APWH Unit 1 Cheat Sheet PDF

APWH UNIT 1 (Part 1) REFERENCE SHEET EAST ASIA: Political Innovations/Tech Economics Cultural Environment Society OVERVIEW BY THEME CHINA...

APWH UNIT 1 (Part 1) REFERENCE SHEET EAST ASIA: Political Innovations/Tech Economics Cultural Environment Society OVERVIEW BY THEME CHINA -Song Dynasty Agricultural Internal Trade -Confucianism -​Location:​ ​China -Scholar gentry -Grand Canal -Grand Canal -Buddhism/Daoism -Farmers Rules through: -Champa Rice -Proto-Industrialization -Neo-Confucianism -​Resources:​ ​Coal -Artisans -Bureaucracy -Manure, irrigation -Merchants -Meritocracy systems, heavy plows External Trade -Technology, literature, -​Close to​: ​tributary states, -Peasants/urban poor -Civil Service Exam -More food = more people -Silk Roads visual arts thrived (well South China Sea, canal -South China Sea educated population, networks, Silk Trade -Patriarchy Other -Porcelain, textile, and tea contact with foreigners) Routes -Foot binding (1912 end) -Gunpowder/guns -Tributary system -Filial piety -Steel -Woodblock printing, -Compass -Charged taxes to build paper used for literature -Paper, woodblock routes/control trade printing JAPAN, KOREA, VIETNAM: How similar/different to China? OVERVIEW AND DECLINE of SONG DYNASTY CHINA JAPAN Song Dynasty China​ utilized trained officials in their government. Even peasants were -SIMILAR BECAUSE: ​learned Buddhism and Confucianism and woodblock printing from China, copied Chinese allowed to study for and take the exams, leading to social mobility for those who could traditions in politics, art, literature during Heian Period afford the time to study. The society itself was a patriarchy, with themes of filial piety and -BUT: ​c​ontinued traditional Shinto religion, wrote first novel: ​Tale of Genji, o​rganized in a feudal system where Confucian style respect. Upper class women were subjected to foot binding, a form of landowning aristocrats (daimyo) battled for control of land while majority of workers were farmers, lacked central beauty and upper class status. government until 17th century, since after Heian court a new family took over and installed a shogun (military ruler) weakening the emperor The Song Dynasty had a lot of innovations, many of which moved across the Silk Roads as far as Europe. Things like gunpowder, guns themselves, and paper/woodblock printing KOREA have a huge impact on other societies. The compass, ironically, will lead to the decline of -SIMILAR BECAUSE: ​geographically close to China, so copied a lot of political and cultural traits, centralized the Silk Roads as it helps navigation of the seas. government (like China), adopted Confucian (educated elite) and Buddhist (peasant masses) beliefs , adopted Chinese writing system At this point in history, China is trading a lot outside its borders, expanding its influence -BUT​: ​kept their own language structure, gave up Chinese writing system for their own in 15th century, politically, into Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Eventually overwhelming corruption, issues with aristocracy was more powerful in Korea than China, so prevented lots of reforms they didn’t like (for instance opening infrastructure, and invasions by the Mongols will lead to the decline of the Song Dynasty, the civil service exam to peasants - Korea said no) and major changes in China itself. VIETNAM -SIMILAR BECAUSE: ​adapted Chinese writing system and architectural style -BUT: l​ east sinified of the three, rebelled against China often, Vietnamese women had greater independence, preferred nuclear families, no political centralization, rejected social practices like foot binding and polygyny  DAR AL ISLAM: Political Innovations/Tech Economics Cultural Environment Society OVERVIEW BY THEME ISLAMIC EMPIRE -Abbasid Caliphate -Golden Age -Trade Leads to: -Followers of Islam -​Location: ​Middle East, -Merchants hold high -House of Wisdom in -Spread of Islam (Shia, Sunni, Sufi) religion spreads into status (Cultural empire) -Later Baghdad (center of -Spread of technology South Asia/Southeast -Mamluk, Seljuk Turks, learning between -Rise in knowledge -Tolerant of other Asia -Slavery allowed but Delhi Sultanate cultures) -Diffusion of culture religions and cultures, could not enslave -Evolves into Ottoman -Ex. Nasir al-Din women -Position helped link Muslims or protected Empire (Turkey), al-Tusi’s contributions -Trade Routes Include: Afro-Eurasia peopls (Jews, Safavid Empire in astronomy, law, -Silk Roads -Importance of learning Christians, (Persia), Mughal logic, ethics, math, -Trans Sahara Trade helps usher in -Location allows for Zoroastrians) Empire (India) medicine Route renaissance major centers of -Indian Ocean Network learning like Baghdad -Women had higher -Adopted paper making and Cordoba status than Christian or -Al-Andalus (Islamic from China Jewish women: could control of Spain) also a -Use of waterways leads inherit, divorce, birth center of learning -Literature and poetry, to