Common Core ELA Standards PDF

Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Soci...

Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects Table of Contents Introduction 3 Standards for English Language Arts 6–12 34 Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/ College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading 35 Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects K–5 9 Reading Standards for Literature 6–12 36 College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading 10 Reading Standards for Informational Text 6–12 39 Reading Standards for Literature K–5 11 College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing 41 Reading Standards for Informational Text K–5 13 Writing Standards 6–12 42 Reading Standards: Foundational Skills K–5 15 College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Speaking and Listening 48 College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing 18 Speaking and Listening Standards 6–12 49 Writing Standards K–5 19 College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Language 51 College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Speaking and Listening 22 Language Standards 6–12 52 Speaking and Listening Standards K–5 23 Language Progressive Skills, by Grade 56 College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Language 25 Standard 10: Range, Quality, and Complexity of Student Reading 6–12 57 Language Standards K–5 26 Language Progressive Skills, by Grade 30 Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects 59 Standard 10: Range, Quality, and Complexity of Student Reading K–5 31 College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading 60 Staying on Topic Within a Grade and Across Grades 33 Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies 6–12 61 TABLE OF CONTENTS Reading Standards for Literacy in Science and Technical Subjects 6–12 62 College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing 63 Writing Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects 6–12 64 | 2  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects Introduction The Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in The Standards set requirements not only for English language arts (ELA) History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects (“the Standards”) are but also for literacy in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects. the culmination of an extended, broad-based effort to fulfill the charge issued Just as students must learn to read, write, speak, listen, and use language by the states to create the next generation of K–12 standards in order to help effectively in a variety of content areas, so too must the Standards specify ensure that all students are college and career ready in literacy no later than the the literacy skills and understandings required for college and career end of high school. readiness in multiple disciplines. Literacy standards for grade 6 and above are predicated on teachers of ELA, history/social studies, science, and The present work, led by the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) technical subjects using their content area expertise to help students meet and the National Governors Association (NGA), builds on the foundation laid by the particular challenges of reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language states in their decades-long work on crafting high-quality education standards. in their respective fields. It is important to note that the 6–12 literacy The Standards also draw on the most important international models as well standards in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects are not as research and input from numerous sources, including state departments meant to replace content standards in those areas but rather to supplement of education, scholars, assessment developers, professional organizations, them. States may incorporate these standards into their standards for those educators from kindergarten through college, and parents, students, and other subjects or adopt them as content area literacy standards. members of the public. In their design and content, refined through successive drafts and numerous rounds of feedback, the Standards represent a synthesis of As a natural outgrowth of meeting the charge to define college and career the best elements of standards-related work to date and an important advance readiness, the Standards also lay out a vision of what it means to be a literate over that previous work. person in the twenty-first century. Indeed, the skills and understandings students are expected to demonstrate have wide applicability outside the As specified by CCSSO and NGA, the Standards are (1) research and evidence classroom or workplace. Students who meet the Standards readily undertake based, (2) aligned with college and work expectations, (3) rigorous, and the close, attentive reading that is at the heart of understanding and enjoying (4) internationally benchmarked. A particular standard was included in the complex works of literature. They habitually perform the critical reading document only when the best available evidence indicated that its mastery was necessary to pick carefully through the staggering amount of information essential for college and career readiness in a twenty-first-century, globally available today in print and digitally. They actively seek the wide, deep, and competitive society. The Standards are intended to be a living work: as new and thoughtful engagement with high-quality literary and informational texts better evidence emerges, the Standards will be revised accordingly. that builds knowledge, enlarges experience, and broadens worldviews. They reflexively demonstrate the cogent reasoning and use of evidence The Standards are an extension of a prior initiative led by CCSSO and NGA to that is essential to both private deliberation and responsible citizenship in a develop College and Career Readiness (CCR) standards in reading, writing, democratic republic. In short, students who meet the Standards develop the speaking, listening, and language as well as in mathematics. The CCR Reading, skills in reading, writing, speaking, and listening that are the foundation for any Writing, and Speaking and Listening Standards, released in draft form in creative and purposeful expression in language. September 2009, serve, in revised form, as the backbone for the present document. Grade-specific K–12 standards in reading, writing, speaking, listening, June 2, 2010 and language translate the broad (and, for the earliest grades, seemingly distant) aims of the CCR standards into age- and attainment-appropriate terms. introduction | 3  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects Key Design Considerations CCR and grade-specific standards Research and media skills blended into the Standards as a whole The CCR standards anchor the document and define general, cross-disciplinary To be ready for college, workforce training, and life in a technological society, literacy expectations that must be met for students to be prepared to students need the ability to gather, comprehend, evaluate, synthesize, and enter college and workforce training programs ready to succeed. The K–12 report on information and ideas, to conduct original research in order to answer grade-specific standards define end-of-year expectations and a cumulative questions or solve problems, and to analyze and create a high volume and progression designed to enable students to meet college and career readiness extensive range of print and nonprint texts in media forms old and new. The expectations no later than the end of high school. The CCR and high school need to conduct research and to produce and consume media is embedded (grades 9–12) standards work in tandem to define the college and career into every aspect of today’s curriculum. In like fashion, research and media readiness line—the former providing broad standards, the latter providing skills and understandings are embedded throughout the Standards rather than additional specificity. Hence, both should be considered when developing treated in a separate section. college and career readiness assessments. Students advancing through the grades are expected to meet each year’s grade- Shared responsibility for students’ literacy development specific standards, retain or further develop skills and understandings mastered The Standards insist that instruction in reading, writing, speaking, listening, in preceding grades, and work steadily toward meeting the more general and language be a shared responsibility within the school. The K–5 standards expectations described by the CCR standards. include expectations for reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language applicable to a range of subjects, including but not limited to ELA. The grades 6–12 standards are divided into two sections, one for ELA and the other for Grade levels for K–8; grade bands for 9–10 and 11–12 history/social studies, science, and technical subjects. This division reflects the The Standards use individual grade levels in kindergarten through grade 8 to unique, time-honored place of ELA teachers in developing students’ literacy provide useful specificity; the Standards use two-year bands in grades 9–12 to skills while at the same time recognizing that teachers in other areas must have allow schools, districts, and states flexibility in high school course design. a role in this development as well. Part of the motivation behind the interdisciplinary approach to literacy A focus on results rather than means promulgated by the Standards is extensive research establishing the need for college and career ready students to be proficient in reading complex By emphasizing required achievements, the Standards leave room for teachers, informational text independently in a variety of content areas. Most of the curriculum developers, and states to determine how those goals should be required reading in college and workforce training programs is informational reached and what additional topics should be addressed. Thus, the Standards in structure and challenging in content; postsecondary education programs do not mandate such things as a particular writing process or the full range of typically provide students with both a higher volume of such reading than is metacognitive strategies that students may need to monitor and direct their generally required in K–12 schools and comparatively little scaffolding. thinking and learning. Teachers are thus free to provide students with whatever tools and knowledge their professional judgment and experience identify as The Standards are not alone in calling for a special emphasis on informational most helpful for meeting the goals set out in the Standards. text. The 2009 reading framework of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) requires a high and increasing proportion of informational text on its assessment as students advance through the grades. An integrated model of literacy Although the Standards are divided into Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening, and Language strands for conceptual clarity, the processes of communication are closely connected, as reflected throughout this document. For example, Writing standard 9 requires that students be able to write introduction about what they read. Likewise, Speaking and Listening standard 4 sets the expectation that students will share findings from their research. | 4  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects Distribution of Literary and Informational Passages by Grade in Distribution of Communicative Purposes by Grade the 2009 NAEP Reading Framework in the 2011 NAEP Writing Framework Grade Literary Informational Grade To Persuade To Explain To Convey Experience 4 50% 50% 4 30% 35% 35% 8 45% 55% 8 35% 35% 30% 12 30% 70% 12 40% 40% 20% Source: National Assessment Governing Board. (2008). Reading framework for the 2009 National Assess- Source: National Assessment Governing Board. (2007). Writing framework for the 2011 National ment of Educational Progress. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Assessment of Educational Progress, pre-publication edition. Iowa City, IA: ACT, Inc. The Standards aim to align instruction with this framework so that many more It follows that writing assessments aligned with the Standards should adhere to students than at present can meet the requirements of college and career the distribution of writing purposes across grades outlined by NAEP. readiness. In K–5, the Standards follow NAEP’s lead in balancing the reading of literature with the reading of informational texts, including texts in history/ Focus and coherence in instruction and assessment social studies, science, and technical subjects. In accord with NAEP’s growing emphasis on informational texts in the higher grades, the Standards demand While the Standards delineate specific expectations in reading, writing, that a significant amount of reading of informational texts take place in and speaking, listening, and language, each standard need not be a separate focus outside the ELA classroom. Fulfilling the Standards for 6–12 ELA requires for instruction and assessment. Often, several standards can be addressed by much greater attention to a specific category of informational text—literary a single rich task. For example, when editing writing, students address Writing nonfiction—than has been traditional. Because the ELA classroom must focus standard 5 (“Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, on literature (stories, drama, and poetry) as well as literary nonfiction, a great editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach”) as well as Language standards 1–3 deal of informational reading in grades 6–12 must take place in other classes if (which deal with conventions of standard English and knowledge of language). the NAEP assessment framework is to be matched instructionally.1 To measure When drawing evidence from