Causes and Consequences of the Cold War PDF

Causes and Consequences of the Cold War Origins of the cold war Timeline 1939 Soviet Nazi Pact 1941 Atlantic Charter 1941 Creation of the Grand Alliance 1941 Lend Lease 1943 Tehran Confer...

Causes and Consequences of the Cold War Origins of the cold war Timeline 1939 Soviet Nazi Pact 1941 Atlantic Charter 1941 Creation of the Grand Alliance 1941 Lend Lease 1943 Tehran Conference 1943 Liberation of France and Italy ( Western allies) 1944 Liberation of Finland, Poland, Romanian and Bulgaria ( East) 1944 Warsaw uprising 1944 Percentages Agreement 1945 Yalta conference 1945 Potsdam conference 1945 Curation of the United Nations 1947 Long telegram 1947 Truman doctrine 1947 Bizionia 1947 Iron Curtain -​ The term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West and non-Soviet-controlled areas -​ Soviet buffer zones 1947-48 Soviet Bloc 1948 Marshall plan -​ Pravada Response -​ Domino effect Ideologies and dates Description for dumbasses Realpolitik Evolved from 1945 emerged more during 1979’s -​ From practical experiences and objectives -​ In that context, the policy meant dealing with other powerful nations in a practical manner, rather than on the basis of political doctrine or ethics such as Nixon's diplomacy  Pragmatic UK for its post war aims -​ The meaning of a proposition is to be found in the practical consequences of accepting it, and that unpractical ideas are to be rejected Idealistic USA for its post war aims -​ Prioritized idealistic aims such as self detention but had economic interest -​ Continued ideology of Wilsonian democracy -​ FDR’s colonial ideology -​ Victory without losers -​ Not punishing everyone -​ Peace worldwide -​ No imperial colonization Salami tactics Described by Hungarian communist leader -​ Described as slowly taking each country slice by slice through coalitions, communist governments and soviet neutral governments -​ Using repetitive, limited faits accomplis to expand influence while avoiding potential escalation -​ Stalin’s use of ‘salami tactics’ had been effective in the curation satellite states -​ Consistent use of terror and fear within satellite states Events Wtf happened bro Cause for tensions ( rip) 1939 Soviet Nazi pact Nazi and Poland invaded Poland -​ Proved that the USSR had an expansionist ideology with the intentions to colonize and to -​ Poland was completely defeated and was divided between the USSR and Germany overtaken eastern Europe -​ Reduced 20% of Poland land mass -​ Allies were wary of the USSR 1941 Atlantic Charter Statement of fundamental principles for the post war world. -​ Free trade -​ No more territorial annexation by Britain and the US -​ Self determination ( free and unfettered elections) 1941 Creation of the Grand Alliance After a surprise attack by the axis power on the USSR leading to the Grand alliance, united in the denazification Germany 1941 Lend Lease The cash and carry system, as it was called, was superseded by the Lend-Lease Act in March ​ 1941. -​ In December 1940 Churchill informed US President Roosevelt that British resources were stretched thin and Britain could no longer afford to purchase supplies -​ Roosevelt developed a proposal in which the USA would allow Britain to defer payment on supplies needed for it to continue its war effort, thus the USA would  'lend' its materiel to Britain until the British could pay for these supplies. -​ With the Soviet Union at war after the Axis attacked the USSR, the USA extended Lend-Lease assistance to the USSR -​ USA provided over $501 billion in aid - $31 billion went to Britain and $11 billion to the Soviet Union. 1943 Tehran Conference Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin met for the first time to discuss post war Europe Tensions over the Polish question, Roosevelt gave in in order to cultivate good relations -​ USSR made it clear that they wanted to regain land from Poland -​ The opening of a second front to take pressure off the (Russian) Red Army at the Eastern Front. -​ The formation of a United Nations organisation. -​ The western borders of the Soviet Union. -​ The division of Germany following the end of the war 1944 Warsaw uprising A major World War II operation by the Polish underground resistance to liberate Warsaw USSR refused to aid the polish Home army from German occupation. -​ This aggression toward the Poles cast doubt on Stalin’s intentions regarding the future of Poland. 1944 Yalta conference -​ Decided that only unconditional surrender Tensions over Poland arose -​ Germany divided into 4 zones for the alliances, france, british, usa and ussr ( four -​ Britain was particularly concerned about Poland’s future since its invasion by the Nazis had power control) prompted its entry into the war. -​ Germany put on trial for war crimes -​ Churchill had also given his word to the Polish government-in-exile in London that the fate -​ Non german territories liberated of Poland was a priority. -​ Wanted to reach the agreement of the United Nations -​ Determine the occupation zones of Germany, Berlin and Austria -​ Decided the boundaries of poland and the government -​ Decided on the free elections of countries in Eastern Europe -​ Describes USSR’s conditions upon entering war with japan 1944 Percentages agreements -​ Informal agreement between British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet While not passed cemented the expansionist ideologies and the division of europe agreed by the UK leader Joseph Stalin during the Fourth Moscow Conference in October 1944. It gave and the USSR the percentage division of control over Eastern European countries, dividing them into spheres of influence. -​ Romania 90% USSR, 10% UK -​ Hungary 50% 50% 1945 Potsdam conference -​ When and how the divided Germany, which had been divided into four sections Churchill replaced by Clement Attle, Britain saw a shift from conservative to labour, Stalin was the administered by the Americans, French, Soviets and British, would become a united only one there at previous conversations, therefore had the advantage country again -​ Attle more focused on domestic ideologies: less foreign policies less cooperative -​ When the democratization of Germany would take place, with free elections to be Stalin downplayed the importance of the atomic bomb, portray