advances in sailing, control, could testify in -Cordoba (capital) had ex. ’A’ishah navigation court largest library al-Ba’uniyyah’s -Limited as wives, contributions to poetry concubines -​They Contribute to: -Math, medicine, -Typically tolerant, philosophy, law, focused on the 5 Pillars astronomy, etc. of Islam and so focused -Their studies of on spreading through Greek/Latin works trade, missionaries, but preserves those for the not forced conversion Renaissance/ and Scientific Revolution OVERVIEW DECLINE The Islamic Empire ​included culturally Islamic regions throughout the The Islamic Empire faces several challenges, specifically from its own Middle East and eventually farther. While there will be different political groups. Eventually, however, the Mongols will take over the Islamic systems of leadership, culturally this empire is very similar. It tends to spread Empire, changing it slowly until they themselves are overthrown. The through trade, missionaries, and conquering, yet treats conquered territories Islamic Empire will then be split into three sections - the Ottoman with tolerance. Protected people had to pay a tax rather than convert, and slaves could be free by buying their freedom or conversion to Islam. Empire, Safavid Empire, and Mughal Empire. Islam itself focused on education, leading to medical advancements, as well as advancements in mathematics, literature, and law. If not for the Islamic Empire, the Renaissance may never have occurred. If not for their connection across much of the world, many cultures would not have been able to share their knowledge and practices to one another. SOUTH and SOUTH Political Innovations/Tech Economics Cultural Environment Society EAST ASIA: OVERVIEW BY THEME SOUTH ASIA -​Southern India:​ more -Developments in -Trade across Indian -Religion dominant, -​Location: ​India -Caste system: stable than North. algebra and geometry Ocean, connection also before Islam arrives extremely strict, rigid, Includes: via land (Silk Roads) most practiced -Close to: ​Indian Ocean cannot change status -Chola Dynasty -Arabic numerals Hinduism and trade network, Silk -Vijayanagara Empire Buddhism Roads -Merchants treated -Architecture with better due to -Northern India geometric designs (ex. -Many convert to Islam importance of trade -Less stable, often at Qutub Minar, tower to escape low status, or than in other regions war, attack by Islamic over a mosque) due to merchants, or forces. Includes: corruption within their -Rajput Kingdoms -New language: Urdu own religion -Delhi Sultanate (Buddhism) -Bhakti Movement to spread Hinduism SOUTHEAST ASIA -Sea Based Kingdoms -Angkor Kingdom had -Trade between South -Angkor Kingdom had -Strategically important -Srivijaya Kingdom complex irrigation and and East Asia Angkor Thom, capital - sea based and land (hindu kingdom, strong drainage system for with Hindu artwork based connecting South navy) rice, making it -SPICES and temples that turned and East Asia -Majapahit Kingdom prosperous Buddhist and added (controlled sea routes, economically more artwork and Buddhist) temples -Architecture -Land Based Kingdoms -Hinduism, Buddhism, -Sinhala Dynasties and eventually Islam -Khmer Empire/Angkor moves here Kingdom  APWH UNIT 1 (Part 2) REFERENCE SHEET OVERVIEW BY Political Innovations/Tech Economics Cultural Environment Society REGION AND THEME AMERICAS -Mayans -Mayans -Mayans -Mayans -Mayans -Mayans -City states ruled by kings -Concept of zero -Taxes paid by citizens in -Sacrifices used during -Southern Mexico, Belize, -Kings and priests most -Kings said they were -Writing system with the form of tribute (crops, religious ceremonies Honduras, Guatemala important descendants of gods glyphs etc). -Temples built for gods -War typical between city (theocracy) -Linked science and -Rely on trade with city -Polytheistic (multiple -Aztecs states =No central government religion with astronomy states for survival gods) -Same location as Mayans, -Citizens required to -Calendar decided when to had to utilize aqueducts participate in military -Aztecs go to war -Aztecs -Aztecs due to swampy geography, -Women could rule if no -Take over where Mayans -Chichen Itza - important -Tribute system: capital -Religion important, floating gardens male heir present used to be (generally) pyramid used for collects crops, sacrifices, polytheistic (chinampas) to grow more -Capital called astronomy etc from provinces and -Human sacrifice (more resources -Aztecs Tenochtitlan then redistributes it as than Mayans or Inca) -Women could be wives, -City states grouped into -Aztecs needed (kind of like the -Inca priestesses, midwives, provinces -Aqueducts for water Hunger Games) -Inca -Impressive empire, due to healers, merchants, -Emperor in charge, divine -Architecture - pyramid -Pochteca: special -Less sacrifice than Aztec, mountainous terrain in sometimes scribes representative of gods -Floating gardens called merchants trading luxury yet sacrificed children what is now Peru. This