Class XII NCERT Books History Part 1 PDF

Document Details

FastestGrowingNephrite760

Uploaded by FastestGrowingNephrite760

Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University Jaunpur

2019

Tags

Indian history textbook history Indian civilization textbook

Summary

This textbook covers some topics of Indian History for class 12.It follows the National Curriculum Framework (2005). The book aims to connect classroom learning to real-life experiences in an enjoyable way.

Full Transcript

d{kk 12 osQ fy, bfrgkl dh ikB~;iqLrd 2019-2020 2019-2020 d{kk 12 osQ fy, bfrgkl dh ikB~;iqLrd 2019-2020 ISBN 81-7450-700-0 çFke laLdj.k...

d{kk 12 osQ fy, bfrgkl dh ikB~;iqLrd 2019-2020 2019-2020 d{kk 12 osQ fy, bfrgkl dh ikB~;iqLrd 2019-2020 ISBN 81-7450-700-0 çFke laLdj.k lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr ekpZ 2007 iQkYxqu 1928 q izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk bysDVª kWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksx iqueqæZ.k i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA q bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk uoacj 2007 dk£rd 1929 ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkj ls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA vçSy 2009 cSlk[k 1931 q bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ fnlacj 2009 ikS"k 1931 (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA tuojh 2011 ek?k 1932 tuojh 2012 ek?k 1933 ekpZ 2013 iQkYxqu 1934 ,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy; iQjojh 2014 ek?k 1935 ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil iQjojh 2015 ek?k 1936 Jh vjfoan ekxZ u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708 iQjojh 2016 ek?k 1937 108, 100 iQhV jksM iQjojh 2017 ek?k 1938 gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs cuk'kadjh III bLVst fnlacj 2017 ikS"k 1939 csaxyq# 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740 uothou VªLV Hkou tuojh 2019 ikS"k 1940 Mkd?kj uothou vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446 PD 60T RSP lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454 © jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/ a ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ] lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl 2007 ekyhxkao xqokgkVh 781021 iQksu % 0361&2674869 izdk'ku lg;ksx vè;{k] izdk'ku izHkkx % ,e- fljkt vuoj ` ??.00 eq[; laiknd % 'osrk mIiy eq[; O;kikj izca/d % xkSre xkaxqyh eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % v#.k fprdkjk laiknd % ujs'k ;kno ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okWVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- lgk;d mRiknu vf/dkjh % tgku yky isij ij eqfnzrA vkoj.k ,oa lTtk çdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj vkVZ fØ;s'kal] u;h fnYyh çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016 dkVksZxzkiQh }kjk izdkf'kr rFkk ,l-Mh-,- fizaV ^,u* iSd] Mh&19] ds- oxhZ”k lsDVj&ch1] VªkWfudk flVh baMfLVª;y ,fj;k] yksuh] f”kyk xkf”k;kckn& 201 102 (m-iz-) }kjk eqfnzrA 2019-2020 vkeq[k jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ çHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vk/kfjr ikB~;Øe vkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk ç;kl gSaA bl ç;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,d e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh ço`fÙk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) eas of.kZr cky&oasQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA bl ç;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ çkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa dks dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj vius vuqHko ij fopkj djus dk volj nsrs gSAa gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+kas }kjk lkSia h xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqMd + j vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gSAa f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lk/uksa o Ïksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk çeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh ço`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh çfØ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsAa ;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud f”kanxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruk okf"kZd oSQys.Mj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh çHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;ozQe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa ckrphr ,oa cgl vkSj gkFk ls dh tkus okyh xfrfof/;ksa dks çkFkfedrk nsrh gSA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr osQ ifjJe osQ fy, o`QrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ lkekftd foKku lykgdkj lewg osQ vè;{k] çksI+ksQlj gfj oklqnsou] bfrgkl foHkkx] dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrk ,oa bfrgkl ikB~;iqLrd lfefr osQ eq[; lykgdkj] çksI+ksQlj uhykfnz Hk^kpk;Z] bfrgkl vè;;u osaQnz] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh dh fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fn;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy, ge muosQ çkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkh laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ çfr ÑrK gSa ftUgksaus vius lalkèkuksa] lkexzh vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa 2019-2020 vi dh enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk çksI+ksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa çksI+ksQlj th-ih- ns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr (ekWfuVfjax desVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, èkU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius çdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ çfr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fVIif.k;ksa ,oa lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn yh tk losQA funs'kd u;h fnYyh jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku 20 uoac j 2006 vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ 2019-2020 vè;;u dk osaQæ¯cnq fuf'pr djuk dkSu lh ckr bl fdrkc osQ osaQnz¯cnq dks fu/kZfjr djrh gS\ vkf[kj bl fdrkc dk D;k y{; gS\ fiNyh d{kkvksa dh ius dh dksf'k'k esa yxs bfrgkldkj u, lqjkxksa dh ryk'k esa u, lzksrksa dh [kkst 'kq: dj nsrs gSaA tc ,slk gksrk gS rc fdu&fdu ph”kksa dks lzksr ekuk tk, & bldh le> gh cny tkrh gSA ,d le; Fkk tc flI+kQZ fyf[kr nLrkos”kksa dks gh izkekf.kd lzksr ekuk tkrk FkkA fyf[kr nLrkos”kksa dks lR;kfir fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] mudk gokyk fn;k tk ldrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa tk¡pk tk ldrk FkkA ekSf[kd lk{; dks ,d oS/ lzksr gh ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA vkf[kj mlosQ lR;kiu ;k tk¡p dh xkjaVh dkSu ysrk\ ekSf[kd ijaijk esa vfo'okl dh ;g fLFkfr vHkh Hkh iwjh rjg [kRe ugha gqbZ gSA ysfdu ekSf[kd ijaijk dk vfHkuo iz;ksx djosQ ,sls vuqHkoksa dks lkeus yk;k x;k gS tks nwljs fdlh nLrkos”k ls izdV ugha gksrsA bl lky dh fdrkc ls vki bfrgkldkjksa dh nqfu;k esa izo's k djsxa ]s muosQ lkFk u, lw=kksa dh ryk'k djsxa s vkSj ns[ksxa s fd os fdl rjg ls vrhr osQ lkFk laokn djrs