the Soviet army as strong despite held ( Self determination and democracy) numerous losses -​ The trial of Nazi leaders as war criminals and the deNazification of Germany. Strain in wartime alliance -​ The demilitarization of Germany. -​ Question of Polish independence was important to the UK -​ A percentage of German industrial materials would be dismantled and moved to the -​ As the Soviet Union had suffered far more than any other nation at the hands of the Nazis, Soviet Union as reparation for devastation caused by the war Stalin was not interested in seeing a revived Germany -​ Soviets received half of the reparations of 200 million -​ The Allies wanted an economically strong germany -​ 1947 Long telegram US foreign policy was outlined in a letter by a foreign minister US containment which was outlined in the atlantic charter in 1941 -​ Impossible for peaceful coexistence between capitalist and communism -​ Played a significant role in American diplomacy during the Cold War. Soviet leadership is rooted in a traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity -​ ‘the Kremlin’s neurotic view of world affairs’ -​ Wanted to spread democracy and capitalism 1947 Truman Doctrine Arose from a speech by Truman which established that the United States would provide military, economic aid to democratic nations under the threat of authoritarian leaders ( aimed for containment of communism) -​ Britain was unable to defend Eastern mediterranean due to Ttito assisting Greek communists -​ Domino effect : was afraid that european countries would follow suit and fall under the communist regime -​ Iran ​ -​ Had important oil resources, soviet increased the amount of troops in Iran after the agreement to remove troops -​ Turkey ​ -​ Had important -​ Suggested to join soviet defense -​ USA was suspicious and sent military troops to intimidate Soviets 1947 Bizonia -​ British and us zones merged economically curating Bizonia ( shared the ideology of Broke the Potsdam conference, caused tensions to arise with Stalin Rise in suspicion as it was the first an economically revived Germany to pay back reparations to the USSR: 200 million) step to establish a separated germany -​ British sphere of influence was receiving an influx of refugees -​ Soviets still wanted the possibility of creating a neutral or pro soviet germany to eventually fall -​ US Argued that only can pay back reparations into the sphere of influence of the USSR -​ USSR did not want a unified germany -​ UK and US merging= barrier to possible coalition governments forming -​ British proposed a plan for USSR to give back the industry and resources for western allies to pay for imports and thus can pay back the reparations faster ( was rejected in the 1947 London conference see below) -​ Lack of unity ( USSR wanted 4 zones) while Bizonia strengthened economically  with france accepting the proposal for germany’s unified economic development 1945 - 1990 Iron Curtain -​ The Iron Curtain was the name given to the boundary dividing Europe into East Tensions between divided ideologies, but a physical wall but a separation of capitalist vs communism and West from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in ideologies 1991 -​ Economic and political barrier -​ On one side of the curtain, most countries were communist, and on the other side, most were capitalist. 1948 Marshall Plan -​ USA granted funds to governments in Western Europe to prevent economic Stalin suspected that the plan was an attempt by the US to interfere in the domestic affairs of destruction and starvation European affairs -​ Was to fund the rebuilding of western countries -​ He previously believed that after the war, USA would retreat back -​ Believed that if Bizonia and all of Germany would enter a new economically -​ This would put a pause to Stalin’s plan to further expand into western countries as the US integrated europe, germany would less likely be able to dominate Europe was providing aid -​ Gave 5 billion USD in aid to western European countries In 1948, the Pravda Soviet newspaper criticizes the US aid granted to West Germany under the -​ 17 states agreed to allow imports from countries involved in the marshall Marshall Plan Plan -​ Believed it was a plan to cement the ownership of the steel and mining industries in the Ruhr -​ Agreed that Germany needed to recover economically -​ Establish overall production targets -​ Communist countries were banned by Stalin to join the Marshall plan instead joined the COMECON -​ LEAD TO THE OEEC ( to administer the marshall plan) `​ Long Term Tensions ​ Communism vs Capitalism ○​ USSR was a communist state which perceived capitalism as immoral as it exploits its labor class. ​ The formation of the comintern 1919- 1943 ○​ USA was a Capitalist country, believing in private ownership of land and business. It believed in democracy ​ Following the Wilsonian doctrine of self determination and collective security ​ Atlantic treaty wanted to future economic and free trade ( self determination) ​ Conflicting Post war aims: ○​ USA ​ Wanted to have access to raw materials and the freedom to trade worldwide ​ Supported the decolonization of European colonial empires ​ Creation of the United nations during the foreign ministers conference in 1943  ​ USA was vulnerable after the attack on pearl harbor, seeking to end authoritarian regimes and blamed the outbreak of the war in asia after japan's attack on marco polo in 1937 ​ Prioritized idealistic aims such as self detention but had economic interest ​ Continued post war alliance with the USSR and Britain ○​ USSR ​ Ensure the continuation of the soviet union ​ Wanted the reparations from the destruction from the Axis ​ Wanted to regain the land they annexed to poland ​ Territorial gains from Finland, Romania and Poland, Baltic provinces ​ Creation of soviet friendly regimes in three different zones ​ 1943 Dissolve the comintern to show that USSR did not want to pursue global evolution of communism ​ Wanted the partnership and alliance ​ Protect its nation from the threat of european imperialism and addressed the need for geographical security ​ Changing of the Curzon line ○​ UK ​ Remain on friendly terms with USSR and the US ​ Creation of an independent Poland with democratic ideologies ​ Wanted to block the soviet union and