is -Emperor (Great Speaker) (theocracy), central gvmt. chinampas goods -Religion is polytheistic why terraced farming and at top, then land-owning -Used tribute for control and animistic (idea that the roadways were so nobles, then scribes and -Inca -Inca anything can have important to them. healers, then craftspeople -Inca -Quipu - system of knotted -Mita System: mandatory spirit/soul - ex. God of and traders, then peasants -Split into four provinces, strings for numeric records public service (on things thunder) and soldiers, then slaves each with governor and -terrace farming for crops like roads) -Ancestor veneration, bureaucracy -Carpa Nan (road -Trade limited mummified dead rulers -Inca -Provinces linked by roads network), also bridges and -Temples built for gods -No tribute, just labor for military to travel other roads (ex. Temple of the Sun) system -Used mita system for -Priests important people to show -Agricultural loyalty/control population OVERVIEW DECLINE The Mayans, Aztec, and Inca are extremely unique. Developing apart from the rest of The Mayans decline due to disruption of trade, famine, deforestation, and too much war the world, these groups in the Americas made their own achievements in architecture (we think - we can’t know for sure). The Aztecs, who moved into this territory, end up and science, while revolving around systems of war and polytheistic worship. All three declining due to rebellion against tribute and sacrifice (again, think the Hunger Games) involve sacrificial ceremonies, though differ in who is sacrificed. All three have as well as disease and violence from the Spanish. The Inca is divided after the death of theocracies, but differ on how those theocracies governed. their emperor, who leaves the empire to his sons, split in half. This causes a civil war, and this, along with diseases and violence from the Spaniards, leads to their decline.  OVERVIEW BY Political Innovations/Tech Economics Cultural Environment Society REGION AND THEME AFRICA -Kin based networks, -Iron (used a lot for -Trans Sahara Trade Route -Religiously animistic, yet -Depends on location: -Organized around evolved into larger weapons), metallurgy links West Africa to Christianity and Islam kinship,, age, gender kingdoms (ex. Hausa (ability to manipulate Middle East and beyond spread to Africa -North: desert, arid, Kingdoms) metals) impacts trade routes (use -Elders held more respect -Indian Ocean Trade links -Stone architecture of camels and as did males (patriarchy) -Ghana (in West Africa) -Swahili - blend of Bantu East Africa to the Middle caravanserai), connected centralized government and Arabic (in East Africa) East, South Asia, and East -Music, visual arts, to Middle East and Europe -Men: specialized jobs Asia storytelling all important -Women: agricultural and -Mali (in West Africa) -Architecture like the and part of entertainment -West: grasslands, many domestic jobs (unless centralized, trading society. defensive walls (built in -Indian Ocean Slave Trade and religion settle there griottes) Notable rulers: Sundiata, Zimbabwe) made without Mansa Musa mortar -Items Traded: -Griots/Griottes: historians -East: coastal regions -Slavery: several types -Gold, Ivory, Salt (West and storytellers as history (Swahili City States) including chattel, Other notable kingdoms: Africa, mostly) was oral and not written connected to Indian Ocean domestic, and debt -Zimbabwe (in East -Gold and Slaves (East and trade outside Africa bondage (prior to Europe Africa) Africa, mostly) starting slave trade -Central: rainforest abroad) -Ethiopia OVERVIEW DECLINE Africa is a large continent and has a large history. Most societies started out as kin based societies, with chiefs making Most societies decline due to agricultural issues (ex. Zimbabwe with overgrazing) or important decisions yet whole societies based off familial networks. Eventually many evolve into larger kingdoms, overfarming; many will also break down or decline due to warfare. usually centralized with success based off of trade. Economically, African societies have been linked to Asia, Middle East, and Europe for a long time through the various trade networks they have. Items like gold and salt are typically most profitable. Africa also sees its societies keeping their own traditions, sometimes accepting Islam as a religion but typically holding onto their own animistic traditions. OVERVIEW BY Political Innovations/Tech Economics Cultural Environment Society REGION AND THEME MEDIEVAL -Feudalism (kings, lords, -Three Field System (leads -Feudalism/Manorial -Great Schism: Roman -Due to increased trade, -Feudalism: roles of king, knights, serfs) to more people) System (serfs work on Catholi Church in West, Black Death (bubonic lord, serf, peasant) EUROPE manors owned by nobles) Orthodox Church in East plague) spreads -Monarchs become -Begin using guns and -Antisemitism toward Jews stronger later on (ex. gunpowder from Asia -Europe mostly -Church important in: