Midterm Lesson 1: The Sun in Darkness PDF

MIDTERM LESSON 1  The Sun in Darkness The body that was to be a lamp to self, One day worms will have a horrid feast of it. Here is the common glory of all human flesh, That the good and bad, high and low, all must die. (Sir Edwin Arnold, Buddha-The light of A...

MIDTERM LESSON 1  The Sun in Darkness The body that was to be a lamp to self, One day worms will have a horrid feast of it. Here is the common glory of all human flesh, That the good and bad, high and low, all must die. (Sir Edwin Arnold, Buddha-The light of Asia) Adolescence is the period that lies psychologically and culturally between childhood and Adulthood. Adolescence typically refers to the developmental stage between ages 10 and 19, though it can extend into the early 20s. Many adolescents go through self-concept and self-esteem issues. Adolescence is a transformative time marked by significant physical, emotional, and social changes. Body image or body satisfaction is an important component of self-esteem & self-concept Self-esteem - is how you feel about yourself and your worth as a person. It reflects your beliefs about your abilities, value, and overall self-image. Low Self-Esteem: A teenager is invited to a party but feels they don’t fit in. They think, “No one will want me there; I’m not interesting.” This belief holds them back from joining social activities. High Self-Esteem: A student receives a low grade on a test but thinks, “I can improve next time. I’m capable of doing better.” They use the setback as motivation rather than a reflection of their worth. Self-concept - is how you perceive yourself and your identity. It includes your beliefs about your abilities, values, personality traits, and how you fit into the world. Self-Concept What it is: Self-concept is how you see yourself. It includes your beliefs about your traits, abilities, and who you are as a person. Example: You might think, "I am creative," "I am a good friend," or "I am bad at math.“ Self-Esteem What it is: Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself. It reflects your overall sense of self-worth and value. Example: If you have high self-esteem, you might feel confident and think, "I am good enough." If you have low self-esteem, you might feel insecure and think, "I’m not as good as others." Self-conce Self-esteem is about pt is about how you feel about who you who you are. are. During this period, individuals become more aware of their appearance and how they are perceived by others, which can lead to self-concept and self-esteem issues for several reasons:  1 Physical Changes your body grows and changes quickly. This can make you feel unsure about how you look, especially when you compare yourself to friends or what you see in media.  “Adolescents must understand that physical changes in themselves are normal and a vital part of growing into their unique identity."  2 Social Comparison Teens often look at social media and celebrities, which can create unrealistic ideas about what’s considered "beautiful." This can make you feel like you don’t measure up. "Everyone in my class seems to have better grades than me.“ "My clothes aren't as trendy as what other kids wear.“ "I feel like I'm not as popular as some of the other students.“ "Sometimes I compare my social media following to my friends, and it makes me feel insecure.“ "My art isn't as impressive as the stuff I see on Instagram." What are your social comparison statements? Comparing ourselves to others is a normal part of growing up, but it's important to focus on our own progress and celebrate our unique self.  3 Peer Pressure Wanting to fit in with friends can make you feel insecure, especially if you think you look different from them. Peer pressure often arises in adolescence because this is a crucial time for developing identity and social connections. Teens are navigating new social dynamics and seeking acceptance from their peers. They may feel a strong desire to fit in "Don’t let peer pressure define your path; it’s a common experience, but remember to trust your own growth and values."  4 Identity Exploration Adolescence is a time when you’re figuring out who you are. This can make you question your self-worth and feel extra sensitive about your appearance. Self-Reflectio Diverse n Experiences Explore Open Interests Conversations Social Mindfulness Connections and Meditation  5 Mental Health Factors Feelings like anxiety and sadness can be stronger during these years, which can make it harder to feel good about yourself and your body.  STRESS EMOTIONAL INTENSITY SELF CONCEPT DEPRESSED & & ESTEEM ANXIETY MOOD ISSUES MOOD SWINGS  Factors in the Development of the Physical Self  NATURE NURTURE Heredity, also defined as heredity or Levitt (2013) usually defined as the hereditary descent, is the transfer of effect on a person through external characteristics from parents to their influences since birth, e.g. the children. result of education, life interactions and learning. Behavioral biology has helped psychology to measure the relative existence and dietary particular psychological traits.  The Sun in Darkness The moral lesson of the passage is that everyone, no matter who they are or what they do, will eventually die. It reminds us that death is a part of life for everyone, whether they are good or bad, rich or poor. This encourages us to live humbly and appreciate life, while thinking about the impact we have on others. ADDITIONAL READINGS Adolescence is the period that lies psychologically and culturally between childhood and adulthood (Boyd and Bee, 2010). Many adolescents go through body image and self-esteem issues. Body image or body satisfaction is an important component of self-esteem. Findings of a study revealed that body image or satisfaction in both sexes is highly dependent on body mass index, weight in relation to height, especially for college-aged population. This finding affirms the general idea that weight control behaviors are common among college students (Sira and Parker White, 2010). Self-esteem, also referred to as self-worth. Self-esteem is the global evaluative dimension of the