gSAa vki ns[ksxa s fd os fdl rjg ls lzkrs ksa ls lkFkZd tkudkjh ko fn,A MkW- ulhe v[rj] Jh ohjsanz ckax: vkSj MkW- lqjs'k feJk us fp=kksa vkSj fyf[kr lkexzh osQ oqQN fo'ks"k igyqvksa ij lykg nhA lqJh lehjk oekZ us n`'; vkSj ys[ku laca/h 'kks/ esa yxkrkj Rofjr lgk;rk nhA ge mu lHkh laLFkkuksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa dks /U;okn nsuk pkgsaxs ftuls gesa fp=k&ekufp=k vkfn izkIr gq, % vesfjdu baLVhV~;wV vkWI+kQ bafM;u LVMh”k] xqM+xk¡o] Hkkjrh; iqjkrkfRod los{Z k.k] lkaLo`Qfrd Ïksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQa nz] bafnjk xka/h jk"Vªh; dyk osQa nz] jk"Vªh; ikaMfq yfi fe'ku vkSj jk"Vªh; laxzgky;A izksI+ksQlj xzsxjh ,y- iks'ksy ls izkIr fp=k laca/h lkexzh fo"k; ,d esa iz;ksx dh xbZ gSA jk"Vªh; laxgz ky; osQ Jh vkj-vkj-,l- pkSgku vkSj Jh ts-lh- xzkos j ,oa lh-vkbZ-bZ-Vh-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ Jh okbZ-osQ- xqIrk dh enn ls jk"Vªh; laxzgky; dh iqjkoLrqvksa dh rLohjsa yh tk ldh gSAa ge bu lHkh osQ fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSAa tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky; osQ Jh osQ- oxhZ”k us bl iqLrd osQ fy, ekufp=k cuk,A Jherh ';kek okuZj us bl iqLrd osQ vaxsz”kh laLdj.k dh dkWih ,fM¯Vx o izwiQ jh¯Mx dhA vkVZ fØ;s'kal] u;h fnYyh dh fjrq Vksik o vfues'k jkW; th us iqLrd dks fM”kkbu fd;kA bl dke ls tqM+s /hjt] è;ku vkSj yxu osQ fy, ge buosQ izfr o`QrKrk Kkfir djrs gSaA ge Jh ,fYcul fVdhZ vkSj Jh eukst gYnj dks Hkh muosQ rduhdh lg;ksx vkSj enn osQ fy, /U;okn nsuk pkgsaxsA oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh 'kCnkoyh vk;ksx] u;h fnYyh osQ vodk'kizkIr vuqla/ku vf/dkjh (bfrgkl ,oa iqjkrRo) jktsUnz izlkn frokjh us iqLrd osQ ¯gnh vuqokn esa rduhdh 'kCnksa dks 'kq¼ cukus esa ;ksxnku fn;kA ¯gnh Vkb¯ix dk dk;Z fot; oaQI;wVj] fnYyh }kjk fd;k x;kA fxjh'k xks;y vkSj lfjrk fdeksBh Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj_ eukst eksgu dkWih ,MhVj us blesa lg;ksx fn;kA ge bu lHkh osQ izfr viuk vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA varr% bl iqLrd dk iz;ksx djus okyksa osQ lq>ko vkeaf=kr gSa ftlls gesa bl iqLrd osQ vkxs vkus okys laLdj.kksa dks lq/kjus esa enn feysxhA 2019-2020 Hkkx 1 fo"k; ,d ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 1 b±V]as euosQ rFkk vfLFk;k¡ gM+Iik lH;rk fo"k; nks ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 28 ○ jktk] fdlku vkSj uxj vkjafHkd jkT; vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ (yxHkx 600 bZ-iw- ls 600 bZloh) fo"k; rhu ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 53 ca/Rq o] tkfr rFkk oxZ vkjafHkd lekt (yxHkx 600 bZ-iw- ls 600 bZloh) fo"k; pkj ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 82 ○ fopkjd] fo'okl vkSj bekjrsa lkaLo`Qfrd fodkl (yxHkx 600 bZlk iwoZ ls bZlk laor~ 600 rd) Hkkx 2* fo"k; ik¡p ;kf=k;ksa osQ u”kfj, lekt osQ ckjs esa mudh le> (yxHkx nloha ls l=kgoha lnh rd) fo"k; N% HkfDrµlwiQh ijaijk,¡ /k£ed fo'oklksa esa cnyko vkSj J¼k xazFk (yxHkx vkBoha ls vBkjgoha lnh rd) 2019-2020 xii fo"k; lkr ,d lkezkT; dh jkt/kuh % fot;uxj (yxHkx pkSngoha ls lksygoha lnh rd) fo"k; vkB fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT; o`Qf"k lekt vkSj eqxy lkezkT; (yxHkx lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lnh) fo"k; ukS jktk vkSj fofHkUu o`Ùkkar eqxy njckj (yxHkx lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lnh) Hkkx 3* fo"k; nl mifuos'kokn vkSj nsgkr ljdkjh vfHkys[kksa dk vè;;u fo"k; X;kjg fonzkgs h vkSj jkt 1857 dk vkanksyu vkSj mlosQ O;k[;ku fo"k; ckjg vkSifuosf'kd 'kgj uxj&;kstuk] LFkkiR; fo"k; rsjg egkRek xka/h vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu lfou; voKk vkSj mlls vkxs fo"k; pkSng foHkktu dks le>uk jktuhfr] Le`fr] vuqHko fo"k; ianzg lafo/ku dk fuekZ.k ,d u, ;qx dh 'kq#vkr 2019-2020 xiii bl iqLrd dk oSQls iz;ksx fd;k tk,\ ;g iqLrd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; dk Hkkx 1 gSA Hkkx 2 vkSj Hkkx 3 blh Øe esa gksaxsA R vè;;u esa enn gsrq izR;sd vè;k; dks dbZ Hkkxksa vkSj miHkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA ljy ikBu osQ fy, bu Hkkxksa vkSj miHkkxksa dks la[;k,¡ nh xbZ gSaA R blosQ vykok oqQN lkexzh rhu rjg osQ ckWDlksa osQ varxZr nh xbZ gSA la{ksi esa vfrfjDr foLr` r vFkZ tkudkjh ifjHkk"kk,¡ ;g lkexzh ijh{kk esa ewY;kadu gsrq ugha gSA ;g osQoy le>us dh izfØ;k iq[rk cukus vkSj mldh enn djus osQ fy, gSA R izR;sd vè;k; osQ var esa dkyjs[kk,¡ nh xbZ gSaA ;s ijh{kk esa ewY;kadu gsrq ugha gaSA ;g ikB dh lkexzh dh i`"BHkwfe dh tkudkjh osQ fy, gSaA R izR;sd vè;k; esa fp=k@js[kkfp=k] ekufp=k vkSj Ïksr fn, x, gSaA (d) fp=kksa osQ varxZr vkS”kkjksa] e`n~Hkk.Mksa] eqgjksa] flDdksa] vkHkw"k.kksa vkfn iqjkoLrqvksa osQ fp=k ,oa vfHkys[kksa] ew£r;ksa] isa¯Vx] bekjrksa] iqjkLFkyksa] uD'kksa] yksxksa rFkk txgksa dh rlohjsa gSaA bu lHkh dk bLrseky bfrgkldkj Ïksrksa osQ :i esa djrs gSaA ([k) izR;sd vè;k; esa ekufp=k fn, x, gSaA lzksr (x) Ïksr vyx rjg osQ ckWDl esa fn, x, gSaA rjg&rjg dh fyf[kr lkexzh ,oa vfHkys[kksa ls va'k buosQ varxZr fn, x, gSaA fyf[kr lk{;ksa osQ lkFk gh fp=kksa osQ lk{; mu lqjkxksa ls ifjfpr djk,¡xs ftudk bfrgkldkj bLrseky djrs gSaA vki ;g Hkh ns[ksaxs fd bfrgkldkj budk fo'ys"k.k oSQls djrs gSaA vafre ijh{kk esa leku@feyrh&tqyrh lkexzh osQ va'k ;k fiQj fp=k fn, tk ldrs gSaA bl rjg vkidks ,slh lkexzh osQ iz;ksx dk volj feysxkA 2019-2020 xiv R ikB osQ varxZr nks rjg osQ iz'u fn, x, gSaA (d) ihys jax osQ ckWDl esa os iz'u fn, x, gSa ftudk ewY;kadu gsrq vH;kl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ([k) Ü ppkZ dhft,... osQ varxZr os iz'u fn, x, gSa tks ewY;kadu osQ fy, ugha gSaA R izR;sd vè;k; osQ var esa pkj rjg osQ vH;kl dk;Z fn, x, gSa % y?kq iz'u y?kq fuca/ ekufp=k dk;Z ifj;kstuk dk;Z ;s vafre ijh{kk o ewY;kadu gsrq vH;kl osQ fy, fn, x, gSaA vk'kk gS vkidks bl iqLrd dk iz;ksx fnypLi yxsxkA 2019-2020 fo"k; b±Vsa] euosQ rFkk vfLFk;k¡ ,d gM+Iik lH;rk gM+IikbZ eqgj (fp=k 1.1) laHkor% gM+Iik vFkok ¯lèkq ?kkVh lH;rk dh lcls fof'k"V iqjkoLrq gSA lsy[kM+h uked iRFkj ls cukbZ xbZ bu eqgjksa ij lkekU; :i ls tkuojksa osQ fp=k rFkk ,d ,slh fyfi osQ fpÉ mRdhf.kZr gSa ftUgsa vHkh rd is ;kn vkrk gS fd 1944 dh ,d 10.3 u;h rduhosaQ rFkk iz'u xeZ jkr dks iqjkrkfRod loZs{k.k osQ 1944 esa Hkkjrh; iqjkrkfRod loZs{k.k osQ Mk;jsDVj tujy cus uofu;qDr Mk;jsDVj tujy osQ :i esa vkj-bZ-,e- Oghyj us bl leL;k dk funku fd;kA Oghyj us igpkuk vius LFkkuh; eqfLye vfèkdkjh osQ fd ,dleku {kSfrt bdkb;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij [kqnkbZ dh ctk; Vhys osQ lkFk ^gM+Iik* uked ,d NksVs ls jsyos LVs'ku ls ,d xgjs ckyw osQ jkLrs Lrj foU;kl dk vuqlj.k djuk vfèkd vko';d FkkA lkFk gh] lsuk ij pkj ehy dh rk¡xs dh lokjh dj osQ iwo&Z fczxsfM;j osQ :i esa mUgksaus iqjkrRo dh i¼fr esa ,d lSfud eSa izkphu LFky osQ Vhyksa] tks pk¡n dh ifj'kq¼rk dk lekos'k Hkh fd;kA jks'kuh ls voyksfdr Fks] osQ lehi gM+Iik lH;rk dh HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa dk vkt dh jk"Vªh; fLFkr ,d foJke&x`g rd igq¡pkA lhekvksa ls cgqr FkksM+k ;k dksbZ lacaèk ugha gSA ysfdu miegk}hi osQ vius ¯pfrr lgdehZ dh bl psrkouh] foHkktu rFkk ikfdLrku osQ cuus osQ i'pkr~] lH;rk osQ izeq[k LFky fd gesa viuk fujh{k.k vxyh lqcg 5.30 cts vkjaHk dj 7.30 cts rd vc ikfdLrku osQ {ks=k esa gSaA