Comics 1.1 ENLL121 Intro to comics-1.pdf
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ENLL 121 History of comics Piotrowska, C. 2020. Vanderbijlpark: North-West University. What are comic books? Comic books are a kind of sequential art The umbrella term “comics” is a general term for designating the phenomenon of juxtaposing images...
ENLL 121 History of comics Piotrowska, C. 2020. Vanderbijlpark: North-West University. What are comic books? Comic books are a kind of sequential art The umbrella term “comics” is a general term for designating the phenomenon of juxtaposing images in a sequence Most comic books started out as collections of comic strips Each tells a story by presenting carefully selected moments within panels. “A comic book is a volume in which all aspects of the narrative are represented by pictorial and linguistic images encapsulated in a sequence of juxtaposed panels and pages” (Duncan & Smith, 2009:4). Comics, comic books, graphic novels Comic strips are rigid, short, and come to readers as supplements to newspapers. Comic book is longer, includes more panels/pages, has a creative layout, the composition of its narrative is complex, and readers generally form a fandom subculture. We call them “comic” books because they started out as collections of comic strips. The name just stuck… Recently, writers have tried to rehabilitate the image of comic books by using a new term – graphic novels – to describe the more ambitious works in the art form. This new label also allows for distance from the commercial connotations associated with comic books. (Duncan & Smith, 2009) Narrative art Before writing: San rock paintings of trance-like experiences, visually representing an aspect of San mythology called the !gi The Papunya paintings by Aboriginal painters in central Australia represent stories or “dreamings” Literate societies: Early narrative art memorialised significant political events, eg. Egyptian palette of Narmer (3200 BC), or Greek kylix depicting events of The Odyssey (550 BC) (Petersen, 2010:2-20) Popular prints Encouraged greater diversity and complexity in the way stories could be told with pictures Asia: Chinese develop earliest printing press; Buddhist Diamond Sutra (dated 868 CE) is the earliest surviving woodblock print publication Comical prints (toba-e) gain popularity in Edo period Starting in 1814, Hokusai publishes Hokusai Manga (15 volumes) containing caricatures and single fleeting moments. The earliest graphic narratives in Japan grew out of these caricatures. (Petersen, 2010:21-35) Europe: Medieval text illuminators Printed broadsheets of the 15th C; fairly expensive (cost up to 1 shilling in England = a month’s wage for the middle-class) and not widely accessible Woodblocks replaced with engravings since they are more durable. Allowed for cross-hatching and could be more detailed. Caricatures emerge in Renaissance Italy (Da Vinci and Carracci brothers) Early history of Western Comic Books William Hogarth produces a series of engravings in 1730 in Britain, the scenes of which were casually linked (but still no sequential narrative where actions flowed) Victorian era comics Yellow journalism – caricatures become popular in newspapers Sunday supplement: colourful illustrations began appearing in the New York Herald as early as 1841 The Yellow Kid, an Irish “ragamuffin” (1896) – speech moved from clothes into bubbles 1933 collection of Famous Funnies History: American Comics The Golden Age, 1938 – 1956 Superheroes and Archie Superheroes diminish after WW2 Comic Code drafted in 1954 The Silver Age, 1956 – 1970 Revival of old Superheroes Underground comix introduced The Bronze Age, 1970 – 1985 Revision of comic code in 1971 Supernatural and horror titles flourish The Modern Age, 1985 – present The Dark Age of comics and the antihero (Duncan & Smith, 2009:20-84; The British Invasion Petersen, 2010:133-171; Wolk, 2007:29-59) Golden Age First major superhero is Superman, 1938. Creates a new genre with Action Comics #1. Captain America and Wonder Woman introduced in 1941, fighting against Nazis in WWII. Filled with anti-war propaganda. Due to popular crime pulp stories, Detective Comics are a big hit. Eg. Dick Tracy and The Shadow. Batman is introduced in Detective Comics #27 as a crime fighter in 1939. Superheroes diminish after WWII, and horror comics gain popularity Often 3 or more different stories per comic (often unrelated characters) Stories are text-heavy; captions and word balloons that filled half the panel Due to poor printing standards comics published before 1960 often contained very simplistic art Art was ‘flat’ and 2 dimensional, very little experimentation. Very little attention to continuity Comic panels had a typical grid layout, no splash pages or any ‘artistic’ elements The art in most cases merely mirrored the text/dialogue. For instance, the art would only be used to illustrate settings, characters, action sequences and who was speaking Silver Age Comic books featured a single story focussing on the title character(s) Comics were made “fun”, contained no adult content (Comic Code) Comics Code enforces censorship, leads to the creation of Underground Comix Nudity and sex, drugs, gambling, anti-social behaviour Questioned authority and religion & Criticised western values and society The superhero makes a comeback with a new Flash in Showcase #41 Jack Kirby and Stan Lee join Marvel Start creating more ordinary heroes who dealt with every day problems = Fantastic Four, Spider-man, X-men. The Jack Kirby style had a major influence on comic art Dynamic, capturing energy and motion, almost cinematic in style Inspires “Marvel Style” of drawing comics that is still used today Jim