literary and informational texts per Writing students’ growth toward college and career readiness, assessments aligned with standard 9, students are also demonstrating their comprehension skill in relation the Standards should adhere to the distribution of texts across grades cited in to specific standards in Reading. When discussing something they have the NAEP framework. read or written, students are also demonstrating their speaking and listening skills. The CCR anchor standards themselves provide another source of focus NAEP likewise outlines a distribution across the grades of the core purposes and coherence. and types of student writing. The 2011 NAEP framework, like the Standards, cultivates the development of three mutually reinforcing writing capacities: The same ten CCR anchor standards for Reading apply to both literary and writing to persuade, to explain, and to convey real or imagined experience. informational texts, including texts in history/social studies, science, and Evidence concerning the demands of college and career readiness gathered technical subjects. The ten CCR anchor standards for Writing cover numerous during development of the Standards concurs with NAEP’s shifting emphases: text types and subject areas. This means that students can develop mutually standards for grades 9–12 describe writing in all three forms, but, consistent reinforcing skills and exhibit mastery of standards for reading and writing across with NAEP, the overwhelming focus of writing throughout high school should a range of texts and classrooms. be on arguments and informative/explanatory texts.2 introduction 1 The percentages on the table reflect the sum of student reading, not just reading in ELA settings. Teachers of senior English classes, for example, are not required to devote 70 percent of reading to informational texts. Rather, 70 percent of student reading across the grade should be informational. 2 As with reading, the percentages in the table reflect the sum of student writing, not just writing in ELA settings. | 5  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects What is Not Covered by the Standards The Standards should be recognized for what they are not as well as what they are. The most important intentional design limitations are as follows: 1. The Standards define what all students are expected to know and be 5. It is also beyond the scope of the Standards to define the full range of able to do, not how teachers should teach. For instance, the use of supports appropriate for English language learners and for students play with young children is not specified by the Standards, but it is with special needs. At the same time, all students must have the welcome as a valuable activity in its own right and as a way to help opportunity to learn and meet the same high standards if they are to students meet the expectations in this document. Furthermore, while access the knowledge and skills necessary in their post–high school the Standards make references to some particular forms of content, lives. including mythology, foundational U.S. documents, and Shakespeare, they do not—indeed, cannot—enumerate all or even most of the Each grade will include students who are still acquiring English. content that students should learn. The Standards must therefore For those students, it is possible to meet the standards in reading, be complemented by a well-developed, content-rich curriculum writing, speaking, and listening without displaying native-like control consistent with the expectations laid out in this document. of conventions and vocabulary. 2. While the Standards focus on what is most essential, they do not The Standards should also be read as allowing for the widest describe all that can or should be taught. A great deal is left to possible range of students to participate fully from the outset and the discretion of teachers and curriculum developers. The aim of as permitting appropriate accommodations to ensure maximum the Standards is to articulate the fundamentals, not to set out an participation of students with special education needs. For example, exhaustive list or a set of restrictions that limits what can be taught for students with disabilities reading should allow for the use of beyond what is specified herein. Braille, screen-reader technology, or other assistive devices, while writing should include the use of a scribe, computer, or speech-to- 3. The Standards do not define the nature of advanced work for students text technology. In a similar vein, speaking and listening should be who meet the Standards prior to the end of high school. For those interpreted broadly to include sign language. students, advanced work in such areas as literature, composition, language, and journalism should be available. This work should provide 6. While the ELA and content area literacy components described the next logical step up from the college and career readiness baseline herein are critical to college and career readiness, they do not established here. define the whole of such readiness. Students require a wide- ranging, rigorous academic preparation and, particularly in the early 4. The Standards set grade-specific standards but do not define the grades, attention to such matters as social, emotional, and physical intervention methods or materials necessary to support students development and approaches to learning. Similarly, the Standards who are well below or well above grade-level expectations. No set of define literacy expectations in history/social studies, science, and grade-specific standards can fully reflect the great variety in abilities, technical subjects, but literacy standards in other areas, such needs, learning rates, and achievement levels of students in any given as mathematics and health education, modeled on those in this classroom. However, the Standards do provide clear signposts along document are strongly encouraged to facilitate a comprehensive, the way to the goal of college and career readiness for all students. schoolwide literacy program. introduction | 6  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects Students Who are College and Career Ready in Reading, Writing, Speaking, Listening, and Language The descriptions that follow are not standards themselves but instead offer a portrait of students who meet the standards set out in this document. As students advance through the grades and master the standards in reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language, they are able to exhibit with increasing fullness and regularity these capacities of the literate individual. They demonstrate independence. They comprehend as well as critique. Students can, without significant scaffolding, comprehend and evaluate Students are engaged and open-minded—but discerning—readers and listeners. complex texts across a range of types and disciplines, and they can construct They work diligently to understand precisely what an author or speaker is effective arguments and convey