blh dkj.k ls Hkkjrh; iqjkrRofonksa us lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,] ftlosQ i'pkr Hkkjr esa iqjkLFkyksa dks fpfÉr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA dPN esa gq, cgqr vfèkd xehZ gks tkrh gS] osQ ckn O;kid loZs{k.kksa ls dbZ gM+IikbZ cfLr;k¡ izdk'k esa vkb± rFkk iatkc izos'k}kj esa dkyh vkÑfr osQ ia[ks vkSj gfj;k.kk esa fd, x, vUos"k.kksa ls gM+Iik LFkyksa dh lwph esa dbZ okys dks èkhjrkiwoZd cSBk NksM+ rFkk vkSj uke tqM+ x,A gkyk¡fd dkyhcaxu] yksFky] jk[kh xus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA osQ lkFk viuh vk¡[ks eyus yxkA Ng 1980 osQ n'kd ls gM+IikbZ iqjkrRo esa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkh ?kaVs ckn Hkh esjs ?kcjk, gq, deZpkjhx.k rFkk eSa lw;Z dh rs”k jks'kuh esa oqQnkfy;ksa #fp yxkrkj ck;k gS\ brus n'kdksa esa gq, iqjkrkfRod dk;k±s dh D;k miyfCèk gS\ gM+IikbZ vFkZO;oLFkk osQ ckjs esa vc gekjh tkudkjh oqQN csgrj gSA ge lkekftd fHkUurkvksa dh xqRFkh lqy>kus esa liQy gq, gSa vkSj lH;rk dh dk;Zi.z kkyh osQ fo"k; esa gekjh tkudkjh oqQN cwB u cksyuk] czãp;Z (ve`"kk) vkSj /u laxgz u djukA rhljh 'krkCnh bZ- lzksr 4 egy osQ ckgj dh nqfu;k tSls cq¼ osQ mins'kksa dks muosQ f'k";ksa us ladfyr fd;k oSls gh egkohj osQ f'k";ksa us fd;kA vDlj ;s mins'k dgkfu;ksa osQ :i esa izLrqr fd, tkrs Fks tks vke yksxksa dks vkd£"kr djrs FksA ;g mnkgj.k mRrjkè;;u lw=k uked ,d xzaFk ls fy;k x;k gSA blesa deykorh uked ,d egkjkuh vius ifr dks laU;kl ysus osQ fy, le>k jgh gS % vxj laiw.kZ fo'o vkSj ogk¡ osQ lHkh [kT+kkus rqEgkjs gks tk,¡ rc Hkh rqEgsa larks"k ugha gksxk] u gh ;g lkjk oqQN rqEgsa cpk ik,xkA gs jktu~! tc rqEgkjh e`R;q gksxh vkSj tc lkjk /u ihNs NwV tk,xk rc fliZQ /eZ gh] vkSj oqQN Hkh ugha] rqEgkjh j{kk djsxkA tSls ,d fpfM+;k ¯itjs ls uI+kQjr djrh gS oSls gh eSa bl lalkj ls uI+kQjr djrh gw¡A eSa cky&cPps dks tUe u nsdj fu"dke Hkko ls] fcuk ykHk dh dkeuk ls vkSj fcuk }s"k osQ ,d lkèoh dh rjg thou fcrkÅ¡xh--- ftu yksxksa us lq[k dk miHkksx djosQ mls R;kx fn;k gS] ok;q dh rjg Hkze.k djrs gaS] tgk¡ eu djs Lora=k mM+rs gq, if{k;ksa dh rjg tkrs gSa--- bl fo'kky jkT; dk ifjR;kx djks--- bafnz; lq[kksa ls ukrk rksM+ks] fu"dke vifjxzgh cuks] rRi'pkr rste; gks ?kksj riL;k djks--- Ü egkjkuh osQ }kjk fn;k x;k dkSu lk roZQ vkidks lcls ”;knk ;qfDr;qDr yxrk gS\ 2019-2020 fopkjd] fo'okl vkSj bekjrsa 89 3.1 tSu /eZ dk foLrkj /hjs&/hjs tSu /eZ Hkkjr osQ dbZ fgLlksa esa iSQy x;kA ckS¼ksa dh rjg Ü ppkZ dhft,... gh tSu fo}kuksa us izko`Qr] laLo`Qr] rfey tSlh vusd Hkk"kkvksa esa dkI+kQh D;k chloha lnh esa v¯glk dh dksbZ lkfgR; dk l`tu fd;kA lSdM+ksa o"kks± ls bu xzaFkksa dh ikaMqfyfi;k¡ eafnjksa izklafxdrk gS\ ls tqM+s iqLrdky;ksa esa lajf{kr gSaA /k£ed ijaijkvksa ls tqM+h gqbZ lcls izkphu ew£r;ksa esa tSu rhFk±djksa osQ mikldksa }kjk cuokbZ xbZ ew£r;k¡ Hkkjrh; miegk}hi osQ dbZ fgLlksa esa ikbZ xbZ gSaA fp=k 4.6 4. cq¼ vkSj Kku dh [kkst pkSngoha lnh osQ tSu xazFk dh ikaMqfyfi dk ,d cq¼ ml ;qx osQ lcls izHkko'kkyh f'k{kdksa esa ls ,d FksA lSdM+ksa o"kks± iUuk osQ nkSjku muosQ lans'k iwjs miegk}hi esa vkSj mlosQ ckn eè; ,f'k;k Ü D;k vki bldh fyfi dks igpku ldrs gS\a gksrs gq, phu] dksfj;k vkSj tkiku] Jhyadk ls leqnz ikj dj E;k¡ekj] FkkbySaM vkSj baMksusf'k;k rd iSQysA ge cq¼ dh f'k{kkvksa osQ ckjs esa oSQls tkurs gSa\ budh iqujZpuk dk vk/kj Fkk ckS¼ xzaFkksa dk cgqr ifjJe ls laiknu] vuqokn vkSj fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkukA bfrgkldkjksa us muosQ thou osQ ckjs esa pfjr ys[ku ls tkudkjh bdêòh dhA buesa ls dbZ xzaFk cq¼ osQ thou dky larpfj=k fdlh lar ;k /k£ed usrk dh ls yxHkx lkS o"kks± osQ ckn fy[ks x,A buesa bl