NU MOA Senior High School Earth and Life Science Course Material PDF

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE COURSE MATERIAL NO. 5 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 1 of 12  ? This module has been designed to help you: Demonstrate understanding on how life began on earth. Trace the origin of life and...

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE COURSE MATERIAL NO. 5 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 1 of 12  ? This module has been designed to help you: Demonstrate understanding on how life began on earth. Trace the origin of life and appreciate its evolution. Identify the different characteristics of life. Appreciate and value one’s life and existence on earth. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 2 of 12 The Earth was formed roughly 4.5 billion years ago, and life probably began between 3.5 and 3.9 billion years ago. Larger and Historical Development of more complex molecules could form. the Concept of Life Origin of the First Life Forms Unifying Themes in the study of Life Properties of Life Figure 1. Timeline showing the approximate timing of several important events in Earth’s history. Theories of the Origin of Life 1. Oparin-Haldane hypothesis, 1920s How did life on earth begin? - suggests that life arose gradually from inorganic molecules, with “building blocks” like amino acids How did humans evolve? forming first and then combining to make complex polymers. When can you say that there is life? That an organism is alive? How do living organisms survive and sustain life on Earth? Figure 2. Oparin and Haldane believed that chemical evolution preceded life formation. Life evolved in the oceans when the atmosphere was reducing – containing H2, H2O, NH3, CH4 and CO2, but no free O2. 2. Miller-Urey Experiment, 1953 - tested the hypothesis of Oparin and Haldane. - provided the first evidence that organic molecules needed for life could be formed from inorganic components. - over millions of years, larger and more complex molecules could form. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 3 of 12  3. “Genes-first” hypothesis - the first life forms were self-replicating nucleic acids, such as RNA or DNA, and that other elements (like metabolic networks) were a later add-on to this basic system. 4. RNA World Hypothesis - suggests that the first life was self-replicating RNA. RNA, not DNA, was likely the first genetic material. Later DNA and proteins succeeded this "RNA world," because they are more efficient. 5. “Metabolism-first” hypothesis - placing metabolic networks before DNA or RNA. - life might have begun with smaller molecules interacting with each other in cycles of reactions. Figure 3. The Miller-Urey Experiment ❖ Metabolism-first Models: Hydrogen, steam, methane and - Smaller and simpler molecules might have been contained ammonia were exposed to an electrical in simple capsules similar to cell membranes, and over discharge. The initial results included time more complex molecules that performed these five amino acids. It showed that adding reactions better than the smaller ones could have evolved. hydrogen sulfide to the reaction enriches the mixture of organic 6. Origin from Non-living matter (abiogenesis) molecules produced. It later incorporated carbon dioxide which - belief that life arose on Earth from inanimate matter after created a mix more like that which Earth had cooled. geoscientists now believe made up the - random events produced stable molecules that could self- atmosphere of primordial Earth. replicate. - natural selection favored changes in the rate or reproduction which eventually led to the first cell. 7. Life was brought from space - the belief that simple organic compounds might have come to early Earth on meteorites. - panspermia concept ❖ Panspermia Concept, 1700s-1800s: Popularized by Sir Fed Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe. Simple life forms could travel between planets. The “seeds of life are everywhere”, and that microbial life on Earth could have traveled here from Mars or even from another star system, and then evolved into the plethora of species seen today. In essence, we may all be Martians.” https://www.technologynetworks.com/ Figure 4. DNA and RNA structure. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 4 of 12  ORIGIN OF FIRST LIFE FORMS Geologists estimate the age of the earth by measuring the ages of the oldest rocks on Earth, as well the ages of moon rocks and meteorites, by radiometric dating. ▪ Radiometric dating uses decay of radioactive isotopes to calculate the time since a rock’s formation. https://www.researchgate.net/ ▪ Isotopes are different forms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of Figure 6. Radiometric Dating can be used to find neutrons. Carbon, potassium, and uranium have naturally the relative ages of sedimentary rocks. occurring isotopes. Sedimentary rocks are younger than igneous rocks on which they were deposited, like the For many millions of years, early Earth was pummeled by sandstone on the granite, or the sand over the asteroids and other celestial objects. dike. Igneous intrusions, such as the dike, are younger than the rocks they intrude. Volcanic Temperatures also would have been very high (with water materials are deposited on the surface, so they taking the form of a gas, not a liquid). are younger than rocks beneath them. Emergence of Life on Earth (Figure 5). 1. The first life might have emerged during a break in the asteroid bombardment, between 4.4 and 4.0 billion years ago, when it was cool enough for water to condense into oceans. 2. A second bombardment happened about 3.9 billion years ago. 3. The Earth then became capable of supporting sustained life. Can you tell the time? 1. When did life begin on earth? 2. When does human being came to life? 3. What living organisms preceded humans? Figure 5. The Emergence of Living Things on Earth. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 5 of 12  EVIDENCE OF LIFE ON EARTH UNIFYING THEMES IN THE STUDY OF LIFE Stromatolites (fossil) - earliest evidence of life on Biologists, the scientists who study life, seek answers to the Earth. following questions: - discovered in Western Australia about 3.5 billion years ago. 1. What are the shared properties that make something “alive”? - formed by the growth of layer upon layer of single-celled 2. Once we know something is alive, how do we find meaningful Microbes (e.g. cyanobacteria). levels of organization in its structure? - also made by present-day microbes. 3. When faced with the remarkable diversity of life, how do we organize the different kinds of organisms so that we can better understand them? Properties of Life Properties refer to key characteristics or functions shared by all living organisms. https://www.khanacademy.org/ Figure 7. A Stromatolite 1. Order (organization) - Inside each cell of single-celled organism, atoms make up molecules; these in turn make up cell organelles and other cellular inclusions. Figure 8. Organization in Plants. (a) The tree is the organism; (b) a leaf is an organ, Figure 9. Organization in singe-celled and multicellular organism. (c) a leaf tissue is made up of different types of cells; - In multicellular organisms, similar cells form tissues. Tissues, (d) a plant cell; in turn, collaborate to create organs (body structures with a (e) chloroplast is an organelle inside distinct function). Organs work together to form organ a plant cell; systems. (f) chlorophyll is the photosynthetic molecule that is found in chloroplasts. Recall the levels of organization of living things. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 6 of 12  2. Sensitivity or response to the environment - organisms respond to diverse stimuli. a. Positive response - movement toward a stimulus b. Negative response - movement away from a stimulus https://www.ck12.org/ Examples: Trees shed Chameleons change color Sunflowers 1. Chemotaxis – response to chemicals leaves in fall is response to mood, track the 2. Phototaxis – response to light season in temperature, health and sun across response to light. the sky from temperature East to 3. Reproduction changes. West. - Single-celled organisms duplicate and divide - DNA then divide to form two new cells. Figure 11. Responses to different stimuli. - Multicellular organisms pass their genes on to their offspring. 4. Adaptation - the process of becoming adjusted to an environment. A https://www.thoughtco.com - may include structural, physiological, or behavioral traits that improve an organism’s likelihood of survival. B https://www.ck12.org/ Birds have Cacti have root systems and Giraffes’ different bodies adapted to collect and long necks types of store water, spines to reduce help feeding beaks that water loss and keep away at high levels tell the kind animals to adapt in the desert. in the of food they treetops to eat. adapt in savanna. Figure 10. Examples of Adaptation. C Figure 12. Reproduction in living organisms. (A) Binary fission in bacteria, See the Difference (B) Sexual reproduction in animals, and (C) asexual reproduction in plants. 1. How do different organisms manifest life? 2. How are they similar and different from the others? 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 7 of 12  5. Growth and Development - Organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded for by their genes. ▪ genes provide instructions that will direct cellular growth and development, ensuring that a species’ young will grow up to exhibit many of the same http://frhonorsbiologybeno.weebly.com/ characteristics as its parents. Figure 13. Growth and development of a butterfly coded by its genes. 