36 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 36 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 37 UNIT 5 DEMONSTRATIVES...................................................................................................... 39 THIS – THAT.............................................................................................................................. 39 THESE – THOSE...................................................................................................................... 39 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 40 UNIT 6 HAVE GOT – HAS GOT................................................................................................ 43 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 44 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 44 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 45 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 46 UNIT 7 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES................................... 47 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES....................................................................................................... 47 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 47 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS........................................................................................................ 48 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 49 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 49 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 50 EXERCISE 5.............................................................................................................................. 50 UNIT 8 TO BE PAST................................................................................................................... 51 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 53 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 54 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 54 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 55 UNIT 9 THERE WAS – THERE WERE...................................................................................... 57 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 58 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 59 UNIT 10 QUANTIFIERS............................................................................................................. 61 COUNTABLE NOUNS................................................................................................................. 61 UNCOUNTABLES....................................................................................................................... 61 MANY& MUCH............................................................................................................................ 62 A LOT OF& PLENTY OF............................................................................................................. 62 A FEW& A LITTLE....................................................................................................................... 62 FEW& LITTLE............................................................................................................................. 62 SOME – ANY............................................................................................................................... 63 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 63 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 64 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 64 UNIT 11 ARTICLES.................................................................................................................... 66 THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (a/an).............................................................................................. 65 THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (the).................................................................................................... 65 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 66 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 67 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 67 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 68 UNIT 12 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS........................................................................................... 69 EXERCISE 1............................................................................................................................... 69 EXERCISE 2............................................................................................................................... 70 UNIT 13 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE.............................................................................. 73 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 74 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 75 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 76 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 76 UNIT 14 SOMEBODY&SOMETHING&SOMEWHERE.............................................................. 77 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 77 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 78 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 79 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 80 UNIT 15 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE........................................................................................... 81 EXERCISE 1............................................................................................................................... 82 EXERCISE2............................................................................................................................... 83 UNIT 16 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE......................................................................................... 85 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 87 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 87 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 88 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 89 EXERCISE 5.............................................................................................................................. 90 UNIT 17 PREPOSITIONS.......................................................................................................... 91 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME.......................................................................................................... 91 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE....................................................................................................... 92 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 93 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 93 UNIT 18 SEASONS, MONTHS, AND DAYS............................................................................... 95 AUTUMN( FALL)......................................................................................................................... 95 WINTER...................................................................................................................................... 95 SPRING....................................................................................................................................... 95 SUMMER..................................................................................................................................... 95 DAYS OF THE WEEK................................................................................................................. 96 DIALOGUE.................................................................................................................................. 96 UNIT 19 CAN / COULD.............................................................................................................. 99 CAN............................................................................................................................................. 99 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 100 COULD........................................................................................................................................ 100 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 101 UNIT 20 TO BE GOING TO FUTURE........................................................................................ 