its expansion into central, eastern europe ​ Appeasement: to allow italy, japan and germany to take land in order to avoid war ​ Allowing to be slowly aggressive ​ Open communication and the establishment of the United Nations and stopping aggression ​ Preservation of the british empire as a great power ​ Concerned about the weakening position of the british influence around the world ​ Conflicting stance on Poland ○​ USSR ​ Wanted to regain territories that fell into Soviet sphere of interest ​ Ensure a pro soviet government in Poland ​ This would satisfy Soviet fears of future invasions by establishing ‘buffer states’ to protect the Russian heartland. ○​ Britain and the USA ​ In the 1943 Tehran conference agreed to the soviet annexation of Eastern Poland up to the Curzon Line ​ Agreed without consultation of poland  ​ Self determination, hoped that stalin would give the Polish free and unfettered elections ​ Could guarantee a democratically elected government in Poland ​ USSR expansionist ideologies 1944-1945 Country How do these show Soviet expansionist ideologies? Romania Soviets launched a major offensive to drive the German out of the Balkans -​ Establishment of an ACC dominated by Soviet officials -​ Oversaw the formation of a coalition government composing of communist,and other left wing parties to develop the National Democratic front -​ Demonstrated its willingness to manipulate governments aligning with their aims to create Soviet-friendly blocs Bulgaria -​ Similar to Romania, allowed the Soviets to invade Bulgaria to establish an ACC -​ Local communist established the patriotic front in which soviet officials actively supported -​ Stalin did not want to anger the grand alliance-> requested for a more moderate policy Yugoslavia Tito was the independent leader of the partisans communists in Yugoslavia -​ Soviets wanted to control eastern europe through a political and military alliance between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria and the USSR -​ Tito established communist governments in both Yugoslavia and Albania, troops listened to his orders instead of governments in exile -​ Tito encouraged a revolt in Greece -​ Stalin stayed true to his alliance and stopped helping greek communists as greece was in the British sphere of influence Why were Tito’s ambitions viewed with suspicion by Stalin in 1944 and early 1945? -​ British decided to support Tito in 1944, giving them arms and weapons Hungary and Czechoslovakia Wanted to keep the possibility of cooperation with non communist parties in order to protect soviet interest in post war Europe -​ He ordered local communist parties to enter democratic coalition governments to work and consolidate their position post war Analyze the policies of the Soviet Union in Europe between 1945 and 1947 ** The Hungarian Communist Rakosi described the process as ‘slicing salami’ – gradually getting rid of all opposition, bit-by-bit. ** Country The formation of Soviet Bloc Poland The Yalta conference promised free and unfettered elections, however, the result was an overwhelming defeat of pro soviet politicians -​ The NKVD imposed brutal dictatorship on Poland Stalin believed that only a Polish communist state could provide a security to defend itself from possible invasions -​ The Polish elections were held under fear and intimidation -​ Officially 80.1 % voted for the communist party Policy: Doctrine of containment: Halted USSR advancement into western Europe, did not stop its influence over Eastern Europe Romanina Vital security zone for the USSR PROS: 1)​ Possessed valuable oil resources for the USSR to extort 2)​ In 1945, ACC already had control over the Romanian governments Stalin formed coalition governments through merging the Romanian socialist party and the Communist party -​ High Soviet pressure -​ The king was forced to abdicate in 1947 -​ Oppositions was abused -​ Members of opposing teams executed, newspaper shut down to avoid opposition -​ Won by 80% similar to Poland -​ DIFFERENCE: even without fear and intimidation could have won regardless -​ Under Soviet pressure, Romania refused the Marshall plan in 1947 Yugoslavia Won power independently from the Red army controlled by Tito -​ The communist bloc won by 90% Problems: Tito’s expansionist aims clashed with British and American aims due to their attempts to seize greece and trisest ( france) -​ Stalin indirectly supported Tito -​ USSR agreed that Triste was to be under Yugoslav control, however stayed out of greece Bulgaria Employed similar tactics to Romanian through giving power to the Bulgarian government which was mainly communist controlled -​ Increasing containment policies and the Truman doctrine further meant that  Bulgaria was a frontline to defend against communism -​ Stalin allowed the communist party to remove its opposition party’s leader Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia may have remained the link between communism and non communist Europe Was advised against sending delegates to the marshall plan 1.​ In late February 1948, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), with Soviet backing, assumed undisputed control over the government of Czechoslovakia a.​ Soviet expansionist Hungary Had free elections but was under the control of the ACC. Stalin was able to insist on a coalition government -​ Rejected the marshall plan and joined the Soviet bloc -​ The Communist dominated hungarian people's independent front was formed in 1949 Conclusion -​ Creation of the COMECON and the Cominform -​ Ban on the alliances from joining the NATO -​ Achieved obedience by summoning the leader of the eastern bloc states to moscow for talks -​ Direct participation of soviet ambassadors in internal affairs -​ Military commanders and equipment was placed into the blocs -​ Military controlled by the soviets -​ Stalin cultL unifying factor that all satellite states had to follow the soviet example ​ Tensions over defeated Nazi Germany ○​ USA and UK: strong economic ties to receive reparations ○​ USSR: Political affinity which is to have similar national interest in global affairs ​ Curation of the SED ( Unified germany ) -> Already the divide of Germany ​ Did not want split of germany as they wanted Soviet buffer zones ​ Did not want an economically strong Germany ○​ Alleviated fear of