6. Regulation - Organisms are complex and require multiple regulatory mechanisms to coordinate internal functions, respond to stimuli, and cope with environmental stresses. Figure 16. Organs perform specific functions, such as carrying oxygen http://frhonorsbiologybeno.weebly.com/ throughout the body, Figure 14. Homeostasis is achieved removing wastes, when internal conditions are stable (balanced). delivering nutrients to every cell and cooling the body. http://steamism.com/ 7. Homeostasis (“steady state”) - the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions. ▪ Organisms can maintain internal conditions within a narrow range almost constantly, despite environmental changes. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ Figure 15. Polar bears (Ursus 8. Energy Processing maritimus) and other mammals living in ice-covered regions maintain their - all organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic body temperature by generating heat activities. and reducing heat loss through thick fur and a dense layer of fat under their skin. How do humans respond and adapt to Figure 17. All organisms their environment? process energy from the http://frhonorsbiologybeno.weebly.com/ food they eat. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 8 of 12  ❖ Some organisms capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy in food; others use chemical energy in molecules they take in as food. 9. Evolution - change in the heritable traits of biological populations over time. - give rise to diversity at every level of biological organization, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules. - the Tree of Life (Figure 19) shows the origin and https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ the interrelationships among living organisms. Figure 18. The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) uses chemical energy derived from food to power flight. Figure 19. The phylogenetic tree showing the different organisms. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 9 of 12  Let’s Capture This! “Proof of Life” ▪ The Earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago. 1. Look around you and observe how ▪ Life began between 3.5 and 3.9 billion years ago. living organisms move, interact, ▪ Life is believed to have emerged from the early earth – thrive and survive the planet earth. where only organic matters were present. ▪ The different hypothesis and experiments gave rise to the 2. Using your camera, capture some chemical basis of life. moments that demonstrate/ show ▪ Life is characterized by the organization of structure that concrete signs (proofs) of life. Three composes a living organism, its capability to respond to a (3) to five (5) minutes long only. stimulus and adapt, its capacity to regulate and maintain 3. Record and include a voice over balance, and undergo reproduction, growth and (narrative or creative) describing or development. explaining your video relevant to the ▪ Life is also sustained by harnessing energy from a source – characteristics of life. usually, food and convert it to energy which in turn fuel the organs and organ systems of an organism to function. 4. Submit in video format to Earth/ Life ▪ Lastly, living organisms evolve through time. Sciences OneDrive. ▪ Like all the rest of the organisms, human beings originated from one common ancestor of living organisms. ▪ Human beings came more recently, compared to the other organisms thriving on the living earth. ASYNCHRONOUS ACTIVITY 1. Research about the evolving concept of life based on emerging pieces of evidence. 2. Write it on a 1 whole sheet of yellow pad paper. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 10 of 12  ❖ life ❖ origin ❖ Oparin-Haldane CK-12 Foundation. (2009). Earth Science. Flexbook: next ❖ Miller-Urey generation textbooks. ❖ chemical basis King, Chris. (2010). The Planet We Live On. Book 6 ❖ genes ❖ change ❖ over time ❖ order CK-12 Foundation. (n.d.). CK-12 Foundation. https://www.ck12.org/ ❖ stimulus Home - National Geographic Society. (2024c, September 18). National ❖ adaptation Geographic Society. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/ ❖ reproduction Khan Academy. (n.d.). https://www.khanacademy.org/ ❖ development ❖ homeostasis Honors Biology. (n.d.). Honors Biology. http://frhonorsbiologybeno.weebly.com/ ❖ evolution ❖ radiometric dating ❖ fossils 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 11 of 12  1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 12 of 12 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE Page 12 of 12