103 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 105 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 105 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 106 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 106 EXERCISE 5.............................................................................................................................. 107 UNIT 21 SHOULD / OUGHT TO / SHOULD HAVE / OUGHT HAVE........................................ 109 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 109 SHOULD HAVE+ V3/ OUGHT TO HAVE+V3.............................................................................. 110 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 110 UNIT 22 SIMPLE PAST TENSE................................................................................................ 111 EXERCISE 1............................................................................................................................... 112 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 113 SOME IRREGULAR VERBS....................................................................................................... 114 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 114 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 115 EXERCISE 5............................................................................................................................... 115 EXERCISE 6............................................................................................................................... 116 EXERCISE 7............................................................................................................................... 116 UNIT 23 TELLING THE TIME.................................................................................................... 117 WHAT TIME IS IT?...................................................................................................................... 117 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 119 DAYS OF THE WEEK................................................................................................................. 120 MONTHS OF THE YEAR............................................................................................................ 120 UNIT 24 COMPARATIVES......................................................................................................... 121 EQUALITY.................................................................................................................................. 121 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 121 COMPARATIVE.......................................................................................................................... 121 SUPERLATIVE FORMS.............................................................................................................. 123 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 124 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 124 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 125 UNIT 25 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE..................................................................................... 127 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 128 JUST - ALREADY – YET............................................................................................................ 129 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 130 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 130 HAVE YOU EVER?..................................................................................................................... 131 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 131 IRREGULAR VERBS.................................................................................................................. 132 HOW LOGN?............................................................................................................................... 132 EXERCISE 5.............................................................................................................................. 133 EXERCISE 6.............................................................................................................................. 133 EXERCISE 7.............................................................................................................................. 134 SINCE – FOR............................................................................................................................. 134 EXERCISE 8.............................................................................................................................. 135 EXERCISE 9.............................................................................................................................. 135 TIME EXPRESSIONS................................................................................................................. 136 UNIT 26 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE...................................................................................... 137 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 138 SINCE / FOR............................................................................................................................... 138 EXERCISE 2............................................................................................................................... 139 EXERCISE 3............................................................................................................................... 139 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 140 EXERCISE 5.............................................................................................................................. 141 UNIT 27 OBLIGATION MUST / HAVE TO - HAS TO................................................................ 143 MUST.......................................................................................................................................... 143 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 143 HAVE TO / HAS TO.................................................................................................................... 144 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 144 UNIT 28 PAST PERFECT TENSE............................................................................................. 145 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 146 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 147 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 147 UNIT 29 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.................................................................................... 149 EXERCISE 1............................................................................................................................... 150 EXERCISE 2............................................................................................................................... 150 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 151 UNIT 30 EITHER/NEITHER/NOR.............................................................................................. 153 EITHER....................................................................................................................................... 153 NEITHER / NOR.......................................................................................................................... 153 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 153 EXERCISE 2............................................................................................................................... 154 UNIT 31 PARALLEL STRUCTURES......................................................................................... 155 BOTH.......AND............................................................................................................................ 155.....AS WELL AS.......................................................................................................................... 155 NOT ONLY...........BUT ALSO...... NOT ONLY.....BUT....AS WELL............................................ 156 EITHER......OR............................................................................................................................ 156 NEITHER.....NOR........................................................................................................................ 157 EXERCISE 1............................................................................................................................... 157 EXERCISE 2............................................................................................................................... 