military invasion Result: Aims were fundamentally opposed Short term impact ​ Economic interests ○​ ​ Violation of potsdam agreements ​ Western and Eastern Allies ○​ France: Rejected the communist coalition ​ Communist party failed to prevent the acceptance of the Marshall plan  ○​ Italy: Aligned with the Western Bloc ​ PCI was ordered to oppose the Marshall plan but eventually suffered from defeat -​ Military interests -​ The division of Europe Ruhr 1947 London Conference 1948 London conference 1948 Berlin Blockade 1948 Berlin Airlift 1949 Emergence of Eastern and Western Germany 1949 Trizonia 1949 Curation of NATO 1949 Denotation of the atomic bomb from the USSR RUHR( The economic powerhouse of Europe) -​ In the sphere of influence of the Western allies -​ Great industrial center -​ USSR wished to avoid the partition of Germany as it would result in the great industrial complex of the Ruhr ( industrial german coal and steel ) into US dominated western european bloc 1947 London conference -​ Leader of the SED was sent to negotiate western expansionism -​ Conflicts: -​ USSR blamed the western allies for violating the potsdam conference through the creation of Bizonia and denying the USSR of its reparations -​ Demanded 200 million in reparations -​ Western allies rejected the Soviets for forming a German Government ( SED) in fear of Soviet control -​ Economic turmoil -​ After the war, the German economy was in turmoil, thus the allies wanted to create a strong economy for Germany by strengthening the currency. -​ USSR wanted a weak Germany thus printed more money, causing inflation as there was an increase in money supply -​ The Western allies were irritated and tense, thus the division of the world power emerged 1948 London conference ○​ The Western allies met without the USSR to discuss the implementation of a new currency  ​ Curated the Deutsch mark which the soviets responded by implementing the Ostmark 1948 Berlin Blockade WHAT HAPPENED???? ○​ The USSR blocked of West Germany arguing that it was a defensive measure to stop the devaluation of their currency ​ Determined the Deutschmark to be illegal ○​ West Germany was dependent on rail road links running through soviet controlled zones for food and resources ○​ Soviet forces began to restrict the movement of people and goods between west Berlin and west Germany ○​ Soviets stopped providing supplies to the 2.4 million people in the western sectors of the city ○​ In the Potsdam conference there was not stipulation about transportation ​ Able to legally block because there was no pre existing agreements Failures ○​ Western allies decided to supply West Berlin with goods transported by aircraft via airlift ○​ Would follow the routes and corridors that USSR granted Western allies in 1945 ○​ Applied further pressure on Soviet by transferring 60 range bombers to Britain-> intimidation method ​ Operation Vittles lasted 323 days with 13,000 tons of supplies per day ​ January 1949 planes every 3 minutes totalled 275,000 tons Consequences ○​ Large migration to the Western Germany ○​ Ending of the blockade after Stalin realized that the Blockade did not stop the Western allies from supplying food ○​ Establishment of Trizonia ( France, UK, USA) ○​ Confirmed the division of Germany and formed Federal Republic of Germany ○​ Creation of the Stassi ( secret USSR police) Results and impact on Cold War tensions -​ Historian Avi Shiaim stated that “ The Berlin crisis was the crystallization of the cold war” -​ Lead to the curation of NATO as a collective defensive force in 1949 which sped up the formation of separate blocs and against Soviet aggression -​ Became a symbol of their respective political views — democracy and freedom in the West versus communism in the East. -​ The creation of NATO was a significant change in the foreign policy of the United States. Historically, the USA has sought isolation -​ Goal to: safeguard the Allies' freedom and security by political and military means. -​ Secretary General Hasting Ismay stated “ To keep the Russians out, Americans in and the Germans down”  -​ During this time, NATO adopted the strategic doctrine of “Massive Retaliation” – if the Soviet Union attacked, NATO would respond with nuclear weapons. The intended effect of this doctrine was to deter either side from risk-taking since any attack, however small, could have led to a full nuclear exchange. Simultaneously, “Massive Retaliation” allowed Alliance members to focus their energies on economic growth rather than on maintaining large conventional armies. The Alliance also took its first steps towards a political as well as a military role. -​ Rise in tensions from the USSR and USA -​ Eventually lead to the growing Nuclear arms race in 1949 when the Soviet union detonated their first atomic bomb 1949 Emergence of Eastern and Western Germany ○​ Concerns about the revival of Germany were replaced by a fear of the expansion of Soviet power and led to a separate West German state and the formal separation of two Germanies. ​ West: FGR ​ Not fully independent, gave the allies significant power over foreign policy, security questions, exports and other matters ​ East: GDR ​ USSR were reluctant to create a separate state, they wanted to make East Berlin pro-or neutral soviet ​ ○​ Did not want to formalize due to the Ruhr being in the official sphere of influence of the Western allies ​ Believed if a unified Germany was impossible to reaction of a new alternative German state: East Germany ​ 1955 Warsaw Pact ​ Union was no longer possible, revealed the tensions of the superpower rivalries and their determination to achieve each of their own goals 1949 Denotation of the Soviet atomic bomb ○​ On 29 August 1949, the United States’ monopoly of nuclear weapons ended when the Soviet Union exploded its first nuclear weapon ○​ Creation of NATO: formally commit to stronger military defense in Europe ​ Commit troops to the defend Europe 1949 NATO -​ Interlocked with the plans to create a West German state since it eased fears of a revitalized German state -​ France was still afraid of a related German state -​ US agreed to commit troops to the defense of Europe -​ Included Canada, the US, the Brussels pact powers Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy and Portugal -​ IMPACT: -​ Nuclear arms race