intricate or multifaceted information. Likewise, saying, but they also question an author’s or speaker’s assumptions and students are able independently to discern a speaker’s key points, request premises and assess the veracity of claims and the soundness of reasoning. clarification, and ask relevant questions. They build on others’ ideas, articulate their own ideas, and confirm they have been understood. Without prompting, they demonstrate command of standard English and acquire and use a They value evidence. wide-ranging vocabulary. More broadly, they become self-directed learners, Students cite specific evidence when offering an oral or written interpretation effectively seeking out and using resources to assist them, including teachers, of a text. They use relevant evidence when supporting their own points in peers, and print and digital reference materials. writing and speaking, making their reasoning clear to the reader or listener, and they constructively evaluate others’ use of evidence. They build strong content knowledge. Students establish a base of knowledge across a wide range of subject matter They use technology and digital media strategically and capably. by engaging with works of quality and substance. They become proficient Students employ technology thoughtfully to enhance their reading, writing, in new areas through research and study. They read purposefully and listen speaking, listening, and language use. They tailor their searches online to attentively to gain both general knowledge and discipline-specific expertise. acquire useful information efficiently, and they integrate what they learn using They refine and share their knowledge through writing and speaking. technology with what they learn offline. They are familiar with the strengths and limitations of various technological tools and mediums and can select and use They respond to the varying demands of audience, task, purpose, those best suited to their communication goals. and discipline. They come to understand other perspectives and cultures. Students adapt their communication in relation to audience, task, purpose, and discipline. They set and adjust purpose for reading, writing, speaking, listening, Students appreciate that the twenty-first-century classroom and workplace and language use as warranted by the task. They appreciate nuances, such as are settings in which people from often widely divergent cultures and who how the composition of an audience should affect tone when speaking and represent diverse experiences and perspectives must learn and work together. how the connotations of words affect meaning. They also know that different Students actively seek to understand other perspectives and cultures through disciplines call for different types of evidence (e.g., documentary evidence in reading and listening, and they are able to communicate effectively with history, experimental evidence in science). people of varied backgrounds. They evaluate other points of view critically and constructively. Through reading great classic and contemporary works of literature representative of a variety of periods, cultures, and worldviews, students can vicariously inhabit worlds and have experiences much different than their own. introduction | 7  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects How to Read This Document to the college and career readiness level. Whatever they are reading, students must also show a steadily growing ability to discern more from and make fuller use of text, including making an increasing number of connections among ideas Overall Document Organization and between texts, considering a wider range of textual evidence, and becoming The Standards comprise three main sections: a comprehensive K–5 section more sensitive to inconsistencies, ambiguities, and poor reasoning in texts. and two content area–specific sections for grades 6–12, one for ELA and one for history/social studies, science, and technical subjects. Three appendices Writing: Text types, responding to reading, and research accompany the main document. The Standards acknowledge the fact that whereas some writing skills, such Each section is divided into strands. K–5 and 6–12 ELA have Reading, Writing, as the ability to plan, revise, edit, and publish, are applicable to many types of Speaking and Listening, and Language strands; the 6–12 history/ social studies, writing, other skills are more properly defined in terms of specific writing types: science, and technical subjects section focuses on Reading and Writing. Each arguments, informative/explanatory texts, and narratives. Standard 9 stresses strand is headed by a strand-specific set of College and Career Readiness the importance of the writing-reading connection by requiring students to draw Anchor Standards that is identical across all grades and content areas. upon and write about evidence from literary and informational texts. Because of the centrality of writing to most forms of inquiry, research standards are Standards for each grade within K–8 and for grades 9–10 and 11–12 follow the prominently included in this strand, though skills important to research are CCR anchor standards in each strand. Each grade-specific standard (as these infused throughout the document. standards are collectively referred to) corresponds to the same-numbered CCR anchor standard. Put another way, each CCR anchor standard has an Speaking and Listening: Flexible communication and collaboration accompanying grade-specific standard translating the broader CCR statement into grade-appropriate end-of-year expectations. Including but not limited to skills necessary for formal presentations, the Speaking and Listening standards require students to develop a range of Individual CCR anchor standards can be identified by their strand, CCR status, broadly useful oral communication and interpersonal skills. Students must learn and number (R.CCR.6, for example). Individual grade-specific standards can to work together, express and listen carefully to ideas, integrate information be identified by their strand, grade, and number (or number and letter, where from oral, visual, quantitative, and media sources, evaluate what they hear, use applicable), so that RI.4.3, for example, stands for Reading, Informational Text, media and visual displays strategically to help achieve communicative purposes, grade 4, standard 3 and W.5.1a stands for Writing, grade 5, standard 1a. Strand and adapt speech to context and task. designations can be found in brackets alongside the full strand title. Language: Conventions, effective use, and vocabulary Who is responsible for which portion of the Standards The Language standards include the essential “rules” of standard written A single K–5 section lists standards for reading, writing, speaking, listening, and spoken English, but they also approach language as a matter of craft and language across the curriculum, reflecting the fact that most or all of the and informed choice among alternatives. The vocabulary