158 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 158 UNIT 32 CLAUSES OF REASON............................................................................................. 161 BECAUSE & AS.......................................................................................................................... 161 BECAUSE OF/DUE TO/ AS A RESULT OF................................................................................ 161 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 161 SO / THEREFORE / AS A RESULT............................................................................................. 162 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 162 UNIT 33 CLAUSES OF TIME..................................................................................................... 165 AFTER / BEFORE / UNTIL.......................................................................................................... 165 WHEN / WHILE........................................................................................................................... 165 AS SOON AS/ JUST AS.............................................................................................................. 166 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 166 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 168 UNIT 34 IF CLAUSES................................................................................................................ 169 TYPE 1....................................................................................................................................... 169 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 169 TYPE 2....................................................................................................................................... 170 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 170 TYPE 3....................................................................................................................................... 170 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 171 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 171 EXERCISE 5.............................................................................................................................. 172 IF ONLY / WISH.......................................................................................................................... 172 EXERCISE 6.............................................................................................................................. 173 UNIT 35 CLAUSE OF CONTRAST............................................................................................ 175 ALTHOUGH & EVEN THOUGH.................................................................................................. 175 DESPITE & IN SPITE OF........................................................................................................... 175 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 176 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 176 HOWEVER & BUT.................................................................................................................... 177 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 177 UNIT 36 NOUN CLAUSES........................................................................................................ 179 NOUN CLAUSES WITH “WH-WORDS”..................................................................................... 179 NOUN CLAUSES WITH WH- EVER WORDS............................................................................ 180 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 180 NOUN CLAUSES WITH “THAT”................................................................................................ 181 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 181 NOUN CLAUSES WITH “IF/WHETHER”................................................................................... 182 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 182 UNIT 37 WOULD / WOULD LIKE / WOULD RATHER.............................................................. 183 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 184 UNIT 38 IN ORDER TO / SO AS TO / TO................................................................................... 185 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 185 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 186 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 186 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 187 UNIT 39 TOO – ALSO – SO...................................................................................................... 189 EXERCISE 1............................................................................................................................... 189 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 190 UNIT 40 TOO & ENOUGH.......................................................................................................... 191 TOO............................................................................................................................................. 191 ENOUGH..................................................................................................................................... 191 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 192 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 192 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 193 UNIT 41 RELATIVE CLAUSES................................................................................................. 195 WHO / THAT............................................................................................................................... 195 WHICH / THAT............................................................................................................................ 195 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 196 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 196 Relative Pronoun as the Object of the Relative Clause............................................................... 197 WHOM / THAT............................................................................................................................. 197 WHICH / THAT............................................................................................................................ 197 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 197 Relative Clauses as Possessive Form........................................................................................ 198 WHOSE....................................................................................................................................... 198 OF WHICH.................................................................................................................................. 198 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 199 Defining & Non-Defining Relative Clauses................................................................................. 199 EXERCISE 5............................................................................................................................... 200 EXERCISE 6.............................................................................................................................. 200 UNIT 42 PASSIVE VOICE.......................................................................................................... 201 EXERCISE 1.............................................................................................................................. 202 EXERCISE 2.............................................................................................................................. 203 EXERCISE 3.............................................................................................................................. 203 EXERCISE 4.............................................................................................................................. 204 IRREGULAR VERBS.................................................................................................................. 205 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................... 