in 1949  -​ Soviets successfully tested its first atomic bomb leading to the NATO powers feeling threatened by Soviet strength and its satellite states Important figures: 1)​ Walter Ulbricht: Leader of the SED 2)​ Konrad Adenauer: FRG Chancellor 3)​ Rene Pleven- French Prime minister 4)​ Clement Attlee- Britain's Prime minister 5)​ Robert Schuman- French Foreign Minister Rearmament and consolidation Impact Details Impact 1948-1954 Brussels Treaty Signed by Belgium, Britain, France Luxembourg and Netherlands -​ USA’s stance within the cold war, causing tensions -​ To defined against other pact members against any other aggressors -​ Lead to the formation of NATO and the Western European Union Create a council to discuss mutual issues -​ European Defense community ( EDC) West Germany rearments was viewed to strengthen the defense of western europe -​ -​ Plan to create a European army under a european minister of defense Tensions due to economic and political cost of rearmament -​ Economic -​ Increased expenditure on rearmament from 4.4 billion to 8 billion -​ Industrial boom led to inflation -​ Political -​ Disagreements about Korea and China -​ Trmuan refused on the grounds that he could not appease ( appeasement) communism in asia, he reassured that the atomic bomb would not be detonated -​ Lingering fears of eventual German domination among the Western European states OEEC ( Organization for European Economic Called for a dramatic 25% expression of Western European industrial production for 5 years Stalin response Cooperation) by increasing consumer goods ( Guns and Butter theory) -​ Offered the FRG the prospect of a joint united Germany -​ Enjoyed a period of propensity for economic and political integration consolidating -​ At that point the FRG was not fully consolidated, therefore Soviet the western bloc influence was a predominant factor to consider -​ Called for a 25% expansion of Western European industrial production to increase -​ This was rejected by the Western allies as a they believed a neutral germany consumer goods ( Guns and Butter) would fall into the Soviet sphere of influence and benefit from the Ruhr -​ To combat the growing economic crisis and inflation and its large population -​ Enjoyed a period of prosperity and political integration within the Western bloc Western aims  -​ Attempts to destabilize the Soviet bloc -​ Gave economic and military assistance to the USSR -​ Undermined the USSR by filing human right abuse in the Eastern bloc 1951 ECSC ( Economic coal and steel committee) It established free movement of steel products and coal for the six members, and a -​ Westt Gemrnay Received 1.45 billion in aid from the marshall plan supranational High Authority was tasked with setting prices, ensuring free competition and -​ Lead to “Wirstschartftwunder” as mentioned in The Times in 1950 social protection, and coordinating steel and mining investments. -​ 25% expansion in production due to guns + butter which increase the demand for consumer goods -​ Lead to prosperity and political integration : aid from Trizonia and the Marshall plan -​ Price controls were removed which reduced shortages in food 1947 Cominform Stalin invited the leaders of Eastern blocs and leaders of Italian and French communist 1949 COMECON SED was in control of the GDR, was a satellite state under the control of USSR’s walter Soviet response to the 1948 Marshall plan Ulbrichet -​ Aimed to integrate the economics of Eastern Europe with USSR -​ Joined by the GDR -​ Collectivized agriculture and centralized economies Seen as a soviet response to the marshall plan aimed to integrate the economies of Eastern -​ Five year plans for large scale industrialization European blocs Cominform -​ Policies -​ Atelles called it a bogus form of peace aimed at sabotaging national defense ( -​ Collectivized agriculture demanded the banning of the atomic bomb possessed by the US) -​ Centralized economies -​ At this time both the USSR and the US possessed atomic weapons -​ Five year plans were established for large scale industrialization -​ Leading to the World Peace Movement in 1951 -​ Banned the atomic bomb and condemned whoever’s governments used the atomic bomb in conflict 1.​ Yugoslavia Case Study Background -​ Created during in the interwar periods after the breakdown of the ruling monarchy -​ Two resistant groups emerged during the split -​ Royalist and the Chetnicks -​ Communist partisans under Tito -​ Tito had more appeal due to its disconnection from specific nationalistic ideologies and organized communists into egalitarian units Relations with Stalin’s USSR -​ Devoted communist and loyal to the USSR -​ Saw himself as an ally rather than a puppet  -​ Tito’s foreign policy decisions = points of tensions with the USSR -​ Gave support to the Greek and Balkan regions which were int eh sphere of influence of the Western allies Foreign policies of Yugoslavia 1947-1955 What Happened Source of Tensions Yugoslav- Soviet Split 1948 Friction between the Soviet and Yugoslavia 1)​ Tito reacted by defying his leadership by -​ Tito wanted to position troops in Yugoslavia to withdrawing soviet officials protect the greek communist a)​ Western allies attempted to destabilize -​ Escalating tension the soviet blocs -​ Tito rejected the USSR influence as he 2)​ Tito pursued economic, internal and foreign beloved that the soviet would take policy objectives that did not align with the control of the Yugoslavian government interests of the Soviet Union and its eastern bloc allies a)​ Support of the Greek communists against the soviet wishes ( due to its sphere of influence of the western blocs) CONSEQUENCE: 1)​ Turned to Western blocs and their allies for military and economic assistance Trieste 1)​ Allies were alarmed by the calls for Trieste to be 1.​ Legally part of Italian influence part of Yugoslav and sent New Zealand troops a.​ The population was ethnically and to defend their sovereignty ( part of the ideological split commonwealth army) b.​ Trieste was liberated by Tito’s 2)​ Under the pressure of the Soviets, the Yugoslav communist partisans withdrew behind the Morgan Line 2.​ Stalin did not want conflict with the allies, thus 3)​ Free territory of Trieste was established in 1947 did not take part in the conflict a)​ Divided into Zone A and Zone B 3.