Coffee PDF

Quick History - Coffee - Ethiopia (12-15th centuries) - Tea - China (780 AD) - Cocoa - Mayas, Aztecs, Incas, (pre-Columbian) - Chocolate drink introduced to Spain in 1520 - SJ Fry (1728) - first chocolate factory in England Caffeine - Xanthine stimulant or methylxanthine - Occurs naturally - 1st iso...

Quick History - Coffee - Ethiopia (12-15th centuries) - Tea - China (780 AD) - Cocoa - Mayas, Aztecs, Incas, (pre-Columbian) - Chocolate drink introduced to Spain in 1520 - SJ Fry (1728) - first chocolate factory in England Caffeine - Xanthine stimulant or methylxanthine - Occurs naturally - 1st isolated from coffee in 1820 - Found in coffee, tea, and cocoa - Theobromine and theophylline are other naturally occurring methylxanthines - Found on chocolate Sources of Methylxanthines - Coffee - Arabica and canephora (also called robusta) - 2 types account for 90% of world’s coffee - Native to Ethiopia - But cultivated all over the world - seeds/beans are roasted and grinded - Strength is based off bean and method of brewing - Tea - Made from leaves of Camellia sinensis - Black - fermented - Dry leaves and crush them - Oolong - semi fermented - roasted - Green Chinese - unfermented - Steamed - Scented with flower petals - Jasmine - Also contains theophylline and theobromine in addition to caffeine - Cocoa - Cocoa tree (seeds) - Native to tropical Amazon rainforest - Harvested then fermented - Dried and crushed - Alkalize - Removes the large amount of acid - Contains theobromine and caffeine Other Natural Sources of Methylxanthines - Ilex plant - Amazon region - Mate - Cassina - South Africa - Youpon or black tea - Guarana - Amazon, Orinoco, and Negro rivers in South America - Cola - Southern Nigeria Where Else Can We Find it? - Soft drinks and energy drinks - Food additives - Pudding mixes - Baked goods - Dairy desserts and candy - Medicines - Headache medicine - Cold and flu - Over the counter meds (Anacin) - Allergy relief compounds - Stimulants - Asthma medications Neuropharmacology Routes of Administration - Oral - Most common - Rectal suppository - Intramuscular or intravenous routes Absorption - Lipid soluble - Water soluble so they can move around in body easily - They are bases, so when they are dissolved into the acidic stomach, they become highly ionized and less lipid soluble - Digestive system - Most absorbed from intestines - Presence of food or other things in intestines can slow the absorption rate - Peak concentration blood levels about 30 min - Effects might last around 60 min - Eating chocolate/soda takes longer to absorb than coffee/tea Distribution - Caffeine crosses the BBB and placental barriers without difficulty and reaches all body organs - Present in all body fluids, including breast milk - Low dose for mother not mean low dose for child - Theophylline and theobromine are a bit less soluble than caffeine - Move around slower Excretion - Half life - the amount it takes to remove half of the drug from your system - Less than 2% of caffeine is excreted unchanged in the urine - Half life (2.5-4.5 hours) - Caffeine metabolism - Slowed by alcohol - Speeded by broccoli - Smokers eliminate caffeine twice as fast as nonsmokers - Elimination slowed during pregnancy - Babies cannot metabolize caffeine well - 85% excreted unchanged in urine, half life 4 days - Adult metabolism develops 9 months - 98% of caffeine is converted to paraxanthine and other metabolites in the liver by one of the p450 enzymes - P450 is a common enzyme in the liver that attacks things - Genetic differences in the gene that encodes the P450 which will affect the metabolism of caffeine - Can make them faster/slower metabolizers - P450 enzyme can also be stimulated/inhibited by certain medicines/foods - So caffeine metabolism will be fast/slow depending on other things in liver - Ex. slowed by ingesting alcohol and grapefruit juice - Ex. sped up by smoking or eating broccoli Neurophysiology - Caffeine has similar structure to adenosine (NT) - So it can interact with most of the body systems that adenosine does - Caffeine and other methylxanthines are Adenosine receptor blockers - Caffeine antagonizes adenosine NTs - Because of the similar structure, caffeine is able to bind to the receptor instead of adenosine, but doesn’t so the same job - Just blocks it from being able to bind - Adenosine is used in many systems in the body commonly as a neuromodulator - Modulates neurotransmission - Is able to inhibit the release of a lot of NTs by modulating the effect of the presynaptic site - Meant to slow things down (slow the release of NTs) - If caffeine binds to presynaptic instead, then opposite happens - More NT release from presynaptic cell - Increases dopamine due to caffeine - Block benzodiazepine receptors in high dose of caffeine - Effects on anandamide - Anandamide - endogenous NT that