208 UNIT GREETINGS(Selamlaşma) & NOUNS (İsimler) Greetings (Selamlaşma) ? Hello! /hılıu/ (Merhaba) ? What’s your name? /uats yoo neim/ (Adın/adınız ne?) ? Nice to / Glad to meet you. /nais tı/ gled tı miit yuu / (Tanıştığıma memnun oldum.) Dialogue 1 Emircan: Hello.What’s your name? Ahmet: Hello.My name is Ahmet. And what is your name? Emircan: My name is Emircan. Ahmet: Nice to meet you. Emircan. Emircan: Glad to meet you, too. Ahmet. ? Hi /hai/ (merhaba) ? Where are you from? /uer a yuu fram/ (Nerelisin / Nerelisiniz?) ? Me, too /mii tuu/ (ben de) Dialogue 2 Hilal: Hi! What’s your name? Kübra: Kübra. And what’s your name? Hilal: My name is Hilal. Nice to meet you, Kübra. Kübra: Nice to meet you Hilal. Hilal: Where are you from, Kübra? Kübra: I’m form Ardahan and you? Hilal: Me, too. Exercise 1 Aşağıdaki diyalogu tamamlayıp, sözlü olarak 3 arkadaşınızla pratik yapınız. You: ____! My name is __________ Common English 13 Your friend :_____________ You: _______________ Your friend: ___________ Exercise 2 Aşağıdaki diyalogu tamamlayıp, sözlü olarak 3 arkadaşınızla pratik yapınız. You: Hello (Hi)! Where are you from? Your friend: _____________ You: _______________ Your friend: ___________ * What’s your job? /uatz yoo cab/ & What do you do? /uat du yuu du/ (Ne iş yapıyorsunuz?) Exercise: 1. A: What’s your job? B: I’m a teacher. /aym e tiiçı/ 2. A: What’s your job? B: I’m a student. /aym e styuudınt/ 3. A: What do you do? B: I’m a nurse. /nöös/ 4. A: What do you do? B: I’m a doctor. /daktı/ 5. A: What is your father’s job? B: He is a worker./wöökı/ Countable Nouns ? Sayılabilen isimler (countable nouns) tek tek sayabildiğimiz isimlerdir. Bu isimleri tekil ve çoğul olarak kullanmak mümkündür. Tekil isimlerden önce “a/an” veya “one” yazılırken, çoğul isimlerin sonuna “–s”,”-es”, veya “-ies” eklenir. EXAMPLES one book (bir kitap) /............a book (herhangi bir kitap) books (kitaplar) /buks/ one chair (bir sandalye) /.....a chair chairs /çeiiz/ 14 Common English one car (bir araba) /............ a car cars /kaaz/ one bird (bir kuş) /............... a bird birds /böödz/ one baby (bir bebek) /......... a baby babies /beibiiz/ one box (bir kutu) /............. a box boxes /baksıs/ Eğer kelimenin ilk harfi ünlü bir ses ile telafuz ediliyorsa o isimden önce “an”, ünsüz bir ses ile telafüz ediliyorsa “a” gelir. EXAMPLES a unity/e yunit/..................... an elephant /en elefınt/ a shelf /e şelf/ an hour / an au/................... an ant/enent/ a cat /e ket/ Çoğul isimlerin sonu -s, -ss, -z, -x, -ch, yada -sh, harfleri ile bitiyorsa bu kelime- lerden sonra “–es” retirilir. EXAMPLES a brush............................... brushes /braşız/ two brushes a watch............................... watches /uoçız/ three watches a fox....................................foxes /faksız/ a few boxes a boss.................................bosses /bosız/ many bosses “–y” harfi ile bitten kelimelerde “y”den once ünsüz bir harf ise, ” –y” kaldırılarak “ –ies” getirilir EXAMPLES A baby (bir bebek)................babies two babies Sonu “–o” ile bitten kelimelerde çoğul “–s” veya “–es” ile yapılır. EXAMPLES a tomato /e tımato/............. tomatoes two tomatoes a potato /e pıteito/............... potatoes a few potatoes a zoo /e zuu/........................zoos many zoos “-f”, yada ” –fe” ile biten kelimelerin sonlarındaki “–f /–fe “ atılarak “–ves” ile çoğul hale getirilir. Common English 15 a leaf (bir yapra) /e liif/................ leaves many leaves a wife (bir eş-karı) /e uayf/.......... wives two wives a wolf (bir kurt)/ /e uolf/............... wolves some wolves Bazı isimler düzensizdir (irregular nouns). Bu nedenle çoğul halleri yukarıda bahsedilen kurallara uymaz. a child /e çaild/........................... children /çıldrın/ two children a deer /e dii/............................... deer /dii/ three deer a die /e dai/................................. dice /dais/ some dice a foot /e fuut/.............................. feet /fiit/ four feet a goose /e guus/......................... geese /giis/ many geese a man /e mæn/........................... men /men/ a lot of men a mouse /e maus/....................... mice /mais/ five mice a sheep /e şiip/............................sheep /şiip/ many sheep a tooth /e tuuÐ/......................... teeth /tiiÐ/ some teeth a woman /e wumın/.....................women /wimin/ some women Uncountable Nouns ? Sayılamayan isimler (uncountable nouns) teker teker sayamadığımız isimlerdir. Bu tür isimler “a/an, one” ile kullanılmadıkları gibi, çoğul da yapılamazlar. EXAMPLES bread /bred/ juce/ cuus/ Advice /ıdvais/ (öğüt, nasihat) Mail /meil/(posta) Furniture /föniçı/ (mobilya) Money /mani/ (para) Help (yardım) Music /miyuzik/ (müzik) Homework /homwöök/ (ev ödevi) Peace /piis/(barış) Information /ınfımeişın/ (bilgi) Traffic /trefik/(trafik) Jewellery /cuilriy/ (mücevher) Weather /weðı/ (hava) Luck /lak/ (Şans) Work /wöök/ (iş) Cheese /çiiz/ (peynir) Rice /rais/ (pirinç, pilav) Coffee /kafii/ Tea /tii/ (çay) Food /fuud/ (yiyecek, yemek) Soup/suup/ (çorba) Fruit /fruut/ (meyve) Sugar /şuugı/ (şeker) Meat /miit/ (et) Water /uotı/(su) Milk (süt) Butter /batı/ (tere yağı) 16 Common English Exercise 3 Write ‘C for countable, ‘U’ for uncountable (sayılabilir ismin önüne C, sayılamazın ise UC yazınız. You: Hello (Hi)! Where are you from? Your friend: _____________ You: _______________ Your friend: ___________ boy___ eraser (silgi)______ spoon(kaşık) ______ computer (bilgisayar) ______ water ______ orange juice_____ ball ______ cheese (beyaz peynir)______ pencil______ eye(göz) ______ oil (sıvı yağ) ______ house(ev)______ butter (tereyağı) ______ bread (ekmek)______ knife (bıçak)_____ advice (öğüt)____ news (haber) ______ sugar (şeker) ______ meat (et)______ fridge (buz dolabı)_____ nose(burun) ______ snow (kar)________ Proper Names and Common Names (Özel isimler ve Cins İsimler) ? Özel isimler (proper names) insanlara, yerlere, yada bazı özel şeylere verdiğimiz isimlerdir. EXAMPLES Mustafa Kafkas University Ardahan Turkey Turkey Fatma Van Lake İstanbul Cins isimler (common nouns) günlük yaşamımızda etrafımızda gördüğümüz, duyduğumuz yada dokunduğumuz şeylere verilen isimlerdir. Özel bir kişiye, yere, eşyaya yada fikre ait değillerdir. EXAMPLES a fork fruit juice a car a computer Common English 17 Soyut isimler (abstract nouns)göremediğimiz, ya da dokunamadığımız ve fiziksel olarak mevcut olmayan nesnelere verilen isimlerdir. EXAMPLES love (sevgi) tiredness (yorgunluk) knowledge (bilgi) sorrow (üzüntü) hatred (nefret) goodness (iyilik) Collective Nouns (Topluluk İsmi) ? Topluluk İsimleri bir grup eşya, insan, ya da hayvana verilen isimlerdir. EXAMPLES crowd (kalabalık) group(grup) army (ordu) class (sınıf) audience (dinleyici) family (aile) Exercise 4 Aşağıda verilen isimlerin cins olanlara “collective noun”(CN), özel olanlara “proper noun”(PN) yazınız. 1. dog............................ 2. Çanakkale.......................... 3. hands...................... 4. boy........................... 5. umbrella.................... 6. Çıldır Lake.................. 7. apples.............. 8. water.......................... 9. Murat........................ 10. a man.................. 18 Common English Exercise 5 Aşağıda verilen isimlerin cins olanlara “collective noun”(CN), özel olanlara “proper noun”(PN) yazınız. Singular Plural books o o tiredness o o news o o women o o mathematics o o girls o o wives o o sun o o teeth o o face o o Exercise 6 Aşağıdaki parçada geçen isimleri bularak sayılabilir, sayılamaz , tekil veya çoğul olduğunu belirtiniz. One fine evening a young princess put on her bonnet and clogs, and went out to take a walk by herself in a wood; and when she came to a cool spring of water with a rose in the middle of it, she sat herself down to rest a while. Now she had a golden ball in her hand, which was her favourite plaything; and she was always tossing it up into the air, and catching it again as it fell. After a time she threw it up so high that she missed catching it as it fell; and the ball bounded away, and rolled along on the ground, until at last it fell down into the spring. The princess looked into the spring after her ball, but it was very deep, so deep that she could not see the bottom of it. She began to cry, and said, ‘Alas! if I could only get my ball again, I would give all my fine clothes and jewels, and everything that I have in the world.’ Whilst she was speaking, a frog put its head out of the water, and said, ‘Princess, why do you weep so bitterly?’ ‘Alas!’ said she, ‘what can you do for me, you nasty frog? My golden ball has fallen into the spring.’ The frog said, ‘I do not want your pearls, and jewels, and fine clothes; but if you will love me, and let me live with you and eat from off your golden plate, and sleep on your bed, I will bring you your ball again.’ ‘What nonsense,’ thought the princess, ‘this silly frog is talking! He can never even get out of the spring to visit me, though he may be able to get my ball for me, and therefore I will tell him he shall have what he asks.’ Common English 19 evening (countable/singular)............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Common English UNIT TO BE (PRESENT) (Olmak Fiili - Şimdiki Zaman) DIALOGUE Murat : Hello, my name is Murat. Fatih : Nice to meet you Murat. I em Fatih. Murat : Where are you from Fatih? Fatih : I am from Ardahan. Where are you from? Murat : I am from Erzurum. PERSONAL PRONOUNS (Şahıs Zamirleri) Pronoun Okunuşu Anlamı I /ai/ Ben You / yu:/ Siz, sen He /hi:/ O (erkekler için) She /şi:/ O (bayanlar için) It /it/ O (cansız varlıklar ve hayvanlar için) We /ui/ Biz You /yu:/ Sizler They /ðei/ Onlar Olmak ( to be) fiilini isim (noun), sıfat (adjective) veya yer zarfı (adverb of place) takip eder. Affirmative Negative Form Question Form (Olumlu Düz Cümle) (Olumsuz Şekli) (Soru Şekli) I am a doctor. I am not a doctor. Am I a doctor? He is a teacher. He isn’t a teacher. Is he a teacher? She is a nurse. She isn’t a nurse. Is she a nurse? It is a bird. It isn’t a bird. Is it a bird? We are students. We aren’t students. Are we students? You are drivers. You aren’t drivers. Are you drivers? They are farmers. They aren’t farmers. Are they farmers? Common English 21 EXAMPLES 1. The cats are on the roof now.(Kediler şimdi çatıdadır--on the roof, yer zarfı) 2. The children are from Kars. 3. Ali and fatma are happy.(happy, sıfat) 4. My brother isn’t tired. 5. Murat is a student at Kafkas University. 6. Şahin isn’t a teacher.(a teacher, isim) 7. English and French aren’t difficult; they are easy. 8. Are these cars fast or slow? 9. İstanbul is the most crowded city in Turkey. 10. Hasan and Hüseyin are students. 11. She is not from Sinop. 12. Is Holand in Asia? Exercise 1 Aşağıdaki boşlukları am, is veya are ile doldurunuz EXAMPLES Candan.......................... a student. Candan is a student. 1. It.......................... a sheep. 2. They.......................... policemen. 3. Murat.......................... lawyer. 4........................... he a teacher? 5. I.......................... not a student. I.......................... worker. 6. You.......................... nurses. 7........................... she a cook? 8........................... they from Ağrı? 9. The book.......................... very cheap. 10........................... the questions easy? 22 Common English INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS (Soru Zamirleri) WHAT /uat/? (NE?) ? Nesnelerle ilgili soru sorulduğunda “What” (Ne?) soru zamiri kullanılır. 1. What is that? 2. What are these? It is a horse. They are birds. 3. What are they? 4. What is this? They are books. It is a jug. WHO /hu:/? KİM? ? Kişilerle ilgili soru sorulduğunda “Who” (kim?) soru zamiri kullanılır. EXAMPLES 1. Who is that? She is Açelya. 2. Who is that boy? That boy is my friend, Hakan. 3. Who are these children? They are students. 4. Who are those people? They are teachers. 5. Who is that? That is Hasan. He is a bus driver. Common English 23 WHERE /uer/ ? (NEREDE?) ? Yerlerle ilgili soru sorulduğunda “Where” (nerede, nereye?) soru zamiri kullanılır. 1. Where are the roses? 2. Where is the girl? They are in the vase. She is on the books. The roses are in the vase. The girl is on the books. WHERE ______ FROM? /uer aa yuu fram?/ 1. Where are you from? I am from Japan. I am Japanese. 2. Where is Jacques from? He is from France. He is French. 3. Where is Jane from? She is from USA. She is American. WHAT COLOUR IS THIS? /uat kalı iz ðis?/ Yellow /yeloo/ sarı Brown /broon/ kahve rengi Red /red/ kırmızı Blue /bluu/ mavi Black /blek/ siyah White /uait/ beyaz Green /griin/ yeşil Pink /pink/ pembe Purple /pööpıl/ mor Orange /orınc/ turuncu 1. What colour is snow?It is white. 2. What colour are her shoes?They are red. 3. What colour are your eyes?They are blue. 24 Common English 4. What colour is your hair? It is brown. 5. What colour is his car? It is black. 6. What colour is her skirt? It is pink. WHAT IS YOUR JOB? (WHAT DO YOU DO?) /Uats yoo cab?/ uat du yuu du? DIALOGUE 1 Mr. Güneş: Good evening, Mr. Güven. Mr. Güven: Good evening, Mr. Güneş. How are you? Mr. Güneş: Fine, thanks. And you? Mr. Güven: Very well, thank you. Mr. Güneş: Who is he? Is he your friend? Mr. Güven: No, he is not. He is my brother. Mr. Güneş: What is your brother’s job? Mr. Güven: He is a dentist. Exercise 2 Aşağıdaki resimlere göre verilen sorulara ve yanıtlara bakarak; benzer soru sorarak yanıt veriniz. 1. What is his job? 2. What is his job? He is a mechanic. He is a pilot. Common English 25 3. What is her job? 4. What is his job? She is a nurse. He is a taxi driver 5................................................. 6................................................................................................................................................. WHEN /uen/? (NE ZAMAN?) ? Zamanla ilgili soru sorulduğunda “When” soru zamiri kullanılır. EXAMPLES 1. When is the dinner ready? It is ready now. 2. When are you at home?I’m at home at ten o’clock. 3. When are they in Kars? They are in Kars today. 4. When is it rainy?It is rainy in spring. Hello! My name is Murat. I’m from Kars. I’m twenty years old. My favourite sports team is Fenerbahçe. My favourite sport is basketball. My favourite lessons are physical education and English language. 26 Common English Exercise 3 Aşağıdaki tabloyu doldurunuz. Your 1. Your Friend’s 2. Your Friend’s First Name: First Name: First Name: Surname: Surname: Surname: Favourite sport: Favourite sport: Favourite sport: Favourite sport’s team: Favourite sports team: Favourite sport’s team: Age: Age: Age: HOW /hau/? (NASIL?) ? Bir kişi veya olayın durumuyla ilgili sorulduğunda “How” (nasıl) soru zamiri kullanılır. EXAMPLES 1.A: How is your father? (Babanız nasıl? B: He is very well.Thank you (Çok iyi. Teşekkürler.) 2. A: How is her uncle ? B: He is not too bad. 3. A: How are the questions? B: They are too difficult. 4. A: How old is she ? B: She is 10 years old. WHICH /uiç/? (HANGİ) ? Seçenek durumunda “Which” soru zamiri kullanılır. EXAMPLES 1. Which house is yours ? (Hangi ev sizinki?) 2. Which book is boring? 3. Which table is clean? 4. Which cats are hungry? Common English 27 WHOSE /hu:z/? (KİMİN?) EXAMPLES 1. Whose son is a soldier? (Kimin oğlu asker?) 2. Whose picture is this? (bu kimin resmi?) 3. Whose shoes are they? (Onlar kimin ayakkabıları?) 4. Whose keys are they? (Onlar kimin anahtarları?) Exercise 4 Aşağıdaki Cümleleri örnekte olduğu gibi “to be”nin olumlu veya olumsuz şekliyle tamamlayınız. EXAMPLES The man................................... a fireman. The man is not a fireman. 1. Erzurum................................... a cold city. 2. Siirt................................... a crowded city. 3. English................................... a rude language. 4. Kafkas University................................... in Van. 5. Paris................................... a country. 6. Tiblisi................................... in Georgia. 7. Alparslan University................................... in Muş. 8. Murat................................... from Japan. 9. Mertcan................................... from Turkey. 10. Mount Ilgar................................... in Ardahan Exercise 5 Complete the questions with What, Where, Who or How as in the example. (Soruları örnekte olduğu gibi “What, Where, Who veya How ile tamamlayınız.) EXAMPLES.................... is the teacher? Where is the teacher? 1..................... is your name? 2..................... is in the garden? 3..................... are your pencils? 28 Common English 4..................... are you? 5..................... is my mobile phone? 6..................... is your English teacher? NUMBERS NUMBERS NUMBERS Ordinal Numbers Cardinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers Cardinal Numbers 0 zero /zirou/ 16 Sixteen /sikstiin/ the sixteenth 1 One/Uan/ the first 17 Seventeen /sevıntiin/ the seventeenth 2 Two /tuu/ the second 18 Eighteen /eitiin/ the eighteenth 3 Three / the third 19 Nineteen /naintiin/ the nineteenth 4 Four /foo/ the fourth 20 Twenty /tıwenti/ the twentieth 5 Five /faiv/ the fifth 6 Six /siks/ the sixth 30 Thirty /Ðöörti/ the thirtieth 7 Seven /sevın/ the seventh 40 Forty /foti/ the fortieth 8 Eight /eit/ the eighth 50 Fifty /fifti/ the fiftieth 9 Nine /nain/ the ninth 60 Sixty /siksti/ the sixtieth 10 Ten /ten/ the tenth 70 Seventy/sevınti/ the seventieth 11 Eleven /ılevın/ the eleventh 80 Eighty /eiti/ the eightieth 12 Twelve /tıwelv/ the twelfth 90 Ninety /ninti/ the ninetieth 13 Thirteen /Ðöötiin/ the thirteenth 100 One hundred /uan handrid/ one hundredth 14 Fourteen /fotiin/ the fourteenth 1000 One thousand /uan Ðauzınd/ one thousandth 15 Fifteen /fiftiin/ the fifteenth 1000000 One million /uan milyın/ one millionth EXAMPLES 24............... twenty-four 36............... thirty-six 69............... sixty-nine 134............. one hundred thirty four 345............. three hundred forty five 678............. six hundred seventy eight 1387........... one thousand three hundred eighty seven 2645........... two thousand six hundred forty five 11879.......... eleven thousand eight hundred seventy nine 112345........ one hundred twelve thousand three hundred forty five 1568346..... one million five hundred sixty eight thousand three hundred forty six. Common English 29 Telling the dates 29 October 1923.............. October the twenty-ninth nineteen twenty-three 19 May 1919.................... May the nineteenth nineteen nineteen 23 April 1923.................... April the twenty third nineteen twenty three 30 August 1763............... August the thirtieth seventeen sixty-three 14 July 1970.................... July the fourteenth nineteen seventy What is your telephone number? My telephone number is 2-3-4-5-6-7-8 (two-three-four-five-six-seven-eight) 2537456 – two-five-three-seven-four-five-six 2344769 – two- three – double four- seven- six- nine 5100453 – five-one- double o- four- five – three 30 Common English UNIT THERE IS / THERE ARE…. (…Vardır.) ? “There is” tekil isimlerde,” there are” ise sayılabilen çoğul isimlerde kullanılır. a boy in the garden. (Bahçede bir erkek çocuk var/dır-yoktur). There is/There isn’t horse in the field. tea in the glass. forks on the table. (Masada çatallar var/dır-yoktur.) There are/There aren’t snakes here. (Burada yılanlar vardır/ yoktur. MORE EXAMPLES 1. There are birds on the roof. (Çatıda kuşlar var.) 2. There is not a television in my room. 3. There are not any pencils on the table. (Masada hiç kalem yoktur.) 4. There is not any snow on the mountain. 5. There are not books on the table. Sorular “Is there / Are there…..?” şeklinde yapılır. EXAMPLES 1. Are there any cats in the room? (Odada hiç kedi var mı?) Yes, there are. (No, there aren’t.) (Evet vardır/ hayır yoktur.) 2. Are there any historical places in Kars? (Kars’ta hiç tarihi yer var mı?) Yes, there are. (No, there are not.) (Evet vardır/hayır yoktur.) 3. Is there any honey in the jar? (Kavnozda hiç bal var mı?) Yes, there is. (No, there is not.) 4. Is there any tea in the kettle? Yes, there is. (No, there is not.) 5. Are there any children at home? Yes, there are. (No, there are not.) Common English 31 HOW MANY? (Kaç Tane?) ? ”How many” sayılabilen çoğul isimlerde kullanılır. EXAMPLES 1. How many pencills are there at school?(Okulda kaç öğrenci vardır?) There are many students at school. (Okulda çok öğrenci var.) 2. How many glasses are there on the table?(Masada kaç bardak var?) There are a few glasses on the table.(Masada birkaç bardak var.) 3. How many cats are there in the garden? There are ten cats in the garden. HOW MUCH? (Ne kadar?) ? “How much” sayılamaz isimlerde kullanılır. EXAMPLES 1. How much salt is there in the soup? (Çorbada ne kadar tuz var ?) There is a little salt in the soup.(Çorbada biraz tuz var.) 2. How much snow is there on the mountain? There is some snow on the mountain. 3. How much orange juice is there in the jug? There is not any orange juice in the jug. Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with “there is” or “there are”. (Boşlukları “there is” veya “there are” ile doldurunuz.) 1........................ There are__ erasers in the box. 2........................ some tourists in the mosque. 3........................ a museum in Kars. 4........................ a man at the door. 5........................ two cars in the car park. 6........................ a little butter in the bowl. 7........................ an insect in the soup. 8........................ some toys in the drawer. 9........................ a meeting today. 32 Common English 10........................ three pools in my town. 11........................ twelve months in a year. 12........................ a Tv in my dormitory room. Exercise 2 Aşağıdaki soruları Yanıtlayınız. 1.How many televisions are there in your house?.................................................................................. 2. How many students are there here?.................................................................................. 3. How much water is there in the jug?(not any).................................................................................. 4. How much butter is there in the fridge? (a little).................................................................................. 5. How many birds are there on the roof? (a few).................................................................................. 6. How much money is there in your wallet?(some).................................................................................. Exercise 3 Read the following passage and answer the questions. (Aşağıdaki parçayı okuyup, sorulara yanıt veriniz.) My room is very nice. There is a TV in my room. There are two beds in the room. There are two carpet on the floor. There is a table near the window. There is a telephone on the table. My books are on the table, too. There is a vase on the table, and there are some flowers in the vase. There is an alarm clock on the table. There is a computer in my room. There are two chairs in front of the table. There is a picture on the wall. It is a big picture. 1. Are there any pictures in his room?................................... 2. How many carpets are there on the floor?................................... 3. Where are his books?................................... Common English 33 4. Are there three chairs in front of the table?................................... 5. Is the picture big or small?................................... Exercise 4 Aşağıdaki boşlukları parçaya göre “there is, there are, there is not veya there are not” ile doldurunuz. The population of Kars is almost 90 000. In Kars there are 10 hotels, 1 cinema, 11 banks, 10 supermarkets, 20 primary schools, 25 secondary schools, 10 high schools, a university, 1 museum, 30 mosques, a castle, and 2 baths.. EXAMPLES............................................................... 90 000 people There are 90 000 people in Kars. 1................................................................ a castle. 2................................................................ a museum. 3................................................................ two cinemas. 4................................................................ eleven banks. 5................................................................ ten secondary schools. 6................................................................ three primary schools. 7................................................................ a university. 34 Common English UNIT OBJECT PRONOUNS (Nesne Zamirleri) ? Nesne zamirleri olaydan etkilenen kisi veya nesnelerin yerini tutar. PERSONAL PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS ŞAHIS ZAMİRLER NESNE ZAMİRLERİ I me /mi:/ (beni, bana) You you /yu:/ (seni, sana) He him /him/ (onu, ona-erkek) She her /hö:/ (onu, ona-bayan) It it /it/ (onu, ona-cansız ve hayvanlarda) We us /as/ (bizi, bize) You you (sizi, size) They them /ðem/ (onları, onlara) EXAMPLES 1. Don’t misunderstand me. (Beni yanlış anlama) 2. They know it. 3. The children saw her in the garden.(Çocuklar onu bahçede gördüler.) 4. I’m feeding him. 5. We finished them. (Onları bitirdik.) 6. Teachers teach us.(Öğretmenler bize öğretirler.) Exercise 1 Aşağıdaki cümleleri uygun zamirlerle tamamlayınız. 1..We... telephoned yesterday, (We) 2. We watched..her.. for hours, (she) 3..................... haven’t arrived yet? (they) 4.................... doesn’t understand. (he) 5. Are you talking to...................? (we) 6. Don’t ask...................,................... doesn’t know, (she/she) 7. This is Hayri;...................have known................... for years, (we/ he) 8. Nobody told..................., (they) Common English 35 9. Why doesn’t................... ask................... to come? (she / they) 10. Don’t ask.................... Ask_______ (they/we) 11.................... think................... doesn’t know................... (I / he / she) 12.................... asked................... to invite................... (they / he / you) Exercise 2 Aşağıdaki boşlukları uygun nesne zamirleriyle doldurunuz. 1. Are you coming with.... us.... (us / we)? 2. Please listen to................... (me / I) I’m speaking. 3. The children are playing with................... (she / her). 