​ Divided Triste i)​ USA and British controlled a.​ The allies did not want to give Trieste to Zone A under the allied Yugoslavia as they were communists military government b.​ The allies also did not want to give ii)​ Zone B was given to the Trieste to Italy as they had lost the war Yugoslavian governments 4.​ Yugoslavia was way more popular than the what the allied states had expected Greek Civil War 1)​ Royalist received assistance from the British 1)​ Stalin kept the USSR out of the war and government accepted Greece as part of the British control 2)​ Tito criticized Stalin showing tensions between due to the percentages agreement both countries a)​ Greek communist refused Yugoslav 3)​ Yugoslavia shot down 2 American planes support as they did not want to risk the a)​ Tito refused to accept responsibility lost of support by the comintern and therefore had a negative image of 2)​ Rise in tensions over Tito’s attitude  Yugoslavia a)​ Stalin did not want Tito to act independently, instead wanted Yugoslavia to become a satellite state Balkan Federation 1948 1)​ Tito wanted to establish a Balam Federation While Stalin supported the idea of the Balkan federation which showcased his expansionist view as it felt that it would give the communist more a)​ Wanted to form with Albania, Bulgaria, chokehold and strength over Western Europe Romania -​ Did not voice their support, due to the 2)​ Unwilling to offend the allies, Stain maintenance of alliance with the US compromised the Balkan federation by offering -​ USSR compromised Balk Bulgaria and Yugoslavia Tensions between Soviet and Yugoslavia arose a)​ Ttito walked out ( Was not the outcome he was hoping for as he wanted full influence over the communist federation) Non-alignment 1955 Started with the Bandung Conference in 1955 Showed the commitment of Yugoslavia to international -​ 29 nations from Africa and Asia: mostly cooperation and moving away from the Russian Blocs colonized countries Goal: 1)​ Wanted to oppose colonialism and promote economics and cultural cooperation 2)​ Have more trading partners Limitations: 1)​ Lacked the real authority as the security could override most decisions Domestic policies of Yugoslavia 1947-1955 What Happened Limitations Dependent on the United Nations relief which gave the Industry rapidly expanded and all industries exceeded 1)​ Could not redevelop their economy due to the country over 400 million in goods to renew their their prewar levels of production consistent aid from other countries economy 2)​ Little incentive for workers or managers to propose new initiatives 3)​ Reliant on US support Post 1948 policies 1)​ Self management was developed 1)​ While the country experiences a 13% annual 2)​ Creation of market socialism where workers growth, the government budget constantly ran a owned their own firms and produced their own budget deficit goods 2)​ Experienced high inflation and unemployment Korean War ( lead to the Geneva Spirit-> Thaw) Korean War - spilt of North and the South North Korea= communist ( USA VS communist states ( China and Russia) -​ USSR sent support and PRC sent troops Truman wanted a perimeter and believed that in order to provide protection, Korea needed to be under USA’s sphere of influence -​ Wrestling with the idea of supporting Korea and consistency to contain communism worldwide ( has to contain in both Europe and Asia) -​ Western allies were afraid of soviet expansion into the west europe ( due to assumed Stalin’s participation in North Korea) 1950 Acheson Perimeter speech 1)​ Korea was not in the sphere of influence under USA’s protections 2)​ Had to choose between appeasement or rollback 3)​ USA had to demonstrate consistency with communism this had to have containment of communism in both Asia and Europe 4)​ U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson had announced publicly in January 1950 that South Korea was outside the American defense perimeter a)​ Stalin allowed Kim to invade yet said “ if you get kicked in the teeth. I shall not lift a finger.” UN and US intervention 1)​ Truman committed naval, ground and air forces to Korea a)​ “ Suppress a bandit raid” ( afraid of the domino effect) 2)​ The UN sent in armed forces under Resolution 82 a)​ UN forces, led by the American General Douglas MacArthur, landed in Inchon and quickly pushed the North Koreans back over the 38th parallel and by October 1950 they had almost rolled back the communists to the Yalu River on the border with China b)​ Macarthur threatened to use 30 to 50 atomic bombs Impact and results of the Korean War US aid -​ US commitment to their rollback policy= chose to demonstrate consistent with the containment of communism -​ Bruce Cummings mentioned that the Korean war turned the US into the international ‘ policemen” -​ Increase in US military expenditure ( Quadrupled US spending) Political Impact -​ China mobilized about 2.3 million men in order to fight in the korean war -​ Seen as a power move for Mao to consolidate his power and showed support for the spread of communism -​ NSC 68: policies in which the US council recommended to president Truman ( introduced ROLLBACK) -​ Described communist world “ aggressive”, “expansionist” and a “ grave threat” -​ Further developed US conventional and nuclear arms to defend themselves -​ Military expenditure skyrocketed -​ Showcased McAruthus’ determination to utilization nuclear weapons in order to contain communism= Lead to his dismissal -​ Lead to mass remilitarization through the curation of SEATO ( South East Asia) and NATO -​ Red Scare in the US where the fear of communism not only expanded to different countries, it also extended into people’s homes South Korea Social impact -​ Around 4 million people were presumed dead -​ War damage was equivalent to 6,9 billion USD -​ 70% of textile and chemical industry destroyed -​ Foreign trade deteriorated from 208 million USD to 2.9 million USD North Korea Social impact -​ 25 million North Koreans and Chinese dead -​ Japanese production facilities and firms were taken away by the government Consequences: -​ Division of the two Koreas ( cemtneted) -​ Demonstrated the US and USSR’s use of proxy wars which eventually lead to the thaw of tensions in 1954 ( signed an armistice after a stalemate) -​ The dismissal of Douglass = yet the rollback is largely