is able to work at the cannabinoid receptor where cocaine has it effect Compounds found in chocolate that block the metabolism of anandamide - Promote the pleasurable effects from eating chocolate (a little high) Effects Effects of Caffeine and the Methylxanthines - Stimulating effect in the peripheral nervous system - Ex. increased HR (after a high dose) - vascular system - blood vessels get bigger, can drop blood pressure - dilated vesicles in body - constricts cerebral blood vessels in the brain - Reduces blood flow - Can relieve pressure of some of the tissue on our brain, can help with migraines/headaches - Digestive system - Increase release of gastric acids - See effects of excretory system - Caffeine slows release of antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland - When this slows, see faster elimination of water, thus increasing water loss - Cause increase of epinephrine from adrenal gland - More able to amount to stress response - Direct effect on muscles - Encourage involuntary muscles like those involved in breathing to relax - Help decrease airway resistance - Voluntary muscles resistant fatigue more with caffeine - Mild stimulating effects in CNS - Via effects on adenosine and GABA modulatory systems - See decrease of GABA in motor areas - GABA is similar to adenosine (slow things down) - Thus additional motor energy - Ex. frontal lobe, - In frontal cortex increases dopamine - motor areas - GABA is decreased - reward pathway - Increases dopamine (little) so not a super strong positive reinforcement effect - Because not super strong effect, we don’t rely on it - Effects of Human Performance and Behaviour - - Can improve cognition at low doses Depend on factors including susceptibility, dose, time of consumption, and nature of the task Effects of sleep - Insomnia - Wake up more easily - May be more alert to sounds when we sleep Chronic Use - Not typically problematic for most people - Counter indicated for those with high BP, pregnant, stomach ulcers, or certain drugs - Strong negative reinforcement to avoid withdrawal symptoms - These are short lived - Caffeine doesn’t promote the strong high that promotes the physical or psychological dependence Tolerance - Not pronounced for PNS effects - CNS effects develop tolerance quickly - People who chronically use caffeine have more adenosine receptors to counteract the sites that caffeine was binding to (homeostasis) - More adenosine receptors = need more caffeine to bind - Explains why people may lead to increase intake over time - Body requires more to generate the CNS stimulant effects from initial use - Tend to show tolerance within a week Withdrawal - Withdrawal symptoms is body’s way to counteract the caffeine in the system - Decrease locomotor activity - Disruption of ongoing operant responding - Headache (most common) - Drowsiness, decreased energy, and fatigue - Due to the increase of adenosine in the brain - Symptom severity is directly related to dose - People who drink a lot = stronger withdrawal - Symptoms only lasts 2-9 days - Changes in frequency of reported headaches and scores on an ‘energy/active’ scale of subjects for 24 days while they consumed 100mg caffeine capsules, then a placebo, then back to caffeine Harmful Effects - Reproduction - Can reduce blood flow to the fetus - Slow growth - Lowers birth rate - High concentrations found in breast milk - Newborns don’t have the ability to metabolize methylxanthines - Can build up to toxic levels - Cardiac disease - Debatable whether it causes heart disease - Bone density - Bone loss and postmenopausal women - Caffeinism and anxiety - Sensory disturbances - Caffeinism - Anxiety-related symptoms - Lethal - Lethal dose is between 3-8g (30-80 cups of coffee) - 6 deaths attributable to caffeine overdose - Convulsions and respiratory collapse Caffeine in Young People a Special Concern - What are they not getting if they are drinking pop, coffee, etc - Give a sense of feeling full which can reduce the amount they are actually eating - Enhanced behavioural effects due to lower body weight - Increased anxiety - Increased incidence of obesity, diabetes, maybe osteoporosis in later life - Due to high calorie rates Beneficial Effects - Protective against Parkinson’s disease - Weight loss - Boots of metabolic activity and energy Use - 80% of global population, 90% in North America consume coffee regularly - Average caffeine consumption is around 70-76mg/person/day - Varies widely - Most of this is coffee or tea - Coffee is the second most common beverage after water - Kids do consume caffeine - Typically in the form of soft drinks but energy drinks are increasingly popular Use Disorder - Caffeine is the only drug that APA excludes from the use disorder - Continues to be discussed/monitored - Other organizations do recognize caffeine dependency - Ex. WHO