4. Ali isn’t well. His father is taking................... (him / he). 5. My brother is a teacher. He teaches English to................... (they / them). 6. All his students like................... (he / him) very much. 7. Canan, we are all waiting for................... (you / your). 8. Are you coming with................... (we / us)? 9. Take the cat into the car. Take................... (it) into the car. Exercise 3 Parantez içindeki zamirlere bakıp, boşluklara uygun zamirleri getirerek cümleleri örnekteki gibi tamamlayınız. 1. (He) How are they helping............................. ? How are they helping him? 2. (I) Fatma gave............................. a gift. 3. (We)............................. live in Kars. 4. (they) I saw............................. near the museum. 5. (I) They talked to............................. in the shopping center. 6. (Murat and Tuğba) Please give............................. the books. 7. (You and I)............................. went to bed late.. 8. (we) The dog chased.............................. 9. (they) The doctor operated on............................. last year. 10. (you) Harun visited............................. yesterday.. 11 (He) she likes very much. 12. (it) İhsan drove............................ in İstanbul. 36 Common English Exercise 4 Koyu yazılmış olan isimlerin yerine uygun zamirler getirerek cümleleri örnekte gösterildiği gibi yeniden yazınız. 1. The children went to class late. They went to class late. 2. I found the book on the desk........................................................ 3. Her brother sent me a postcard........................................................ 4. Do your parents live in Kayseri?....................................................... 5. My brother is very young........................................................ 6. Does he know my father?....................................................... 7. Boys are in the playground........................................................ 8. Did you find your friends?....................................................... 9. Alper visits his mother often........................................................ 10. May I borrow your books?....................................................... Common English 37 38 Common English UNIT DEMONSTRATIVES (İşaret sıfatları-Zamirleri ? “THIS (bu)” ve “THAT (şu, o)” tekil yada sayılamayan isimler için kullanılır. This is a bird (Bu bir kuştur.) That is a plane. (Şu bir uçaktır.) This is a book. That is a horse. ? THESE (bunlar) – THOSE (Şunlar, Onlar) çoğul isimler için kullanılır. These are birds. (Bunlar kuşlardır.) Those are books. (Şunlar kitaplardır.) Common English 39 This is not.......................... These are not.......................... This is not a plane. These aren’t dogs. It is a car. They are cats. That isn’t a glass. Those aren’t erasers. It is a mug. They are pencils. Is this.......................... ? Are these.......................... ? Is this a dog? Are these sheep? No , it isn’t a dog. No, they aren’t sheep. No, it isn’t. No, they aren’t. Exercise 1 Aşağıdaki Cümleleri örnekte olduğu gibi,çoğul yapınız. EXAMPLES This is a book. These are books. 1.That is a garden........................................................... 2. This is a television........................................................... 3. This is an arm-chair........................................................... 4. That is a glove........................................................... 5. That is a student........................................................... 6. That is a table........................................................... 40 Common English 1. Is this a chair? 2. Are these ducks?.............................................................................................. 3. Are those forks? 4. Are these tables?.............................................................................................. 5. Are those cherries? 6. Is this a melon?.............................................................................................. Common English 41 42 Common English UNIT HAVE (GOT) – HAS (GOT) (Sahiplik) ? “Have /Has” veya “Have got/Has got” sahiplik bildirir. Ancak “Have got/has got” daha yaygın olarak kullanılır. AFFIRMITIVE NEGATIVE (OLUMLU-DÜZ) OLUMSUZ) Long Form Short Form Long Form Short Form I have got I’ve got I have not got I haven’t got You have got You’ve got You have not got You haven’t got He has got He’s got He has not got He hasn’t got She has got She’s got She has not got She hasn’t got It has got It’s got It has not got It hasn’t got We have got We’ve got We have not got We haven’t got You have got You’ve got You have not got You haven’t got They have got They’ve got They have not got They haven’got EXAMPLES 1. He has (got) two cars. (Onun iki arabası var. / O iki arabaya sahip.) 2. I’ve (got) three uncles. 3. Cats haven’t (got) wings.(Kedilerin kanatları yoktur.) 4. I haven’t (got) much money. 5. An elephant has (got) big ears. 6. My flat has (got) two rooms, a bathroom and a bedroom. 7. The buys have (got) toy cars. 8. I haven’t (got) any friend. 9. Birds haven’t (got) four legs. 10. My father hasn’t (got) a horse. Interrogative Short Answers (Soru) (Kısa cevaplar) Have you got a question? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Has she got a son? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t. Has he got a car? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. Not: Olumsuzlar “don’t have” “doesn’t have” ile de yapılabilir. Common English 43 EXAMPLES 1. We don’t have any coins. (We haven’t got any coins.) 2. Dogs don’t have wings. 3. I don’t have enough time. 4. She doesn’t have something to eat. 5. The boy doesn’t have a ball. 6. The girls don’t have long hair. 7. A table doesn’t have a leg. 8. The students don’t have high grades. Exercise 1 Looking at the following Picture use “have (got), has (got)” or “hasn’t got, haven’t got, don’t have, doesn’t have”. 1. A bear has (got) a tail. 2................................................ two legs. 3................................................ two ears. 4................................................ a mouth. 5................................................ three noses. 6................................................ four paws. 7. Bears............................................... two eyes. 8. Bears............................................... horns. Exercise 2 Ask the following questions to your partners. And write the answers. EXAMPLES 1. A: Have you got a computer in your room? (Do you have a tcomputer in your room?) B: Yes, I have. (Yes I do.) (Yes I have got a computer in my room) No, I haven’t. (No, I don’t.) No, I haven’t got a computer in my room. 44 Common English 2. A: Have you got a car?.................................................................................. 3. Have you got your own house?.................................................................................. 4. Has your mother got long hair?.................................................................................. 5. Does a bird have wings?.................................................................................. 6. Does a baby have hair ?.................................................................................. 7. Do you have many friends?.................................................................................. 8. Does your house have large balcony?.................................................................................. Not: Hastalıklarda da Have /Has” veya “Have got/Has got kullanılır. EXAMPLES 1. I have got a stomachache. (Or I have a stomachache.) 2. You have got a temperature. (You have a temperature.) ? Aşağıdaki eylemlerde “have / has” kullanılır, “got” kullanılmaz. an exam /en igzem/ (sınav olmak)............................an accident /en eksidınt/ (kaza yapmak) a bath /e baØ/ (banyo yapmak)................................a baby /e beibi/ (bebek doğurmak) a shower /e şour/ (duş almak)..................................an experience /en ıkspiriıns/ (tecrübe edinmek) a rest /e rest/ (dinlenmek).........................................a look at /e lu:k ıt/ (göz atmak) a party /e pa:ti/ (parti yapmak)..................................a chat /e çet/ (sohbet etmek) a holiday /e holidei/ (tatil yapmak)............................difficulty /difikılti/ (zorluk çekmek, zorlanmak) a nice time /e nais taim/ (iyi vakit geçirmek).............breakfast /brekfıst/ Kahvaltı yapmak lunch /lanç/ Öğlen yemeği yemek............................dinner /dinı/ Akşam yemeği yemek Exercise 3 Aşağıdaki cümleleri örnekte olduğu gibi “Have (got)/has got” yada “Haven’t got/hasn’t (got)” kullanarak tamamlayınız. 