CMPN325 IS Ch. 1 Introduction PDF

Information Systems Dr Khaled Ahmed Morsy Ch. 1: Introduction to Information Systems 9/22/2021 1  Education Plan Week number chapters W1+W2 Fundamentals of...

Information Systems Dr Khaled Ahmed Morsy Ch. 1: Introduction to Information Systems 9/22/2021 1  Education Plan Week number chapters W1+W2 Fundamentals of IS W3 Classification of IS’s W3+W4+W5 Solving business problems using IS W6 +W8 Database W9 +W10 H/W , S/W, Telecomm networks W11 ,12 IS for business operations W13,14 Enterprise Systems. W15 Revision 9/22/2021 2 Chapter I: Fundamentals of IS Definition of a System – a group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process 9/22/2021 3  Examples of real-life systems – A manufacturing system accepts raw materials as input and produces finished goods as output 9/22/2021 4  Chapter I: Fundamentals of IS System components (input, processing, output, feedback, control) – Input : involves capturing and assembling elements that enter the system to be processed. 9/22/2021 5  Chapter I: Fundamentals of IS System components (input, processing, output, feedback, control) – Processing involves transformation processes or operations that convert inputs into outputs. 9/22/2021 6  Chapter I: Fundamentals of IS System components (input, processing, output, feedback, control) – Output involves transferring elements that have been produced by a transformation process to their ultimate destination. 9/22/2021 7  Chapter I: Fundamentals of IS System components (input, processing, output, feedback, control) – Feedback is data about the performance of a system 9/22/2021 8  Chapter I: Fundamentals of IS System components (input, processing, output, feedback, control) – Control involves monitoring and evaluating feedback to determine whether a system is moving toward the achievement of its goal 9/22/2021 9  Cybernetic System – A system with feedback and control components is sometimes called a cybernetic system, that is, a self-monitoring, self- regulating system 9/22/2021 10  Generic components of a system 9/22/2021 11  Generic components of a system a system does not exist in a vacuum; rather, it exists and functions in an environment containing other systems If a system is one of the components of a larger system, it is a subsystem, and the larger system is its environment System boundary separates a system from its environment and other systems 9/22/2021 12  Generic components of a system Several systems may share the same environment Some of these systems may be connected to one another by means of a shared boundary, or interface. Open System is a system that interacts with other systems in its environment. The system exchanges inputs and outputs with its environment. Thus, we could say that it is connected to its environment by input and output interfaces. 9/22/2021 13  Generic components of a system A system that has the ability to change itself or its environment in order to survive is an adaptive system. 9/22/2021 14  A business is an organizational system 9/22/2021 15  The components & resources of an information system Information System Model 9/22/2021 16  The components & resources of an information system The previous information system model expresses a fundamental conceptual framework for the major components and activities of information systems An information system depends on the resources of – people (end users and IS specialists) – hardware (machines and media) – software (programs and procedures) – data (data and knowledge bases) – networks (communications media and network support) to perform input, processing, output, storage, and control activities that convert data resources into information products 9/22/2021 17  The resources of an IS Basic IS resources (people, data, software, hardware, networks People resource – End users: are people who use an information system. (accountants, salespersons, engineers, customers, or managers.) – IS specialists are people who develop and operate information systems (systems analysts, programmers, computer operators, and other managerial, technical, and clerical IS personnel). 9/22/2021 18  The resources of an IS Hardware resource consist of machines and media Examples of hardware in computer-based information systems are: – Computer systems, which consist of central processing units containing microprocessors, and a variety of interconnected peripheral devices. Examples are microcomputer systems, midrange computer systems, and large mainframe computer systems. – Computer peripherals, which are devices such as a keyboard or electronic mouse for input of data and commands, a video screen or printer for output of information, and magnetic or optical disks for storage of data resources 9/22/2021 19  The resources of an IS Software Resource The following are among software resource: – System software, such as an operating system program, which controls and supports the operations of a computer system. – Application software, which are programs that direct processing for a particular use of computers by end users. Examples are a sales analysis program, a payroll program, and a word processing program. – Procedures, which are operating instructions for the people who will use an information system. Examples are instructions for filling out a paper form or using a software package 9/22/2021 20  The resources of an IS Data Resource Data is more than the raw material of information systems Data can take many forms, including : -traditional alphanumeric data, composed of (numbers and alphabetical and other characters ) that describe business transactions and other events and entities. -Text data, consisting of sentences and paragraphs used in written communications; -image data, such as graphic shapes and figures; -audio data, the human voice and other sounds, are also important forms of data. 9/22/2021 21  The resources of an IS Data Resource The data resource of information systems are typically organized into: – Databases that hold processed and organized data. – Knowledge bases that hold knowledge in a variety of forms such as facts, rules, and case examples about successful business practices. 