standards focus on instruction students in these grades receive comes from one teacher. Grades understanding words and phrases, their relationships, and their nuances and on 6–12 are covered in two content area–specific sections, the first for the English acquiring new vocabulary, particularly general academic and domain-specific language arts teacher and the second for teachers of history/social studies, words and phrases. science, and technical subjects. Each section uses the same CCR anchor standards but also includes grade-specific standards tuned to the literacy Appendices A, B, and C requirements of the particular discipline(s). Appendix A contains supplementary material on reading, writing, speaking and listening, and language as well as a glossary of key terms. Appendix B consists of Key Features of the Standards text exemplars illustrating the complexity, quality, and range of reading appropriate for various grade levels with accompanying sample performance tasks. Appendix Reading: Text complexity and the growth of comprehension C includes annotated samples demonstrating at least adequate performance in introduction student writing at various grade levels. The Reading standards place equal emphasis on the sophistication of what students read and the skill with which they read. Standard 10 defines a grade-by- grade “staircase” of increasing text complexity that rises from beginning reading | 8 Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects STANDARDS FOR English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects K–5  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading Note on range and content of student reading The K–5 standards on the following pages define what students should understand and be able to do by the end of each grade. They correspond to the College and Career Readiness (CCR) anchor standards To build a foundation for college below by number. The CCR and grade-specific standards are necessary complements—the former and career readiness, students providing broad standards, the latter providing additional specificity—that together define the skills and must read widely and deeply from understandings that all students must demonstrate. among a broad range of high-quality, increasingly challenging literary and Key Ideas and Details informational texts. Through extensive reading of stories, dramas, poems, 1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific and myths from diverse cultures and textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text. different time periods, students gain 2. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting literary and cultural knowledge as details and ideas. well as familiarity with various text 3. Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text. structures and elements. By reading texts in history/social studies, science, and other disciplines, students build Craft and Structure a foundation of knowledge in these 4. Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and fields that will also give them the figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone. background to be better readers in all 5. Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g., content areas. Students can only gain a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole. this foundation when the curriculum is 6. Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text. intentionally and coherently structured to develop rich content knowledge within and across grades. Students Integration of Knowledge and Ideas also acquire the habits of reading 7. Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as independently and closely, which are well as in words.* essential to their future success. 8. Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, including the validity of the reasoning as well as the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence. 9. Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches the authors take. Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity 10. Read and comprehend complex literary and informational texts independently and proficiently. 10 | K-5 | Reading *Please see “Research to Build and Present Knowledge” in Writing and “Comprehension and Collaboration” in Speaking and Listening for additional standards relevant to gathering, assessing, and applying information from print and digital sources.  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects ­ Reading Standards for Literature K–5 The following standards offer a focus for instruction each year and help ensure that students gain adequate exposure to a range of texts and tasks. Rigor is also RL RL infused through the requirement that students read increasingly complex texts through the grades. Students advancing through the grades are expected to meet each year’s grade-specific standards and retain or further develop skills and understandings mastered in preceding grades. Kindergartners: Grade 1 students: Grade 2 students: Key Ideas and Details 1. With prompting and support, ask and answer 1. Ask and answer questions about key details in a 1. Ask and answer such questions as who, what, questions about key details in a text. text. where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text. 2. With prompting and support, retell familiar 2. Retell stories, including key details, and 2. Recount stories, including fables and folktales stories, including key details. demonstrate understanding of their central from diverse cultures, and determine their central message or lesson. message, lesson, or moral. 3. With prompting and support, identify characters, 3. Describe characters, settings, and major events in 3. Describe how characters in a story respond to settings, and major events in a story. a story, using key details. major events and challenges. Craft and Structure 4. Ask and answer questions about unknown words 4. Identify words and phrases in stories or poems 4. Describe how words and phrases (e.g., regular in a text. that suggest feelings or appeal to the senses. beats, alliteration, rhymes, repeated lines) supply rhythm and meaning in a story, poem, or song. 5. Recognize common types of texts (e.g., 5. Explain major differences between books that tell 5. Describe the overall structure of a story, including storybooks, poems). stories and books that give information, drawing describing how the beginning introduces the on a wide reading of a range of text types. story and the ending concludes the action. 6. With prompting and support, name the author 6. Identify who is telling the story at various points 6. Acknowledge differences in the points of view of and illustrator of a story and define the role of in a text. characters, including by speaking in a different each in telling the story. voice for each character when reading dialogue aloud. Integration of Knowledge and Ideas 7. With prompting and support, describe the 7. Use illustrations and details in a story to describe 7. Use information gained from the illustrations and relationship between illustrations and the story in its characters, setting, or events. words in a print or digital text to demonstrate which they appear (e.g., what moment in a story understanding of its characters, setting, or plot. an illustration depicts). 