dismissed -​ Eisenhower promised to oversee the reunion of both Koreas -​ Lead to the thaw in tensions ( signed an armistice in 1954) North Korean Policies 1)​ 3 billion in aid from Communis blocs were given 2)​ Build collective farming system through land reformations 3)​ Built up heavy industry oriented industrial structure instead of the production of daily necessities 4)​ Promoted Juche ( Independence and self reliance) -​ Jaju ( political independence) -​ Jarip ( Economic self reliance) -​ Jawi ( Military self defense) 5)​ Uneasy support with USSR and the PRC South Korean Policies 1)​ Rhee government ( 1965-60)= authoritarian a)​ Was mainly unsuccessful due to his lack of policies i)​ Growth rate was slow: It averaged about 4 percent a year, less than 2 percent per capita when the high birthrate was factored in. ii)​ USA only kept him as he acted as a block against the Soviets 2)​ Stronger economic partnership with the west due to support from the Marshall plan a)​ From 1946 to 1976, the United States provided $12.6 billion in economic assistance b)​ Korea was seen as an important front against against the communist block i)​ Korean economy was not the prime interest of the US ( burden towards the US) ii)​ 3)​ Over Reliance on American aid a)​ American aid at one point in the mid-1950s accounted for nearly 80 percent of all government revenues and a substantial portion of South Korea’s entire GNP b)​ Export deficit: ​In 1956, exports amounted to $25 million and imports $389 million; the huge deficit was made up for by the infusion of US aid funds 4)​ Fostered consumer goods oriented and producer goods oriented industry Impact ( the threat of nuclear war) 1.​ In 1954, MacArthur said he would have “dropped between 30 and 50 atomic bombs on air bases and other depots strung across the neck of Manchuria.” However, MacArthur later claimed this was not the case. Regardless, the tension between MacArthur and Truman led to a total breakdown in their relationship, causing Truman to replace MacArthur with General Matthew Ridgeway. 2.​ The decision to remove MacArthur was extremely unpopular with the American public 3.​ American foreign policy and domestic opinion was heavily influenced by the war. What caused the Korean war: varying perspectives Orthodox School ○​ The Korean War as a superpower conflict ​ Viewed the was as planned by the USSR and supported by Mao ​ Blamed the USSR for the start of the Korean War ​ Believed they planned an unprovoked attack by the North ​ IMPORTANT EVIDENCE NEEDED ○​ “Kim was merely a pawn in Stalin’s grand chess game” ○​ “ Kruhschev wrote: “ I don’t condemn Stalin for encouraging Kim Revisionist View ○​ Asserted that the superpower dragged in lareley against their will in the Korean War ○​ Cummings blames the South for the start for the Korean war due to the political character from Korean society ○​ Believed that the USSR was unwilling to get involved ​ Stalin’s disagreed to use military means to invade Korea, bearing in the mind existence of the 38th parallel ○​ China’s reluctance to get involved ( was more interested in the invasion of Taiwan) ​ IMPORTANT EVIDENCE NEEDED ○​ Bruce Cummings states that he sees conflict in a “ war primarily fought by Korean conflicting social systems therefore, for korean goals” Post- Revisionist view ○​ The Korean war as an international civil war ​ Aided by superpower allies ​ North Korea: China and USSR ​ South Korea: America and Western allies Korean war questions: ​1) To what extent were foreign powers responsible for the outbreak of the Korean War? 2) Discuss the economic and political impact of the Korean War on the Korean peninsula. 3) Discuss the impact of foreign intervention on the Korean War (1950–1953). What caused the cold war: varying perspectives​ Orthodox school ○​ The cold war originated from the USSR expansionist policies ​ Traditionalist historians in the West explained the breakdown of the Grand Alliance and the beginning of the Cold War, by placing the responsibility on Stalin and his expansionist policy following World War  ​ Aggressive Soviet action was seen as exemplified in the communist coup in Czechoslovakia ○​ Creation of satellite states in Eastern European countries ○​ Allies: actions taken by the West during this time were purely self-defence against communist aggression Revionsists ( view that the Korean War is a civil war ) ○​ It was the fault of American economic imperialism and atomic diplomacy ○​ Believed that Americans had a capitalist mindset ○​ Argued that Stalin’s main priority was to rebuild and protect his nation following World War II, and they found the cause of the Cold War to be in the capitalist policies of the USA. ​ The Marshall Plan was viewed as a way of seeking new markets and expanding the US economy. ​ Turman doctrine caused the split ​ London conference 1948 currency reformations ​ IMPORTANT EVIDENCE NEEDED ○​ Bruce cummings“ War was primarily fought by Koreans conflicting social systems for Korean goals” ○​ Post Revisionists ○​ Opposing viewpoints, capitalism and communism cannot peacefully coexist ○​ The blame cannot rest solely on the United States or on the Soviet Union, but rather on the shifting landscape following World War II, as well as the deep-rooted nature of the players’ opposing ideologies. Questions Responses and breakdown Fear, rather than aggression, was the main cause of Tips: superpower rivalry between 1943-1949 1)​ Discuss the TIMEFRAME Points: 1)​ Stalin’s fear of a revived and powerful Germany 2)​ Berlin Blockade To what extent was there a thaw in the Cold War after The Korean war, ended in a divided Korea and a 1953? -​ Eisenhower (new US President) introduced ‘roll back  Communism’ and to be ‘tougher on the Soviets’ -​ Eisenhower administration: new foreign policy; ‘New Look’ and supported ‘massive retaliation’ -​ Involved reliance on and threats of the use of nukes -​ Brinkmanship acted as a possible mode of negotiation -​ Massive retaliation: military strategy which supports the US responding with much greater force - nukes - in the case of an act of aggression -​ Kennedy (1961) resulted in a new foreign policy: ‘flexible responses’ that allowed for a variety of options, not just nukes Superpower rivalry increased as a result of the Cold War crisis. With reference to two crisis each chose