art, -Little Ice Age (lower temp France, Holy Roman agricultural at this time, feudal system, education, meant less agriculture, so -Discrimination toward Empire) begins expanding in reform, war (think more disease and Muslims exploration (thanks to Crusades) unemployment and crime) -Norman England: forms Crusades and explorers) -Patriarchal, women only English Parliament for -Ex. Marco Polo (increases -Crusades: Conflicts really have role if joining more representation, interest in Asia) between Christianity and the church writes Magna Carta to Islam protect rights -New middle class emerges (called -Renaissance (renewal of -Emergence of Kievan Rus bourgeoisie/burghers) Greek and Latin arts, (what will be Russia) philosophy, literature) OVERVIEW DECLINE Medieval Europe is a time of change. When we think of this period, we think of Borders will shift, but there is not necessarily a decline just a shift in who is feudalism, with kings, lords, knights, and serfs. This is the basis of the political, who...nations will begin to emerge later with specific cultural boundaries. We just aren’t economic, and social system. As Europe begins to take an interest in trade beyond its there yet. borders (like China) they start to evolve. Disease begins to weaken the idea of feudalism. Religious challenges evoke conflict with Muslims and Jews. Culturally, the Renaissance will lead to the end of the Dark Ages and changes to political monarchies (like in England) bringing more centralization and questions about rights and society (ex. humanism). We are starting to see the origins of boundaries that will be nations.  APWH UNIT 1 (Part 2) REFERENCE SHEET OVERVIEW BY Political Innovations/Tech Economics Cultural Environment Society REGION AND THEME AMERICAS -Mayans -Mayans -Mayans -Mayans -Mayans -Mayans -City states ruled by kings -Concept of zero -Taxes paid by citizens in -Sacrifices used during -Southern Mexico, Belize, -Kings and priests most -Kings said they were -Writing system with the form of tribute (crops, religious ceremonies Honduras, Guatemala important descendants of gods glyphs etc). -Temples built for gods -War typical between city (theocracy) -Linked science and -Rely on trade with city -Polytheistic (multiple -Aztecs states =No central government religion with astronomy states for survival gods) -Same location as Mayans, -Citizens required to -Calendar decided when to had to utilize aqueducts participate in military -Aztecs go to war -Aztecs -Aztecs due to swampy geography, -Women could rule if no -Take over where Mayans -Chichen Itza - important -Tribute system: capital -Religion important, floating gardens male heir present used to be (generally) pyramid used for collects crops, sacrifices, polytheistic (chinampas) to grow more -Capital called astronomy etc from provinces and -Human sacrifice (more resources -Aztecs Tenochtitlan then redistributes it as than Mayans or Inca) -Women could be wives, -City states grouped into -Aztecs needed (kind of like the -Inca priestesses, midwives, provinces -Aqueducts for water Hunger Games) -Inca -Impressive empire, due to healers, merchants, -Emperor in charge, divine -Architecture - pyramid -Pochteca: special -Less sacrifice than Aztec, mountainous terrain in sometimes scribes representative of gods -Floating gardens called merchants trading luxury yet sacrificed children what is now Peru. This is -Emperor (Great Speaker) (theocracy), central gvmt. chinampas goods -Religion is polytheistic why terraced farming and at top, then land-owning -Used tribute for control and animistic (idea that the roadways were so nobles, then scribes and -Inca -Inca anything can have important to them. healers, then craftspeople -Inca -Quipu - system of knotted -Mita System: mandatory spirit/soul - ex. God of and traders, then peasants -Split into four provinces, strings for numeric records public service (on things thunder) and soldiers, then slaves each with governor and -terrace farming for crops like roads) -Ancestor veneration, bureaucracy -Carpa Nan (road -Trade limited mummified dead rulers -Inca -Provinces linked by roads network), also bridges and -Temples built for gods -No tribute, just labor for military to travel other roads (ex. Temple of the Sun) system -Used mita system for -Priests important people to show -Agricultural loyalty/control population OVERVIEW DECLINE The Mayans, Aztec, and Inca are extremely unique. Developing apart from the rest of The Mayans decline due to disruption of trade, famine, deforestation, and too much war the world, these groups in the Americas made their own achievements in architecture (we think - we can’t know for sure). The Aztecs, who moved into this territory, end up and science, while revolving around systems of war and polytheistic worship. All three declining due to rebellion against tribute and sacrifice (again, think the Hunger Games) involve sacrificial ceremonies, though differ in who is sacrificed. All three have as well as disease and violence from the Spanish. The Inca is divided after the death of theocracies, but differ on how those theocracies governed. their emperor, who leaves the empire to his sons, split in half. This causes a civil war, and this, along with diseases and violence from the Spaniards, leads to their decline.  