egku /eksZins'kd dh thouh gSA larpfj=k lar dh miyfC/;ksa ;kn dks cuk, j[kus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ FkhA dk xq.kxku djrs gSa] tks rF;kRed :i ls bu ijaijkvksa osQ vuqlkj fl¼kFkZ (cq¼ osQ cpiu dk uke) 'kkD; iwjh rjg lgh ugha gksrAs ;s blfy, egRoiw.kZ gSa fd ;s gesa ml ijaijk osQ vuq;kf;;ksa osQ dchys osQ ljnkj osQ csVs FksA thou osQ dVq ;FkkFkks± ls nwj mUgsa egy fo'oklksa osQ ckjs esa crkrs gSaA dh pkjnhokjh osQ vanj lc lq[kksa osQ chp cM+k fd;k x;kA ,d fnu 2019-2020 90 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; mUgksaus vius jFkdkj dks mUgsa 'kgj ?kqekus osQ fy, euk fy;kA ckgjh nqfu;k dh mudh igyh ;k=kk dkI+kQh ihM+knk;d jghA ,d o`¼ O;fDr dks] ,d chekj dks vkSj ,d yk'k dks ns[kdj mUgsa xgjk lnek igq¡pkA mlh {k.k mUgsa ;g vuqHkwfr gqbZ fd euq"; osQ 'kjhj dk {k; vkSj var fuf'pr gSA mUgksaus ,d x`gR;kx fd, laU;klh dks Hkh ns[kk mls ekuks cqk tk ldrk FkkA ckS¼ n'kZu osQ vuqlkj fo'o vfuR; gS vkSj yxkrkj cny jgk gS] ;g vkRekfoghu (vkRek) gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ oqQN Hkh LFkk;h ;k 'kk'or ugha gSA bl {k.kHkaxqj nqfu;k esa nq[k euq"; osQ thou dk var£ufgr rRo gSA ?kksj riL;k vkSj fo"k;klfDr osQ chp eè;e ekxZ viukdj euq"; nqfu;k osQ nq[kksa ls eqfDr ik ldrk gSA ckS¼ /eZ dh izkjafHkd ijaijkvksa esa Hkxoku dk gksuk ;k u gksuk vizklafxd FkkA lzksr 5 O;ogkj esa ckS¼ /eZ lqÙk fiVd ls fy, x, bl m¼j.k esa cq¼ flxy uke osQ ,d vehj x`gifr dks lykg ns jgs gSa % ekfyd dks vius ukSdjksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dh ik¡p rjg ls ns[kHkky djuh pkfg,--- mudh {kerk osQ vuqlkj mUgsa dke nsdj] mUgsa Hkkstu vkSj e”knwjh nsdj] chekj iM+us ij mudh ifjp;kZ djosQ] muosQ lkFk lqLoknq Hkkstu ck¡Vdj vkSj le;≤ ij mUgsa Nqêhð nsdj--- oqQy osQ yksxksa dks ik¡p rjg ls Je.kksa (ftUgksaus lkalkfjd thou dks R;kx fn;k gS) vkSj czkã.kksa dh ns[kHkky djuh pkfg,--- deZ] opu vkSj eu ls vuqjkx }kjk] muosQ Lokxr esa ges'kk ?kj [kqys j[kdj vkSj mudh fnu&izfrfnu dh T+k:jrksa dh iw£r djosQA flxy dks ekrk&firk] f'k{kd vkSj iRuh osQ lkFk O;ogkj osQ fy, Hkh ,sls gh mins'k fn, x, gSaA Ü vki lq>ko nhft, fd ekrk&firk] f'k{kdksa vkSj iRuh osQ fy, fdl rjg osQ funsZ'k fn, x, gksaxsA 2019-2020 92 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; cq¼ ekurs Fks fd lekt dk fuekZ.k bulkuksa us fd;k Fkk u fd Ü ppkZ dhft,... bZ'oj usA blhfy, mUgksaus jktkvksa vkSj x`gifr;ksa (ns[ksa vè;k; 2) dks cq¼ }kjk flxy dks nh xbZ lykg dh n;koku vkSj vkpkjoku gksus dh lykg nhA ,slk ekuk tkrk Fkk fd rqyuk vlksd }kjk mldh iztk (vè;k; O;fDrxr iz;kl ls lkekftd ifjos'k dks cnyk tk ldrk FkkA 2) dks nh xbZ lykg ls dhft,A D;k cq¼ us tUe&e`R;q osQ pØ ls eqfDr] vkRe&Kku vkSj fuokZ.k osQ vkidks oqQN lekurk,¡ vkSj vlekurk,¡ fy, O;fDr&osaQfnzr gLr{ksi vkSj lE;d deZ dh dYiuk dhA fuokZ.k u”kj vkrh gS\a dk eryc Fkk vga vkSj bPNk dk [kRe gks tkuk ftlls x`gR;kx djus okyksa osQ nq[k osQ pØ dk var gks ldrk FkkA ckS¼ ijaijk osQ vuqlkj vius f'k";ksa osQ fy, mudk vafre funsZ'k Fkk] ¶rqe lc vius fy, [kqn gh T;ksfr cuks D;ksafd rqEgsa [kqn gh viuh eqfDr dk jkLrk s ikuh esa mrjuk gh gS lT+kk osQ Mj ls ;k Å¡ps ?kjkuksa dh fL=k;ksa osQ dVq okD;ksa osQ Mj lsA gs czkã.k rqEgsa fdldk Mj gS] ftlls rqe ty esa mrjrs gks (tcfd) rqEgkjs vax BaM ls dk¡i jgs gSa\ czkã.k cksys % eSa cqjkbZ dks jksdus osQ fy, vPNkbZ dj jgk gw¡_ cw ldrs gSaA cgqr izkphu dky ls gh yksx oqQN txgksa dks ifo=k ekurs FksA vDlj tgk¡ [kkl ouLifr gksrh Fkh] vuwBh p^kusa Fkha ;k foLe;dkjh 'konkg osQ ckn 'kjhj osQ oqQN vo'ks"k izko`Qfrd lkSan;Z Fkk] ogk¡ ifo=k LFky cu tkrs FksA ,sls oqQN LFkyksa Vhyksa ij lqjf{kr j[k fn, tkrs FksA vafre