from a different region, to what extent do you agree with with this statement 1953 Succession of Khrushchev -​ Peaceful coexistence -​ Khrushchev ushered in a period which became known as the ‘thaw’ -​ Favoured return to party control and de-Stalinisation -​ Highly controversial within Communist Party  -​ De-Stalinisation: a political reform launched by Khrushchev that condemned the crimes committed by Stalin, destroyed Stalin’s image as a faultless leader and promised a return to socialism -​ Khrushchev: “There are only two ways - either peaceful coexistence or the most destructive war in history. There is no third way” -​ Khrushchev believed global communism would be achieved by recognition of a superior ideology, not force Warsaw Pact 1955 -​ Response from USSR to NATO, signed by the Soviet Union and all the satellite states except Yugoslavia -​ Wanted to forge their own path -​ Response of the Eastern European -​ Extension of COMECON formed in 1949 Weakening in Soviet regime Crisis WHAT HAPPENED TENSIONS BOOHOOooooooooooooEEEE East German Uprising 1954 Taiwanese Strait Crisis 1956 Hungarian Revolution -​ The Hungarians were encouraged by a new -​ Significance to US: showed that Eisenhower’s freedom of debate and criticism ‘roll back’ of communism were mere empty -​ Led to a rising tide of unrest and words discontent -​ Weakness of the US -​ Broke out in fighting in October -​ Significance to the USSR: Showed that Stalinsts -​ Protests in Hungary lead to resignation of leader type of force were still used ( showed the at the time (Rakosi) who was followed by Imre strength of the soviets) Nagy -​ Nagy immediately announced Hungary’s withdrawal from Warsaw Pact ( removal from the Eastern bloc) -​ Appealed to the UN for support, western allies were reluctant due to risk of a global confrontation ( rise in tensions) -​ Response: USSR sends tanks and troops to crush revolt, Nagy imprisoned and executed for treason Suez Crisis 1956 -​Egyptian President Nassar seized control of the -​ Challenged USA’s s relationship between two Suez Canal from the British and the French primary allies -​ Essentially threatened to cut off Europe’s oil -​ On one hand the US did not want to supply. support colonialism -​ IN 1956, Israeli Forces moved across the border -​ The USA was concerned about Nassar’s and defeated the Egyptian army nationalization, however, France and the UK -​ USSR and their USA issued a ceasefire, viewed the situation as a threat to their national under the supervision of the special interests. untied nations force -​ France and Britain contacted Israeli government AFTERATH and proposed a joint operation to invade suez ( -​ Altered the regional balance of power Israeli government agreed as they gave Israel the -​ Nassar’s power grew opportunity to invade the Gaza Strip -​ UN adopted a larger role of maintaining a peacekeeping force in the Sunai -​ France and Britian were humiliated after their withdrawal fo troops it eh Canal zone 1961 Bay of Pigs Following the launch of Spatnik ( USSR missile) Background-> Change in American leadership Kennedy took over Eisenhower’s hardline anti USSR and anti  communist 1)​ The US devised a plan to train 1500 Cuban exiles Berlin Wall 1961 1963 Cuban Missile crisis Sino Soviet Split 1961 -​ Believed that the Hungarian Uprising was a severe concern due to the need for military intervention to suppress ( sent in tanks to control the uprising) -​ Mao believed that it weakened the political legitimacy of the communist party -​ China denounced the USSR’s destalinization as “revisionist traitors ” -​ Mao Zedong claimed Khrushchev deviated from Marxist-Leninist Communism (Soviet revisionism) -​ Transformed to cold war from bipolar to tri polar ( China, USSR+ eastern blocs, USA) -​ China retained the Stalinst model of marxist leninist economy, government and society -​ -​ -​ -​ -​ Austrian State Treaty (May 1955) -​ Most important development in the thaw -​ Austria to be completely independent from USSR, must not join NATO or EEC and must stay neutral -​ -​ Hungarian Uprising (1956) -​ -​ Berlin Wall (1961) -​ Regardless of thaw, tensions remained in Germany. Still considered the front line of the Cold War -​ Divided Berlin was especially problematic for the Russians: -​ West Berlin operated as a capitalist free-market economy, heavily supported by US, GB, France, surrounded by the centrally planned economy of East Germany  -​ Free-market economy: system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition. In other words, buyers and sellers can make deals based on supply and demand, without any interference -​ Central planning: gov’t owns the means of production and runs the economy in the interest of the workers. Gov’t decides what to produce, how to produce it and for whom -​ Khrushchev proposed uniting Berlin and making it a free city within East Germany -​ Kennedy told Khrushchev US would never give up West Berlin -​ Response: Khrushchev approved building a wall separating East Berlin from West Germany -​ Result: Wall prevented skilled East German workers from leaving West Berlin. Wall prevented East German workers from leaving for the West where pay and opportunity were better -​ Wall achieved its aim: East Germany stabilised and the threat posed by West Berlin to the Soviet sphere of influence was successfully contained -​ Sphere of influence: an area in which another country has the power to affect developments even though it has no official authority -​ Nuclear Arms Race -​ Significant cause of tension and hostility between the superpowers -​ Economic resources needed to maintain and develop new military technologies imposed enormous financial strain on both sides -​ 1957 - USSR launches world’s first ICBM -​ -​ Brezhnev takes over Khrushchev after Cuban Missile Crisis -​ Arms race gained momentum -​ Brinkmanship politics of the Cuban Missile Crisis prompted the Americans to realise that there must be a better way of dealing with Communism -​ Nixon and Kissinger introduced détente -​ Arms race: competition between two or more states to have the best armed forces, more weapons, etc. -​ Brinkmanship: diplomacy tactic of pushing a dangerous situation or confrontation to the limit of safety to force a desired outcome -​ Détente: the easing of hostilities or strained relations 1963-1972 DETENTE