9/22/2021 22  The resources of an IS For example, data about sales transactions may be accumulated and stored in a sales database for subsequent processing. Knowledge bases are used by expert systems to share knowledge and give expert advice on specific subjects 9/22/2021 23  Data versus Information: Data are raw facts or observations, typically about physical phenomena or business transactions For example, a spacecraft launch or the sale of an automobile would generate a lot of data describing those events More specifically, data are objective measurements of the attributes (the characteristics) of entities. 9/22/2021 24 9/22/2021 25  The resources of an IS Network resource Telecommunications networks like the Internet, intranets, and extranets have become essential to the successful operations of all types of organizations and their computer-based information systems 9/22/2021 26  The resources of an IS Network resource Network resource include: Communications media: (twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, microwave systems, and satellite systems) Network support: such as (modems and internet work processors, and communications control software such as network operating systems and Internet browser packages) These components will be dealt with in details later. 9/22/2021 27  Assignment #1 Using all available sources of information (reference books, researches, internet, tutorials, …), prepare a detailed report about: – Cloud computing – based information system 9/22/2021 28  The components of IS Data resources are transformed by information processing activities into a variety of information products for end users Information processing consists of the following components: input, processing, output, storage, control 9/22/2021 29  Information System Resources 9/22/2021 30  Activities of information systems IS activities: – Input activity: Data capturing, source document, validation, – Processing activity: types (calculations, comparing, sorting, classifying, summarizing, manipulating, aggregating) – Output: inf. (types, finished product, service, information) – Examples of output inf. (reports, messages, forms, graphic images, video displays, audio response, paper documents, multimedia) – Inf. quality (time, contents, format) 9/22/2021 31  Activities of information systems – Storage of data activity: (fields, records, files or tables, database) – Storage is a basic system component of information systems. Storage is the information system activity in which data and information are retained in an organized manner for later use. For example, just as written text material is organized into words, sentences, paragraphs, and documents, stored data is commonly organized into fields, records, files, and databases. This facilitates its later use in processing or its retrieval as output when needed by users of a system. 9/22/2021 32  Storage of data resources Stored data is commonly organized into fields, records, files, and databases. 9/22/2021 33  Control of System Performance – Control activity: monitoring and adjusting – An important information system activity is the control of its performance – An information system should produce feedback about its input, processing, output, and storage activities. – This feedback must be monitored and evaluated to determine if the system is meeting established performance standards – Then appropriate system activities must be adjusted so that proper information products are produced for end users. 9/22/2021 34  Information system activities with business examples Input: optical scanning of bar-coded tags on merchandise Processing: calculating employee pay, taxes, and other payroll deductions Output: producing reports and displays about sales performance Storage: maintaining records on customers, employees, and products Control: generating audible signals to indicate proper entry of sales data 9/22/2021 35  Output Information The product of IS Information in various forms is transmitted to end users and made available to them in the output activity The goal of information systems is the production of appropriate information products for end users Common information products include messages, reports, forms, and graphic images, which may be provided by, Video displays, audio responses, paper products, and multimedia What characteristics would make information products valuable and useful to you? One way to answer this important question is to examine the characteristics or attributes of information quality. 9/22/2021 36  Quality of output Information Time dimension timeliness, currency, frequency, time period Content dimension Accuracy, relevance Form dimension clarity, detail, order media 9/22/2021 37  Types of information systems Type of IS – open sys., – Dynamic sys., – adaptive., – cybernetic sys.) Other view – batch system, – On-Line system, – Real-Time system 9/22/2021 38  Recognizing Information systems There are many kinds of information systems in the real world All of them use hardware, software, network, and people resources to transform data resources into information products Some are simple manual information systems, where people use simple tools such as pencils and paper, or even machines such as calculators and typewriters Others are computer-based information systems that rely on a variety of networked computer systems to accomplish their information processing activities. 9/22/2021 39  Recognizing Information systems As a business end user, you should be able to recognize the fundamental components of information systems you encounter in the real world. This means that you should be able identify: The people, hardware, software, data, and network resources they use. The types of information products they produce. The way they perform input, processing, output, storage, and control activities. How they support the business operations, managerial decision making, or competitive advantage of a business 9/22/2021 40  The roles of IS in business success of enterprise – Support of its business processes and operations – Support of decision making by its managers – Support of its strategies for competitive advantage 9/22/2021 41  Trends in Information Systems 9/22/2021 42