Steranko’s work on Nick Fury was some of the most creative of the time; considered ground-breaking and innovative Text and image had synergy More emphasis was placed on perspective and fine art/illustration practices Changes to page/panel layout (splash pages, typographic design in titles, etc) Better printing techniques also made the printing of finer details possible Bronze Age Stan Lee’s drug story in 1971 in Amazing Spider-man, published without the Comics Code approval stamp Prompts relaxing of the Comics Code Diversification of genre (Fantasy = Conan, Red Sonja, Elfquest; Sci-fi = Heavy Metal and 2000AD; Horror = Swamp Thing, Ghost Rider, and Tomb of Dracula ) Storylines become longer - 2 or more issues per story Often grappled with social issues - drug abuse, racism, income inequality, political corruption, and environmental degradation Just like comics and their readers matured during this era, so did the art styles, becoming increasingly realistic Comic covers and pages incorporated various design elements in an attempt to make it more visually appealing Artists from commercial fields, influenced by Barry Windsor Smith and Neal Adams (in turn influenced by Will Eisner) entered the comic book field and the styles became much more varied Bernie Wrightson brings fine art perspective into comics (inspired by Frank Frazetta) Opened field for commercial painters (Dave McKean, Alex Ross, Joseph Linsner) who become prominent in the late 80s Comic books evolved to such an extent that they surpassed films visually, making many of them unfilmable Modern / Copper Age Extreme diversification of comics Independent comic book creators started publishing their own books Comic books stories would often continue for months (2 to 12 or 24 issues) Comic books took on a darker tone and characters often met with violent ends and death Though comics were often violent, comic book characters also became much more humane and readers often sympathised with villains (The Killing Joke) Creators start experimenting with literary theory, lead to critically acclaimed comics that win literary awards Numerous artists began experimenting with various art styles (fully painted comic books, cubist comics, comics with no text, etc.) Colourists, inkers, and letterers also became recognised as artists in their own right Due to comics becoming widespread, there are also many bad comics The early modern age revolved around artists, often to the detriment of the stories. Characterised by dynamic art, but with no substance ito themes. Lazy artist would often draw a comic filled with splash pages Hyperviolent and hypersexualised (esp. woman) South African comics Kwezi Zana International comics Sector Gofu Survivor’s Club Bitterkomix British comics 2000 AD Judge Dredd V for Vendetta European Comics Valerian The Adventures of Tin Tin Asterix Japanese manga Neon Genesis Evangelion Akira Attack on Titan Why should we study comic books? Duncan and Smith (2009:13-17) list these reasons: 1) Originality of the art form: hybrid between literature and art 2) The New Literacy: reading and symbol decoding 3) Historical significance: before TV, comics were the dominant element in the culture of American youth 4) Potential of the Medium: you can do anything with it Also, it would be irresponsible not to, since you’ll need to know how to analyse and critically engage with all kinds of texts Gaining popularity due to films Genres Superhero – most Kid comics prominent Kung-fu comics Teen humour Science-fiction comics Romance Sword-and-sorcery comics Funny animals Underground comix Horror War comics Memoir Promotional comics Educational comics Movie Comics (includes adaptions of literary classics) Crime and detective … and every other genre we comics have in film and fiction too Jungle comics Collector’s market Two types of collectors: those who collect comics recreationally, and those who collect comics for financial investments Early comics were often seen as disposable, temporary entertainment. For this reason, Golden Age and Silver Age comics are difficult to find (even rarer in good condition) Comic book collecting began around the 1960s, but only became widespread in the 1980s Comic book publishers saw this as an opportunity to increase sales, which led to the speculator’s boom of the early 1990s Variant covers, limited releases, gimmicks (glow-in-the dark, chrome, etc.) A new speculators market has also arisen due to the influx of comic book movies Comic book grading – professional body that grades the condition of a comic (scale of 1-10 from poor, fair (2.0), very good (4.0), fine (6.0), very fine (8.0), near mint (9.0), mint plus (9.8)) The grade of a comic influences its value Most expensive comics Action comics #1, 1938 – First appearance of Superman Estimated value of mint copy: $5.55 million 9.0 sold for $3,21m in August 2014 Detective comics #27, 1939 – First appearance of Batman Mint copy worth $3.08m 8.0 sold for $1.07m in February 2010 Superman #1, 1939 – dedicated to Superman Worth $1.37m Marvel comics #1, 1939 – First appearance of Human Torch, Kazar, and Submariner Worth $1.05m All star comics #8, 1941 – First appearance of Wonder Woman 9.4 sold for $936k on 27 August 2017 References Duncan, R. & Smith, M.J. 2009. The power of comics: history, form, and culture. New York: Continuum. Petersen, R.S. 2011. Comics, manga, and graphic novels: a history of graphic narratives. Santa Barbara: Praeger. Smolderen, T. 2014. The origins of comics. Translated by Beaty, B. & Nguyen, N. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press. Wolk, D. 2007. Reading comics: how graphic novels work and what they mean. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press.