1. A policeman................ has (got)................ a gun. Common English 45 2. A table................................. four legs. 3. A cat................................. wings. 4. A fox................................. a long tail. 5. Humanbeings................................. brains. 6. A tree................................. leaves. 7. Eskimos................................. thick clothes. 8. A donkey................................. horns 9. Pine tree(çam ağacı)................................. green colours. 10. A car................................. oil tank. Exercise 4 Aşağıdaki boşluklara bağlı olarak örneklerde olduğu gibi soru sorunuz veya sorulan soruya cevap veriniz. 1. A: Has she got uncles ? (-) B:.............. No, she hasn’t got uncles. 2. A: Have you got blue eyes? (+) B: Yes, I have got blue eyes. 3. A: Has a bird got two beaks (gaga)? (-) B:...................................................... 4. A: Has he got a house? (-) B:...................................................... 5. A:......................................................? (-) B: Yes, we have got much time. 6. A: Has a car got tyres? (+) B:....................................................... 7. Has she got a yellow umbrella? (-)...................................................... 8. A:...................................................... B: No, a tiger hasn’t got any horns. 46 Common English UNIT POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (İyelik Sıfatları) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (İyelik Zamirleri) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (İyelik Sıfatları) ? Aşağıdaki eylemlerde “have / has” kullanılır, “got” kullanılmaz. EXAMPLES 1. My book is new. 2. Her sister is a a student. 3. Our lessons are exciting. 4. Your hands are dirty. PERSONAL PRONOUN POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE (Şahıs Zamirleri) (İyelik Sıfatı) I (Ben) My /mai/ (Benim) You Your /yoo/ (Senin-Sizin) He His /hiz/ (Onun-erkek) She Her /höö/ (Onun-bayan) It Its /its/ (Onun-diğer varlıklar) We Our /aur/ (Bizim) You Your /yoo/ (Sizin) They Their /ðei/ (Onların) Exercise 1 Aşağıda verilen parçada geçen Iyelik Sıfatlarının altını çiziniz. There were once a man and a woman who had long, in vain, wished for a child. At length it appeared that God was about to grant their desire. These people had a little window at the back of their house from which a splendid garden could be seen, which was full of the most beautiful flowers and herbs. It was, however, surrounded by a high wall, and no one dared to go into it because it belonged to an enchantress, who had great power and was dreaded by all the world. One day the woman was standing by this window and looking down into the garden, when she saw a bed which was planted with the most beautiful rampion, and it looked so fresh and green that she longed for it. She quite pined away, and began to look Common English 47 pale and miserable. Her husband was alarmed, and asked: ‘What ails you, dear wife?’ ‘Ah,’ she replied, ‘if I can’t eat some of the rampion, which is in the garden behind our house, I shall die.’ The man, who loved her, thought: ‘Sooner than let your wife die, bring her some of the rampion yourself, let it cost what it will.’ At twilight, he clambered down over the wall into the garden of the enchantress, hastily clutched a handful of rampion, and took it to his wife. She at once made herself a salad of it, and ate it greedily. It tasted so good to her - so very good, that the next day she longed for it three times as much as before. If he was to have any rest, her husband knew he must once more descend into the garden. Therefore, in the gloom of evening, he let himself down again; but when he had clambered down the wall he was terribly afraid, for he saw the enchantress standing before him. ‘How can you dare,’ said she with angry look, ‘descend into my garden and steal my rampion like a thief? You shall suffer for it!’ POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (İyelik Zamirleri) ? İyelik zamirleri isimlerin yerlerine gelerek, o isimle ilgili aitlik bildirirler. EXAMPLES 1. Table is yours.( O masa senin/ki) 2. Our house is cheap, but theirs is expensive. 3. My father is young, but hers is old. 4. Its is black. 5. They are his. PERSONAL PRONOUN POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE (Şahıs Zamirleri) (İyelik Zamirleri) I (Ben) Mine /main/ (Benimki) You Yours /yoos/ (seninki-sizinki) He His /hiz/ (onunki-erkek) She Hers /hööz/ (onunki-bayan) It Its /its/ (onunki-diğer varlıklar) We Ours /aus/ (Bizimki) You Yours /yoos/ (Sizinki) They Theirs /ðeis/ (onlarınki) 48 Common English Exercise 2 Aşağıdaki cümlelerde verilen iyelik sıfatlarını, örnekte olduğu gibi isimleri kaldırarak, iyelik zamiri haline getiriniz. EXAMPLES He is my father..................... He is mine....... 1. She has your bag.................................................................. 2. Is this her book?................................................................. 3. These are his shoes.................................................................. 4. Were they your parents?................................................................. 5. It is my table.................................................................. 6. Our neighbours are here.................................................................. 7. That picture was her picture.................................................................. 8. You are my friend.................................................................. 9. Their house is here.................................................................. 10. We have our car with us.................................................................. Exercise 3 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. (Aşağıdaki cümlelerdeki hataları düzeltiniz) 1. Yours book is boring. 2. We aren’t hers neighbour. 3. I ‘m yours teacher. 4. Where is hers father? 5. You are mine friend. 6. This book is my, but that is your. 7. She has got mine pencil. 8. Hers party was excellent. 9. That was yours problem. 10. It is mine eraser. Common English 49 Exercise 4 Write the correct possessive adjectives or adverbs for the following sentences. (Aşağıdaki cümlelere uygun gelen iyelik sıfatı/ zarfını kullanınız. 1. We have got our own car. (we) 2. He has got..................... table. ( he) 3. Is this picture.....................? {she) 4...................... book is exciting. (I) 5. Are they with..................... friends? (they) 6. Who’s got.....................? (It) 7. He is..................... teacher. (they) 8. Have you got..................... passport? (I) 9...................... is here. (we) 10...................... mobile phone is expensive.(he) Exercise 5 Aşağıdaki parçada geçen iyelik sıfatı, şahıs zamiri ve nesne zamirlerinin altını çiziniz. Passage As soon as the young princess saw her ball, she ran to pick it up; and she was so over- joyed to have it in her hand again, that she never thought of the frog, but ran home with it as fast as she could. The frog called after her, ‘Stay, princess, and take me with you as you said,’ But she did not stop to hear a word. he next day, just as the princess had sat down to dinner, she heard a strange noise - tap, tap - plash, plash - as if something was coming up the marble staircase, and soon afterwards there was a gentle knock at the door, and a little voice cried out and said: ‘Open the door, my princess dear, Open the door to thy true love here! And mind the words that thou and I said By the fountain cool, in the greenwood shade.’ Then the princess ran to the door and opened it, and there she saw the frog, whom she had quite forgotten. At this sight she was sadly frightened, and shutting the door as fast as she could came back to her seat. 50 Common English UNIT “TO BE” PAST (“Olmak Fiili” Geçmiş Zaman) ? Olmak ( to be) fiilini isim (noun), sıfat (adjective) veya yer zarfı (adverb of place) takip eder. Dialogue Murat: I hear there was a meeting yesterday. Were you there? Hakan: Yes, I was. Where were you? Murat: I was at school. Hakan: That’s a pity. It was a very important meeting, so there were many people there. Murat: I’m sorry that I wasn’t there. Positive Form I at home. (Adverb of place) He a student. (Noun) was She there. (Adverb of place) It sunny. (Adjective) We nurses. (Noun) You were at the bus-stop. (Adverb of place) They cats. (Noun)

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