Physics Lesson 4: Refraction (PDF)

Lesson 4 : Refraction Refraction is the bending of light when it travels from one medium to another. A medium is essentially a differen...

Lesson 4 : Refraction Refraction is the bending of light when it travels from one medium to another. A medium is essentially a different atmosphere/substance Rules for refraction 1) The incident ray , refracted ray , and the normal all lie on the same plane. However , the incidents refracted rays are on opposite sides of the line that separates the two media incident - normal ray > air ↓ s angle of incidence of angle < T water refraction ↓ refracted ray bends 2) Light towards the normal when the speed of light in the second medium is less. It will bend away from the normal if it is reversed. Index of Refraction speed of light (3x108s hige Constant) index of 3 refraction speed of light in medium  n = Sin (Oi) sin (or) incident - normal ray > air ↓ sangle of Oi incidence of angle < T water refraction Or I refracted ray # The speed of light in salt is 1. 96 x 108m/s Calculate · n. speed of light (3x108m/s) E hige Constant) index of 3 refraction speed of light in medium n = 3x108m/s = 1. 96 x 108 m/s : In Summary ⑦ ↳ If nolne then the refracted ray bends toward the normal ⑬ ↳ If n > no then the refracted ray bends away from the normal incident ray - normal incident ray - normal > air > air sangle of s angle of Oi - Oi I incidence incidence T of of angle < T water angle < water refraction refraction Or I refracted Or ray ⑰ ⑤  Images in Plane 3 Lesson 3 : Curved Mirrors O I · What light happens when & is reflected from an W 2 & object off a mirror. I ↓ The become I ↓ rays divergent ↓ after reflection & Characteristics of Images in a Plane Mirror : 1) Distance from the object to mirror is the same as the mirror to the image d d 2 > 17 O O - - - - - & & 2) The image line is perpendicular to the mirror surface O J & 3) The flipped horizontally image is upright but compared to the object. - > Lateral inversion A BC > A The Four : ISALT) Big Size 1) : smaller , same , or larger 2) Orientation/Atitude inverted : upright or 3) Location 4) Type (real or virtual) : An image is real if the light is actually arriving at the image location. Ex A her feet the -. girl can just see at bottom edge of a mirror. What is the distance between the and the image ? girl ⑪ II "Isoom E * ISOcm > Total distance = ISOcm X2 = 300 cm / E / Ex. Would the observer be able to see the bottom of the arrow ? · distance is exactly the same No ! ↑ Yes ! Images - in Concave Mirrors - - - - A virtual image is a image formed - by that to be - rays appear coming - from a certain location (from behind the mirror) but not are actually A real image is an image formed by rays that converse at a certain location. - focal - length of ⑧ C F ⑧ - Principal Axis d ↓ 6 - Focus Vertex - center of - curvature - 1) Light that travels along the principal axis will reflect back on themselves - - the 2) Light parallel to PA > - will through - reflect Principal Axis - - the focus. - Focus - Center of vertex curvature. - 3) 3) Light that goes through 7 - verte - Principal Axis the C will reflect - back the through C center of curvature 4) that 2 = Light rays 7 - travel through ⑧ Principal Axis · - the focus will C 6 7 ↓ - d Focus - center of Vertex reflect parallel - curvature to the PA. EX. Lesson S : Lenses. We different directions can make light more in by lenses. A lens be using can : ① Convex ② Concave This is also called a This is also called a lens. diverging converging lens. Drawing Light Rays This is the actual 2 S path the light 2 travels. S S This is a shortcut through the optical center. (O) How do you locate the image ? ⑦ Parallel to PA and I 2 2 7 through F & > ② Through F and ⑧ ⑧ · ⑳ ⑧ PA parallel 2F # < #j9 2F to PA 7 6 & focus Through 0 3 principal secondary principal. focus  These are some scenarios on how to use the three rays. Locating an image using a diverging lens. T I ~ S 7 2 2 ⑧ ⑧ ⑳ 2 DA ⑧ · 2F # Es 25 7 6 - & 3 principal focus secondary principal focus 1) Parallel to and F PA through 2) Through f' and parallel to PA 3) Through 0.  Lesson 2 : Reflection A plane mirror , or a flat mirror illustrates the path when light hits the mirror. The incoming light is called the incident ray. called the The light that bounces off the mirror is reflected ray. The normal is line perpendicular an imaginary to the mirror. normal incident ray X reflected 7 ray · incidence le reflection of ↓ Specular reflection is the reflection of light off a smooth , shiny surface. Reflection of a mirror is called specular reflection. The same can be said about still water. incident rays reflected rays & - ↓ T ↓ 9 7 - - - = - - -- Diffuse reflection is reflected light of a an irregular surface. - a -nu - n - Lesson I : Light. Light can be described as both a wave 3 particle. field M electric i magnetic > · If have light emit in also a light we source rays , unobstructed directions. T - S J & S W Light rays are used to determine the path of light when it strikes an object called a geometric optic. When light is emitted from a source , this called the incident light. Some objects have properties such as : > - transparent : completely see-through (there is no light reflected) > - translucent : some light is reflected and absorbed > - opaque : does not transmit any light. All light is reflected or absorbed.  Lesson 2 : Reflection A plane mirror , or a flat mirror illustrates the path when light hits the mirror. The incoming light is called the incident ray. called the The light that bounces off the mirror is reflected ray. The normal is line perpendicular an imaginary to the mirror. normal incident ray X reflected 7 ray · incidence le reflection of ↓ Specular reflection is the reflection of light off a smooth , shiny surface. Reflection of a mirror is called specular reflection. The same can be said about still water. incident rays reflected rays & - ↓ T ↓ 9 7 - - - = - - -- Diffuse reflection is reflected light of a an irregular surface. - a -nu - n -