OVERVIEW BY Political Innovations/Tech Economics Cultural Environment Society REGION AND THEME AFRICA -Kin based networks, -Iron (used a lot for -Trans Sahara Trade Route -Religiously animistic, yet -Depends on location: -Organized around evolved into larger weapons), metallurgy links West Africa to Christianity and Islam kinship,, age, gender kingdoms (ex. Hausa (ability to manipulate Middle East and beyond spread to Africa -North: desert, arid, Kingdoms) metals) impacts trade routes (use -Elders held more respect -Indian Ocean Trade links -Stone architecture of camels and as did males (patriarchy) -Ghana (in West Africa) -Swahili - blend of Bantu East Africa to the Middle caravanserai), connected centralized government and Arabic (in East Africa) East, South Asia, and East -Music, visual arts, to Middle East and Europe -Men: specialized jobs Asia storytelling all important -Women: agricultural and -Mali (in West Africa) -Architecture like the and part of entertainment -West: grasslands, many domestic jobs (unless centralized, trading society. defensive walls (built in -Indian Ocean Slave Trade and religion settle there griottes) Notable rulers: Sundiata, Zimbabwe) made without Mansa Musa mortar -Items Traded: -Griots/Griottes: historians -East: coastal regions -Slavery: several types -Gold, Ivory, Salt (West and storytellers as history (Swahili City States) including chattel, Other notable kingdoms: Africa, mostly) was oral and not written connected to Indian Ocean domestic, and debt -Zimbabwe (in East -Gold and Slaves (East and trade outside Africa bondage (prior to Europe Africa) Africa, mostly) starting slave trade -Central: rainforest abroad) -Ethiopia OVERVIEW DECLINE Africa is a large continent and has a large history. Most societies started out as kin based societies, with chiefs making Most societies decline due to agricultural issues (ex. Zimbabwe with overgrazing) or important decisions yet whole societies based off familial networks. Eventually many evolve into larger kingdoms, overfarming; many will also break down or decline due to warfare. usually centralized with success based off of trade. Economically, African societies have been linked to Asia, Middle East, and Europe for a long time through the various trade networks they have. Items like gold and salt are typically most profitable. Africa also sees its societies keeping their own traditions, sometimes accepting Islam as a religion but typically holding onto their own animistic traditions. OVERVIEW BY Political Innovations/Tech Economics Cultural Environment Society REGION AND THEME MEDIEVAL -Feudalism (kings, lords, -Three Field System (leads -Feudalism/Manorial -Great Schism: Roman -Due to increased trade, -Feudalism: roles of king, knights, serfs) to more people) System (serfs work on Catholi Church in West, Black Death (bubonic lord, serf, peasant) EUROPE manors owned by nobles) Orthodox Church in East plague) spreads -Monarchs become -Begin using guns and -Antisemitism toward Jews stronger later on (ex. gunpowder from Asia -Europe mostly -Church important in: art, -Little Ice Age (lower temp France, Holy Roman agricultural at this time, feudal system, education, meant less agriculture, so -Discrimination toward Empire) begins expanding in reform, war (think more disease and Muslims exploration (thanks to Crusades) unemployment and crime) -Norman England: forms Crusades and explorers) -Patriarchal, women only English Parliament for -Ex. Marco Polo (increases -Crusades: Conflicts really have role if joining more representation, interest in Asia) between Christianity and the church writes Magna Carta to Islam protect rights -New middle class emerges (called -Renaissance (renewal of -Emergence of Kievan Rus bourgeoisie/burghers) Greek and Latin arts, (what will be Russia) philosophy, literature) OVERVIEW DECLINE Medieval Europe is a time of change. When we think of this period, we think of Borders will shift, but there is not necessarily a decline just a shift in who is feudalism, with kings, lords, knights, and serfs. This is the basis of the political, who...nations will begin to emerge later with specific cultural boundaries. We just aren’t economic, and social system. As Europe begins to take an interest in trade beyond its there yet. borders (like China) they start to evolve. Disease begins to weaken the idea of feudalism. Religious challenges evoke conflict with Muslims and Jews. Culturally, the Renaissance will lead to the end of the Dark Ages and changes to political monarchies (like in England) bringing more centralization and questions about rights and society (ex. humanism). We are starting to see the origins of boundaries that will be nations.