8. (Not applicable to literature) 8. (Not applicable to literature) 8. (Not applicable to literature) 9. With prompting and support, compare and 9. Compare and contrast the adventures and 9. Compare and contrast two or more versions K-5 | Reading: Literature contrast the adventures and experiences of experiences of characters in stories. of the same story (e.g., Cinderella stories) by characters in familiar stories. different authors or from different cultures. Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity 10. Actively engage in group reading activities with 10. With prompting and support, read prose and 10. By the end of the year, read and comprehend purpose and understanding. poetry of appropriate complexity for grade 1. literature, including stories and poetry, in the grades 2–3 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range. | 11  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects Reading Standards for Literature K–5 RL Grade 3 students: Grade 4 students: Grade 5 students: Key Ideas and Details 1. Ask and answer questions to demonstrate 1. Refer to details and examples in a text when 1. Quote accurately from a text when explaining understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the explaining what the text says explicitly and when what the text says explicitly and when drawing text as the basis for the answers. drawing inferences from the text. inferences from the text. 2. Recount stories, including fables, folktales, and 2. Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem 2. Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem myths from diverse cultures; determine the from details in the text; summarize the text. from details in the text, including how characters central message, lesson, or moral and explain in a story or drama respond to challenges or how it is conveyed through key details in the text. how the speaker in a poem reflects upon a topic; summarize the text. 3. Describe characters in a story (e.g., their traits, 3. Describe in depth a character, setting, or event 3. Compare and contrast two or more characters, motivations, or feelings) and explain how their in a story or drama, drawing on specific details settings, or events in a story or drama, drawing actions contribute to the sequence of events. in the text (e.g., a character’s thoughts, words, or on specific details in the text (e.g., how actions). characters interact). Craft and Structure 4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as 4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases 4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases they are used in a text, distinguishing literal from as they are used in a text, including those as they are used in a text, including figurative nonliteral language. that allude to significant characters found in language such as metaphors and similes. mythology (e.g., Herculean). 5. Refer to parts of stories, dramas, and poems 5. Explain major differences between poems, 5. Explain how a series of chapters, scenes, or when writing or speaking about a text, using drama, and prose, and refer to the structural stanzas fits together to provide the overall terms such as chapter, scene, and stanza; elements of poems (e.g., verse, rhythm, meter) structure of a particular story, drama, or poem. describe how each successive part builds on and drama (e.g., casts of characters, settings, earlier sections. descriptions, dialogue, stage directions) when writing or speaking about a text. 6. Distinguish their own point of view from that of 6. Compare and contrast the point of view from which 6. Describe how a narrator’s or speaker’s point of the narrator or those of the characters. different stories are narrated, including the difference view influences how events are described. between first- and third-person narrations. Integration of Knowledge and Ideas 7. Explain how specific aspects of a text’s 7. Make connections between the text of a story 7. Analyze how visual and multimedia elements illustrations contribute to what is conveyed or drama and a visual or oral presentation of contribute to the meaning, tone, or beauty of a by the words in a story (e.g., create mood, the text, identifying where each version reflects text (e.g., graphic novel, multimedia presentation emphasize aspects of a character or setting). specific descriptions and directions in the text. of fiction, folktale, myth, poem). K-5 | Reading: Literature 8. (Not applicable to literature) 8. (Not applicable to literature) 8. (Not applicable to literature) 9. Compare and contrast the themes, settings, and 9. Compare and contrast the treatment of similar 9. Compare and contrast stories in the same genre plots of stories written by the same author about themes and topics (e.g., opposition of good and (e.g., mysteries and adventure stories) on their the same or similar characters (e.g., in books evil) and patterns of events (e.g., the quest) in approaches to similar themes and topics. from a series). stories, myths, and traditional literature from different cultures. Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity 10. By the end of the year, read and comprehend 10. By the end of the year, read and comprehend 10. By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poetry, literature, including stories, dramas, and poetry, in literature, including stories, dramas, and poetry, at the high end of the grades 2–3 text complexity the grades 4–5 text complexity band proficiently, at the high end of the grades 4–5 text complexity band independently and proficiently. with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the band independently and proficiently. range. | 12  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects Reading Standards for Informational Text K–5 RI Kindergartners: Grade 1 students: Grade 2 students: Key Ideas and Details 1. With prompting and support, ask and answer 1. Ask and answer questions about key details in a 1. Ask and answer such questions as who, what, questions about key details in a text. text. where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text. 2. With prompting and support, identify the main 2. Identify the main topic and retell key details of a 2. Identify the main topic of a multiparagraph text topic and retell key details of a text. text. as well as the focus of specific paragraphs within the text. 3. With prompting and support, describe the 3. Describe the connection between two 3. Describe the connection between a series of connection between two individuals, events, individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or ideas, or pieces of information in a text. in a text. steps in technical procedures in a text. Craft and Structure 4. With prompting and support, ask and answer 4. Ask and answer questions to help determine or 4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases in a questions about unknown words in a text. clarify the meaning of words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 2 topic or subject area. text. 5. Identify the front cover, back cover, and title 5. Know and use various text features (e.g., 5. Know and use various text features (e.g., page of a book. headings, tables of contents, glossaries, captions, bold print, subheadings, glossaries, electronic menus, icons) to locate key facts or indexes, electronic menus, icons) to locate key information in a text. facts or information in a text efficiently. 