ij ,d NksVh&lh osnh Hkh cuh jgrh Fkha ftUgsa dHkh&dHkh pSR; dgk laLdkj ls tqM+s ;s Vhys pSR; osQ :i esa tkrk FkkA tkus x,A ckS¼ lkfgR; esa dbZ pSR;ksa dh ppkZ gSA blesa cq¼ osQ thou ls tqM+h txgksa dk Hkh o.kZu gSµtgk¡ os tUes Fks (yqfEcuh)] tgk¡ mUgksaus ekufp=k 1 egRoiw.kZ ckS¼ LFky xaxk q ¯l/ yqfEcuh ;euq JkoLrh k oqQ'khuxj lkjukFk cjkcj cks/x;k Hkjgqr ueZnk lk¡ph egkunh vtark ukfld tqUukj xkns k ojh dkysZ vjc ukxktquZ dksMa k o`Q".kk vejkorh lkxj caxky dh [kkM+h js[kkfp=k iSekuk ugha fn;k x;k gSA 2019-2020 96 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; Kku izkIr fd;k (cks/x;k)] tgk¡ mUgksaus izFke mins'k fn;k (lkjukFk) vkSj tgk¡ mUgksaus fuCcku izkIr fd;k (oqQ'khuxj)A /hjs&/hjs ;s lkjh txgsa ifo=k LFky cu xb±A gesa ;g ekywe gS fd cq¼ osQ le; ls yxHkx nks lkS o"kks± ckn vlksd us yqfEcuh dh viuh ;k=kk dh ;kn esa ,d LraHk cuok;kA 7.1 Lrwi D;ksa cuk, tkrs Fks\ lzksr 8 ,slh dbZ vU; txgsa Fkha ftUgsa ifo=k ekuk tkrk FkkA bu txgksa ij cq¼ Lrwi D;ksa cuk, tkrs Fks ls tqM+s oqQN vo'ks"k tSls mudh vfLFk;k¡ ;k muosQ }kjk iz;qDr lkeku xkM+ fn, x, FksA bu Vhyksa dks Lrwi dgrs FksA ;g m¼j.k egkifjfuCcku lqÙk ls fy;k Lrwi cukus dh ijaijk cq¼ ls igys dh jgh gksxh] ysfdu og ckS¼ x;k gS tks lqÙk fiVd dk fgLlk gS % /eZ ls tqM+ xbZA pw¡fd muesa ,sls vo'ks"k jgrs Fks ftUgsa ifo=k le>k tkrk Fkk] blfy, lewps Lrwi dks gh cq¼ vkSj ckS¼ /eZ osQ izrhd osQ ifjfuokZ.k ls iwoZ vkuan us iwNk% :i esa izfr"Bk feyhA v'kksdkonku uked ,d ckS¼ xzaFk osQ vuqlkj Hkxoku ge rFkkxr (cq¼ dk vlksd us cq¼ osQ vo'ks"kksa osQ fgLls gj egRoiw.kZ 'kgj esa ck¡V dj nwljk uke) osQ vo'ks"kksa dk D;k muosQ Åij Lrwi cukus dk vkns'k fn;kA bZlk iwoZ nwljh lnh rd djsxa \s Hkjgqr] lk¡ph vkSj lkjukFk tSlh txgksa ij (ekufp=k 1) Lrwi cuk, cq¼ us dgk] ¶rFkkxr osQ vo'ks"kksa tk pqosQ FksA dks fo'ks"k vknj nsdj [kqn dks er 7.2 Lrwi oSQls cuk, x, jksdksA /eksZRlkgh cuks] viuh HkykbZ Lrwiksa dh osfndkvksa vkSj LraHkksa ij feys vfHkys[kksa ls bUgsa cukus vkSj osQ fy, iz;kl djksA¸ ltkus osQ fy, fn, x, nku dk irk pyrk gSA oqQN nku jktkvksa osQ }kjk fn, x, Fks (tSls lkrokgu oa'k osQ jktk)] rks oqQN nku f'kYidkjksa ysfdu fo'ks"k vkxzg djus ij vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dh Jsf.k;ksa }kjk fn, x,A mnkgj.k osQ fy,] lk¡ph osQ cq¼ cksys % ,d rksj.k}kj dk fgLlk gkFkh nk¡r dk dke djus okys f'kYidkjksa osQ ¶mUgsa rFkkxr osQ fy, pkj egkiFkksa nku ls cuk;k x;k FkkA lSdM+ksa efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa us nku osQ osQ pkSd ij Fkwi (Lrwi dk ikfy vfHkys[kksa esa viuk uke crk;k gSA dHkh&dHkh os vius xk¡o ;k 'kgj :i) cukuk pkfg,A tks Hkh ogk¡ èkwi dk uke crkrs gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh viuk is'kk vkSj fj'rsnkjksa osQ uke ;k ekyk ps vkRe?kkrh vkSj vleFkZuh; uhfr yxrh gSA¸ os ekurs Fks fd laxzgky;ksa esa ew£r;ksa dh IykLVj izfro`Qfr;k¡ j[kh tkuh pkfg, tcfd vlyh o`Qfr;k¡ [kkst dh txg ij gh 2019-2020 fopkjd] fo'okl vkSj bekjrsa 99 j[kh tkuh pkfg,A nqHkkZX; ls dksy vfèkdkfj;ksa dks vejkorh ij bl Ü ppkZ dhft,... ckr osQ fy, jk”kh ugha dj ik,A ysfdu [kkst dh txg ij gh laj{k.k [kaM ,d dks nqckjk ifko vk;k fd rksj.k}kjksa dks isfjl ;k yanu Hkst fn;k tk,A varr% dbZ dkj.kksa ls lk¡ph dk Lrwi ogha cuk jgk vkSj fp=k 4.12 vkt Hkh cuk gqvk gS tcfd vejkorh dk egkpSR; vc fliZQ ,d rksj.k dk ,d fgLlk NksVk lk Vhyk gS ftldk lkjk xkSjo u"V gks pqdk gSA D;k vkidks ,slk yxrk gS fd lk¡ph osQ r{kd iVfp=k dks [kqyrs gq, n'kkZuk pkg jgs Fks\ 9. ew£rdyk geus vHkh&vHkh ius osQ fy, dyk osQ bfrgkldkj vDlj fyf[kr xzaFkksa ls tkudkjh bdêòh djrs gSaA Hkkjrh; ew£r;ksa dh ;wukuh ew£r;ksa ls rqyuk dj fu"d"kZ fudkyus