self. Self-concept refers to domain - specific evaluations of the self, academic, athletic, physical appearance, etc. (Santrock, 2010). While for Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian (2009), self-esteem is determined by how much we like our self and how much we value our self-worth, importance, attractiveness and social competence Society have come up with the following criteria: Your face must be beautiful and unpimpled; Your hair must be black and silky; Your skin color must be fair and flawless; Your body must be slim and toned. It is no wonder then that adolescents appear to be quite conscious of their physical appearance, the way they look to others and to themselves. These two aspects - body image and self-esteem, are very important factors in the way adolescents cope with the different developmental challenges during the adolescent stage. How do these two factors affect one another? According to research, levels of self-esteem were positively influenced by levels of body image (Morin, Maiano, Marsh, Janosz and Nagengast, 2011). This suggests that if a person possesses high self-esteem, it also follows that he or she would have high level of body image. It is also apparent that physical appearance alone cannot fully capture the essence of self and identity. Self-esteem does not seem to be solely dependent on body image, but on a multitude of other factors, particularly during the adolescent stage when things can be quite overwhelming. In fact, it was found that a positive relationship exists between spirituality and self-esteem among college freshmen students. (Hayman, Kurpius, Befort, Nicpon, Hull-banks, Sollenberger and Huser, 2007). Directions for future investigations lead to a more global approach in understanding the physical self in relation to culture, body image, self-esteem and standards of beauty. The traditional conceptions of physical appearance seem to be evolving and these changes are welcome in today’s more culturally and racially sensitive generation. While transitions are happening across the globe, support for initiatives and interventions that promote a healthy and holistic approach towards the physical self should be espoused and disseminated for a more balanced and psychologically sound human race.  THE Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  Defining the Good Life in Your Own Words 1. Personal Fulfillment: What activities and relationships bring you the most satisfaction and joy? 2.Ethical Living: How do you incorporate ethical principles into your daily decisions? 3.Contribution to Society: In what ways do you feel connected to your community, and how do you contribute to the common good? Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who lived over 2,000 years ago. He was a student of Plato and a teacher of Alexander the Great. Aristotle wrote about many subjects, including science, politics, and ethics. One of his big ideas was about what makes a life truly good and fulfilling. Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  Nicomachean Ethics This is a collection of ten books based on Aristotle's lectures. The work explores how individuals can achieve eudaimonia, or the highest human good, through virtuous living. 1. Eudaimonia (Flourishing or Happiness) 2. Virtue (Areté) 3. The Doctrine of the Mean 4. Rational Activity 5. The Role of Community Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  Eudaimonia FLOURISHING OR HAPPINESS For Aristotle, eudaimonia is the ultimate goal of human existence. Everything we do aims at achieving this state of fulfillment. Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  Virtue ARETÉ Aristotle believed that virtues are habits or qualities that enable us to act according to reason and lead to eudaimonia. Moral Virtue- These are qualities of character, such as courage, temperance, and justice, developed through habit and practice. Intellectual Virtue- These include wisdom and understanding, developed through teaching and learning. Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  The Doctrine of the Mean GOLDEN MEAN Aristotle introduced the idea of the "Golden Mean," which is about finding the right balance between extremes. Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  Rational Activity Aristotle argues that the unique function of humans is their capacity for rational thought. Living a good life means using reason to guide actions and decisions. Practical Wisdom (Phronesis): This is the ability to make the right decisions at the right time for the right reasons. It involves not only knowing what is good but also how to achieve it. Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  Community Involvement Aristotle emphasized that humans are social creatures who thrive in communities. Good relationships and contributing to society are crucial for a fulfilling life. The Role of Polis: In Aristotle’s time, the polis (city-state) was the center of public life. He believed that a good life is intertwined with active participation in civic affairs and the well-being of the community. Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  Not all desires are the same wants- apparent goods needs- real goods Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  The good life consists in the possession, over the course of a lifetime, of all those things that are really good for us. bodily goods- limited goods external goods- limited goods goods of the soul- unlimited goods Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  HAPPINESS Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  The Greatest Happiness Principle or Utilitarianism "Greatest happiness for the greatest number." Key founders: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill It is the idea that the best action or policy is the one that maximizes overall happiness or well-being for the largest number of people. Utilitarianism emphasizes the importance of considering the consequences of actions and choosing those that promote the most overall good. Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  Other Schools of Thought on the good and happy life 1. Materialism. Believes that the world is made up of and is controlled by the tiny indivisible units in the world called atomos or seeds. Led by Democritus and Leucippus. 2. Hedonism. The end goal of life is acquiring pleasure. 3. Stoicism. The stoics led by Epicurus, according to them, happiness can be attained by careful practice or apathy. 4. Theism Theists are inclined to assert that human life would be meaningless if there was no personal immortality and God did not exist. 5. Humanism. Espouses that man has the freedom to carve his own destiny and legislate his own laws, free from the shackles of a God that monitors and controls-- man is literally the captain of his own ship. Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  Addressing Contemporary Issues Environmental Social Justice Sustainability Use the virtue of justice to address inequalities and support fair Apply the Golden Mean to treatment for all. consumption and conservation efforts. Technological University of the Philippines -- Visayas 2023-2024  IEL BARTOLOME, ANDRIE JOHN GABR SAGUBAN, JOHN ASHER TUPAS, JOSHUA RENE DESCARTES "I THINK, THEREFORE I AM" BORN :La Haye, in Touraine, France. BIRTH :March 31, 1596 DIED :February 11, 1650  PHILOSOPHER’S PROFILE athematics has been a detrimental part in the growth of human civilization from the very first Mathematical statement to the latest formulated theorem, Mathematics will always be prevalent in human history. Mathematics might as well be a human need, given its value towards the many breakthroughs our kind has ever stumbled upon. With these discoveries Mathematics is often compared to Philosophy whereas Philosophy is questioning the order of human nature, Mathematics on the other hand proves human actions. René Descartes bridges the gap between Philosophy and Mathematics, with him being dubbed the “Father of Modern Philosophy” he also created the Cartesian plane where it is used in almost all mathematical equations that require graphing and or plotting. René Descartes was born to Joachim Descartes and Jeanne Brochard on March 31, 1596 in La Haye, France near Tours. He was the youngest of the couple’s three surviving children (Skirry, 2022). René Descartes’ death was recorded to be on the 11th February of 1650. Following this pivotal event in René’s life; he along with his 2 siblings were sent to their maternal grandmother, Jeanne Saint, to be raised in La Haye. Not much is known about his early childhood, but René is thought to have been a sickly and fragile child, so much so that when he was sent to board at the Jesuit college at La Fleche on Easter of 1607. At La Fleche, Descartes completed the usual courses of study in grammar and rhetoric and the philosophical curriculum with courses in the “verbal arts” of grammar, rhetoric and dialectic (or logic) and the “mathematical arts” comprising arithmetic, music, geometry and astronomy. The course of study was capped off with courses in metaphysics, natural philosophy and ethics. Descartes is known to have disdained the impractical subjects despite having an affinity for the mathematical curriculum(IEP, 1991). The town of La Haye, which lies 47 kilometres south of Tours, has subsequently been renamed Descartes.  Long story short, He was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who is often considered the father of modern philosophy. His work laid the foundation for many key developments in Western thought, particularly in the fields of philosophy and mathematics. Descartes has had many revolutionary Mathematical and Philosophical theories; these theories have proven to be crucial with each passing humanly developmental pivot. These discoveries/theories are namely; 1 Meditations on First Philosophy, 2 Discourse on the Method, 3 La Géométrie. Meditations on First Philosophy, it is characterised by Descartes’s use of methodic doubt, a systematic procedure of rejecting as though false all types of belief in which one has ever been, or could ever be, deceived. His arguments derive from the skepticism of the Greek philosopher Sextus Empiricus as reflected in the work of the essayist Michel de Montaigne and the Catholic theologian Pierre Charron. Descartes declares his beliefs based on sensory experience to be untrustworthy, because such experience is sometimes misleading. Discourse on the Method, published in 1637 is one of René Descartes most influential philosophical works. It outlines his approach to scientific and philosophical inquiry and provides insights into his broader philosophical system. Descartes reflects on the limitations of traditional knowledge and the problems with relying on received wisdom and the classical education system. He argues for the importance of developing a new method for acquiring knowledge. La Géométrie, This work is an appendix to Descartes' Discourse on the Method and is one of his most important mathematical contributions. In La Géométrie, Descartes introduces the concept of analytic geometry, which merges algebra with geometry. He demonstrates how geometric problems can be solved using algebraic equations, laying the foundation for the Cartesian coordinate system(Watson, 2019). Aside from Mathematical theories Descartes is also keen on his Philosophies, he’s contributed in the development of methodological skepticis, culminating in his famous phrase "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), which laid the foundation for modern rationalist philosophy. He introduced Cartesian dualism asserting the separation of mind and body, a concept that has shaped debates in philosophy and psychology. In mathematics, he created analytic geometry, linking algebra and geometry through the Cartesian coordinate system, revolutionizing the field. Descartes also advanced the scientific method, emphasizing deduction and logical reasoning, influencing the development of modern science. In conclusion, René Descartes’ historical contributions have all been pivotal to various human developmental sectors to which they are still used to our day in age. May it be in Billie Eilish’s “I think, therefore I am” album or to the daily usage of the cartesian plane of TUP’s future engineers