6. Name the author and illustrator of a text and 6. Distinguish between information provided by 6. Identify the main purpose of a text, including define the role of each in presenting the ideas or pictures or other illustrations and information what the author wants to answer, explain, or information in a text. provided by the words in a text. describe. Integration of Knowledge and Ideas 7. With prompting and support, describe the 7. Use the illustrations and details in a text to 7. Explain how specific images (e.g., a diagram relationship between illustrations and the text describe its key ideas. showing how a machine works) contribute to and in which they appear (e.g., what person, place, clarify a text. thing, or idea in the text an illustration depicts). 8. With prompting and support, identify the 8. Identify the reasons an author gives to support 8. Describe how reasons support specific points the K-5 | Reading: informational text reasons an author gives to support points in a points in a text. author makes in a text. text. 9. With prompting and support, identify basic 9. Identify basic similarities in and differences 9. Compare and contrast the most important points similarities in and differences between two between two texts on the same topic (e.g., in presented by two texts on the same topic. texts on the same topic (e.g., in illustrations, illustrations, descriptions, or procedures). descriptions, or procedures). Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity 10. Actively engage in group reading activities with 10. With prompting and support, read informational 10. By the end of year, read and comprehend purpose and understanding. texts appropriately complex for grade 1. informational texts, including history/social studies, science, and technical texts, in the grades 2–3 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range. | 13  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects Reading Standards for Informational Text K–5 RI Grade 3 students: Grade 4 students: Grade 5 students: Key Ideas and Details 1. Ask and answer questions to demonstrate 1. Refer to details and examples in a text when 1. Quote accurately from a text when explaining understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the explaining what the text says explicitly and when what the text says explicitly and when drawing text as the basis for the answers. drawing inferences from the text. inferences from the text. 2. Determine the main idea of a text; recount the 2. Determine the main idea of a text and explain 2. Determine two or more main ideas of a text and key details and explain how they support the how it is supported by key details; summarize the explain how they are supported by key details; main idea. text. summarize the text. 3. Describe the relationship between a series of 3. Explain events, procedures, ideas, or concepts in 3. Explain the relationships or interactions between historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, a historical, scientific, or technical text, including two or more individuals, events, ideas, or or steps in technical procedures in a text, using what happened and why, based on specific concepts in a historical, scientific, or technical language that pertains to time, sequence, and information in the text. text based on specific information in the text. cause/effect. Craft and Structure 4. Determine the meaning of general academic 4. Determine the meaning of general academic 4. Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases in a text and domain-specific words or phrases in a text and domain-specific words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 3 topic or subject area. relevant to a grade 4 topic or subject area. relevant to a grade 5 topic or subject area. 5. Use text features and search tools (e.g., key 5. Describe the overall structure (e.g., chronology, 5. Compare and contrast the overall structure words, sidebars, hyperlinks) to locate information comparison, cause/effect, problem/solution) of (e.g., chronology, comparison, cause/effect, relevant to a given topic efficiently. events, ideas, concepts, or information in a text problem/solution) of events, ideas, concepts, or or part of a text. information in two or more texts. 6. Distinguish their own point of view from that of 6. Compare and contrast a firsthand and 6. Analyze multiple accounts of the same event the author of a text. secondhand account of the same event or or topic, noting important similarities and topic; describe the differences in focus and the differences in the point of view they represent. information provided. Integration of Knowledge and Ideas 7. Use information gained from illustrations (e.g., 7. Interpret information presented visually, orally, or 7. Draw on information from multiple print or digital maps, photographs) and the words in a text to quantitatively (e.g., in charts, graphs, diagrams, sources, demonstrating the ability to locate demonstrate understanding of the text (e.g., time lines, animations, or interactive elements an answer to a question quickly or to solve a K-5 | Reading: informational text where, when, why, and how key events occur). on Web pages) and explain how the information problem efficiently. contributes to an understanding of the text in which it appears. 8. Describe the logical connection between 8. Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence 8. Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence particular sentences and paragraphs in a text to support particular points in a text. to support particular points in a text, identifying (e.g., comparison, cause/effect, first/second/third which reasons and evidence support which in a sequence). point(s). 9. Compare and contrast the most important points 9. Integrate information from two texts on the same 9. Integrate information from several texts on the and key details presented in two texts on the topic in order to write or speak about the subject same topic in order to write or speak about the same topic. knowledgeably. subject knowledgeably. Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity 10. By the end of the year, read and comprehend 10. By the end of year, read and comprehend 10. By the end of the year, read and comprehend informational texts, including history/social informational texts, including history/social studies, informational texts, including history/social studies, science, and technical texts, at the high science, and technical texts, in the grades 4–5 text studies, science, and technical texts, at the high end of the grades 2–3 text complexity band complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as end of the grades 4–5 text complexity band independently and proficiently. needed at the high end of the range. independently and proficiently. | 14  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects Reading Standards: Foundational Skills (K–5) RF These standards are directed toward fostering students’ understanding and working knowledge of concepts of print, the alphabetic principle, and other basic conventions of the English writing system. These foundational skills are not an end in and of themselves; rather, they are necessary and important components of an effective, comprehensive reading program designed to develop proficient readers with the capacity to comprehend texts across a range of types and disciplines. Instruction should be differentiated: good readers will need much less practice with these concepts than struggling readers will. The point is to teach students what they need to learn and not what they already know—to discern when particular children or activities warrant more or less attention. Note: In kindergarten, children are expected to demonstrate increasing awareness and competence in the areas that follow. Kindergartners: Grade 1 students: Print Concepts 1. Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print. 1. Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print. a. Follow words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page. a. Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence (e.g., first word, b. Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by capitalization, ending punctuation). specific sequences of letters. c. Understand that words are separated by spaces in print. d. Recognize and name all upper- and lowercase letters of the alphabet. Phonological Awareness 2. Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds 2. Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes). (phonemes). a. Recognize and produce rhyming words. a. Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken single-syllable words. b. Count, pronounce, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words. b. Orally produce single-syllable words by blending sounds (phonemes), c. Blend and segment onsets and rimes of single-syllable spoken words. including consonant blends. d. Isolate and pronounce the initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) c. Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in in three-phoneme (consonant-vowel-consonant, or CVC) words.* (This does spoken single-syllable words. not include CVCs ending with /l/, /r/, or /x/.) d. Segment spoken single-syllable words into their complete sequence of e. Add or substitute individual sounds (phonemes) in simple, one-syllable individual sounds (phonemes). words to make new words. K-5 | Reading: foundational skills * Words, syllables, or phonemes written in /slashes/refer to their pronunciation or phonology. Thus, /CVC/ is a word with three phonemes regardless of the number of letters in the spelling of the word. | 15  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects Reading Standards: Foundational Skills (K–5) RF Note: In kindergarten children are expected to demonstrate increasing awareness and competence in the areas that follow. Kindergartners: Grade 1 students: Grade 2 students: Phonics and Word Recognition 3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and word 3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and word 3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words. analysis skills in decoding words. analysis skills in decoding words. a. Demonstrate basic knowledge of one-to-one a. Know the spelling-sound correspondences for a. Distinguish long and short vowels when letter-sound correspondences by producing common consonant digraphs. reading regularly spelled one-syllable words. the primary sound or many of the most b. Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words. b. Know spelling-sound correspondences for frequent sounds for each consonant. additional common vowel teams. c. Know final -e and common vowel team b. Associate the long and short sounds with conventions for representing long vowel c. Decode regularly spelled two-syllable words common spellings (graphemes) for the five sounds. with long vowels. major vowels. d. Use knowledge that every syllable must have d. Decode words with common prefixes and c. Read common high-frequency words by sight a vowel sound to determine the number of suffixes. (e.g., the, of, to, you, she, my, is, are, do, does). syllables in a printed word. e. Identify words with inconsistent but common d. Distinguish between similarly spelled words by e. Decode two-syllable words following basic spelling-sound correspondences. identifying the sounds of the letters that differ. patterns by breaking the words into syllables. f. Recognize and read grade-appropriate f. Read words with inflectional endings. irregularly spelled words. g. Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words. Fluency 4. Read emergent-reader texts with purpose and 4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to 4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to understanding. support comprehension. support comprehension. a. Read on-level text with purpose and a. Read on-level text with purpose and understanding. understanding. b. Read on-level text orally with accuracy, b. Read on-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings. readings. c. Use context to confirm or self-correct word c. Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as recognition and understanding, rereading as K-5 | Reading: foundational skills necessary. necessary. | 16  Common Core State Standards for ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects Reading Standards: Foundational Skills (K–5) RF Grade 3 students: Grade 4 students: Grade 5 students: Phonics and Word Recognition 3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and word 3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and word 3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words. analysis skills in decoding words. analysis skills in decoding words. a. Identify and know the meaning of the most a. Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound a. Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound common prefixes and derivational suffixes. correspondences, syllabication patterns, and correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology (e.g., roots and affixes) to read morphology (e.g., roots and affixes) to read b. Decode words with common Latin suffixes. accurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words in accurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words in c. Decode multisyllable words.