dh vis{kk ;g fu'p; gh ”;knk csgrj rjhdk gSA ysfdu ;g cgqr vklku ughaA bldk lcls fnypLi mnkgj.k gS egkcyhiqje (rfeyukMq) esa ,d fo'kky pêðku ij mRdh.kZ ew£r;k¡A fu'p; gh fp=k 4.30 esa fdlh dFkk dk ltho fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu ;g dkSu&lh dFkk gS\ dyk bfrgkldkjksa us iqjk.kksa osQ lkfgR; esa bl dFkk dks igpkuus osQ fy, dkI+kQh [kkstchu dh gSA ysfdu muesa dkI+kQh fp=k 4.29 xka/kj dk ,d cksf/lÙk muosQ diM+ksa vkSj osQ'k foU;kl ij è;ku nhft,A 2019-2020 fopkjd] fo'okl vkSj bekjrsa 109 erHksn gSaA oqQN dk ekuuk gS fd blesa xaxk unh osQ LoxZ ls vorj.k dk fp=k.k gSA pêðku dh lrg osQ eè; izko`Qfrd njkj 'kk;n unh dks fn[kk jgh gSA ;g dFkk egkdkO;ksa vkSj iqjk.kksa esa o£.kr gSA nwljs fo}ku ekurs gSa fd ;gk¡ ij fnO;kL=k izkIr djus osQ fy, egkHkkjr esa nh xbZ vtqZu dh riL;k dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA os ew£r;ksa osQ chp ,d lk/q dks osaQnz esa j[ks tkus dh ckr dks egÙo nsrs gSaA varr% gesa ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd cgqr ls jhfr&fjokt] /k£ed fo'okl vkSj O;ogkj bekjrks]a ew£r;ksa ;k fp=kdyk osQ }kjk LFkk;h n`'; ekè;eksa osQ :i esa n”kZ ugha fd, x,A buesa fnu&izfrfnu vkSj fof'k"V voljksa osQ jhfr&fjokt 'kkfey gSaA dbZ yksxksa vkSj leqnk;ksa dks Ü ppkZ dhft,... fpjLFkk;h fooj.k j[kus dh ”k:jr eglwl ugha gqbZ gksA laHko gS fd vkius dksbZ Hkh /k£ed vuq"Bku ns[kk gks rks /k£ed xfrfof/;ksa vkSj nk'kZfud ekU;rkvksa dh mudh lfØ; ijaijk mldk o.kZu dhft,A D;k bls fdlh :i jgh gksA oLrqr% geus bl vè;k; esa ftu 'kkunkj mnkgj.kksa dks pquk esa ges'kk osQ fy, n”kZ fd;k tkrk gS\ gS os ,d fo'kky Kku jkf'k dh ek=k Åijh ijr gSaA fp=k 4.30 egkcyhiqje~ dh ,d ew£r 2019-2020 110 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; dkyjs[kk 1 egRoiw.kZ /k£ed cnyko yxHkx 1500-1000 bZ- iw- izkjafHkd oSfnd ijaijk,¡ yxHkx 1000-500 bZ- iw- mÙkj oSfnd ijaijk,¡ yxHkx NBh lnh bZ- iw- izkjafHkd mifu"kn] tSu /eZ] ckS¼ /eZ yxHkx rhljh lnh bZ- iw- vkjafHkd Lrwi yxHkx nwljh lnh bZlk iwoZ ls vkxs egk;ku ckS¼ er dk fodkl] oS".kookn] 'kSookn vkSj nsoh iwtu ijaijk,¡ yxHkx rhljh lnh bZloh lcls iqjkus eafnj dkyjs[kk 2 izkphu bekjrksa vkSj ew£r;ksa dh [kkst vkSj laj{k.k osQ egRoiw.kZ pj.k mUuhloha lnh 1814 bafM;u E;wf”k;e] dydÙkk dh LFkkiuk 1834 jkejktk fyf[kr ,ls”k vkWu n vk£dVSDpj vkWI+kQ n ¯gnw”k dk izdk'ku_ d¯u?ke us lkjukFk osQ Lrwi dh Nkuchu dh 1835 -1842 tsEl iQXkqZlu us egRoiw.kZ iqjkrkfRod LFkyksa dk losZ{k.k fd;k 1851 xouZesaV E;wf”k;e] enzkl dh LFkkiuk 1854 vysDtSaMj d¯u?ke us fHkylk VksIl fy[kh tks lk¡ph ij fy[kh xbZ lcls izkjafHkd iqLrdksa esa ls ,d gS 1878 jktsanz yky fe=k dh iqLrd] cq¼ x;k % n gsfjVs”k vkWI+kQ 'kkD; eqfu dk izdk'ku 1880 ,p-,p- dksy dks izkphu bekjrksa dk laxzgkè;{k cuk;k x;k 1888 Vªs”kj&Vªkso ,DV dk cuk;k tkukA blosQ vuqlkj ljdkj iqjkrkfRod egÙo dh fdlh Hkh ph”k dks gLrxr dj ldrh Fkh chloha lnh 1914 tkWu ek'kZy vkSj vYizsQM iwQls dh n ekWU;qesaV~l vkWI+kQ lk¡ph iqLrd dk izdk'ku 1923 tkWu ek'kZy dh iqLrd oaQtosZ'ku eSuqvy dk izdk'ku 1955 iz/kuea=kh tokgjyky usg: us jk"Vªh; laxzgky;] u;h fnYyh dh uhao j[kh 1989 lk¡ph dks ,d fo'o dyk nk; LFkku ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k 2019-2020 fopkjd] fo'okl vkSj bekjrsa 111 mÙkj nhft, (yxHkx 100-150 'kCnksa esa) 1. D;k mifu"knksa osQ nk'kZfudksa osQ fopkj fu;frokfn;ksa vkSj HkkSfrdokfn;ksa ls fHkUu Fks\ vius tokc osQ i{k esa roZQ nhft,A 2. tSu /eZ dh egRoiw.kZ f'k{kkvksa dks la{ksi esa fyf[k,A 3. lk¡ph osQ Lrwi osQ laj{k.k esa Hkksiky dh csxeksa dh Hkwfedk dh ppkZ dhft,A 4. fuEufyf[kr laf{kIr vfHkys[k dks if

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser