Classification PowerPoint PDF

CLASSIFICATION Biological Classification ◻ Classification ◻ Grouping of things based on similarities ◻ Taxonomy ◻ Scientific classification of an organism based on traits Structure Behavior Development/embryology DNA Methods...

CLASSIFICATION Biological Classification ◻ Classification ◻ Grouping of things based on similarities ◻ Taxonomy ◻ Scientific classification of an organism based on traits Structure Behavior Development/embryology DNA Methods of obtaining food Geographic distribution Diversity of Life Early Classification ◻ Aristotle ⬜ First classification system; included plants and animals ⬜ Grouped animals based on habitat Problem; animals are mobile ⬜ Grouped plants based on size; herb, shrub or tree Problem; plants grow System did not accurately describe/include all organisms, nor did it reflect the evolutionary relationships between organisms Carolus Linnaeus ◻ Developed a classification system that is the basis for our modern system of classification (1700’s) ⬜ Initially he divided organisms into two kingdoms; plants and animals ⬜ Based his classification on structure, which reflected similarities among organisms ⬜ Used taxa, or classification categories ⬜ Used binomial nomenclature  Heirarchy of Classification Taxa ◻ Domain: broadest, includes Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya ◻ Kingdom; group of related phyla ◻ Phylum (Division for plants); group of related classes ◻ Class; group of related orders ◻ Order; group of related families ◻ Family; group of related genera ◻ Genus; group of related species ◻ Species; group of organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring 6 Kingdoms (Modern Classification) ◻ Eubacteria ◻ Archaebacteria ◻ Protista ◻ Fungi ◻ Plantae ◻ Animalia System of Classification ◻ Binomial nomenclature ◻ Two name naming system to identify an organism ◻ 1st word is the genus ◻ 2nd word is the specific epithet, a descriptive term ◻ Scientific name (genus and specific epithet) italicized or underlined ◻ Genus capitalized, specific epithet lower case ◻ In Latin; dead language, not subject to change, root language Common Names ◻ Common names are general names given to organisms that are random, vary with location, are not standardized and may be misleading ◻ Ex. Clown fish, horsefly, sea cucumber, lady bug etc. Scientific Names (species name) ◻ Two different species of butterflyfish, same genus ◻ Chaetodon longirostris (long-nose butterflyfish) ◻ Chaetodon ocellata (spotfin butterflyfish)  Example of Classification ◻ Common Name – Killer Whale ◻ Kingdom – Animalia ◻ Phylum – Chordata ◻ Class – Mammalia ◻ Order – Cetacea ◻ Family – Delphinidae ◻ Genus – Orca ◻ Species - orcinus Human (???) Classification ◻ Kingdom – Animalia ◻ Phylum – Chordata ◻ Class – Mammalia ◻ Order – Primate ◻ Family – Homindae ◻ Genus – Homo ◻ Species – sapiens  Kingdom Archaebacteria ◻ Prokaryotes ◻ Methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles; also found in other areas ◻ Unicellular organisms; bacteria ◻ Most heterotrophs, some autotrophs (photo/chemo.) Eubacteria ◻ Differ from Archaebacteria due to differences in cell membranes, cell wall and nucleotide sequences ◻ Prokaryotic ◻ Found in almost all habitats on Earth ◻ Photosynthetic, chemosynthetic, heterotrophic Kingdom Protista ◻ Eukaryotes ◻ Have nucleus ◻ Most unicellular, some live in colonies, some multicellular ◻ If organism is not an animal, plant, fungus or bacterium, then it is a protist Kingdom Fungi ◻ Eukaryotes ◻ Unicellular and multicellular organisms ◻ Have cells with cell walls made of chitin ◻ Most are decomposers ◻ Some parasitic ◻ Are NOT photosynthetic  Kingdom Plantae ◻ Eukaryotes ◻ Multicellular ◻ Have cells with cell walls made of cellulose ◻ Photosynthesize Kingdom Animalia ◻ Eukaryotes ◻ Multicellular ◻ Have cells without cell walls ◻ Heterotrophs  Cladogram ◻ A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship between organisms over time ◻ References specific traits that the organisms have in common ◻ The main line of a cladogram represents the passage of time; the start of the line is farthest in the past ◻ The nodes represent common ancestors that evolved a particular physical trait. ◻ All of the animals that branch off at or after a node share that trait and common ancestor Cladogram ◻ The branches of a cladogram show when each animal split off from the main line. ◻ The node where an animal branches off is the last characteristic that animal has in common with the animals that branch off further up the line. kangaroos, dogs, and cats all share 2 of the characteristics (four limbs and hair). Reptiles are an outgroup Phylogenetic Tree Read the same way, but is based on genetic differences, not physical characteristics The root of the tree represents the ancestral lineage, and the tips of the branches represent the descendants of that ancestor. As you move from the root to the tips, you are moving forward in time. A clade is a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor. Fan Diagram (Phylo. Tree) ◻ Organisms that branch off closer to the edge have evolved more recently than those closer to the center  Identification of Organisms ◻ Dichotomous Key – tool designed to assist people with the identification of living things ◻ Series of steps with a set of two choices that are opposite ◻ Start off being general and become more specific ◻ Use steps and choices given in the key to identify an organism based on traits ◻ ALWAYS start at step 1 Biological Key ❏ More detailed ❏ May include more than 2 choices ❏ Can be very complex