Class XII NCERT Books History Part 1 PDF
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Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University Jaunpur
2019
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Summary
This textbook covers some topics of Indian History for class 12.It follows the National Curriculum Framework (2005). The book aims to connect classroom learning to real-life experiences in an enjoyable way.
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d{kk 12 osQ fy, bfrgkl dh ikB~;iqLrd 2019-2020 2019-2020 d{kk 12 osQ fy, bfrgkl dh ikB~;iqLrd 2019-2020 ISBN 81-7450-700-0 çFke laLdj.k...
d{kk 12 osQ fy, bfrgkl dh ikB~;iqLrd 2019-2020 2019-2020 d{kk 12 osQ fy, bfrgkl dh ikB~;iqLrd 2019-2020 ISBN 81-7450-700-0 çFke laLdj.k lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr ekpZ 2007 iQkYxqu 1928 q izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk bysDVª kWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksx iqueqæZ.k i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA q bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk uoacj 2007 dk£rd 1929 ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkj ls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA vçSy 2009 cSlk[k 1931 q bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ fnlacj 2009 ikS"k 1931 (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA tuojh 2011 ek?k 1932 tuojh 2012 ek?k 1933 ekpZ 2013 iQkYxqu 1934 ,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy; iQjojh 2014 ek?k 1935 ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil iQjojh 2015 ek?k 1936 Jh vjfoan ekxZ u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708 iQjojh 2016 ek?k 1937 108, 100 iQhV jksM iQjojh 2017 ek?k 1938 gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs cuk'kadjh III bLVst fnlacj 2017 ikS"k 1939 csaxyq# 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740 uothou VªLV Hkou tuojh 2019 ikS"k 1940 Mkd?kj uothou vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446 PD 60T RSP lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454 © jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/ a ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ] lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl 2007 ekyhxkao xqokgkVh 781021 iQksu % 0361&2674869 izdk'ku lg;ksx vè;{k] izdk'ku izHkkx % ,e- fljkt vuoj ` ??.00 eq[; laiknd % 'osrk mIiy eq[; O;kikj izca/d % xkSre xkaxqyh eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % v#.k fprdkjk laiknd % ujs'k ;kno ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okWVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- lgk;d mRiknu vf/dkjh % tgku yky isij ij eqfnzrA vkoj.k ,oa lTtk çdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj vkVZ fØ;s'kal] u;h fnYyh çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016 dkVksZxzkiQh }kjk izdkf'kr rFkk ,l-Mh-,- fizaV ^,u* iSd] Mh&19] ds- oxhZ”k lsDVj&ch1] VªkWfudk flVh baMfLVª;y ,fj;k] yksuh] f”kyk xkf”k;kckn& 201 102 (m-iz-) }kjk eqfnzrA 2019-2020 vkeq[k jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ çHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vk/kfjr ikB~;Øe vkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk ç;kl gSaA bl ç;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,d e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh ço`fÙk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) eas of.kZr cky&oasQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA bl ç;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ çkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa dks dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj vius vuqHko ij fopkj djus dk volj nsrs gSAa gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+kas }kjk lkSia h xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqMd + j vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gSAa f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lk/uksa o Ïksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk çeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh ço`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh çfØ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsAa ;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud f”kanxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruk okf"kZd oSQys.Mj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh çHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;ozQe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa ckrphr ,oa cgl vkSj gkFk ls dh tkus okyh xfrfof/;ksa dks çkFkfedrk nsrh gSA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr osQ ifjJe osQ fy, o`QrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ lkekftd foKku lykgdkj lewg osQ vè;{k] çksI+ksQlj gfj oklqnsou] bfrgkl foHkkx] dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrk ,oa bfrgkl ikB~;iqLrd lfefr osQ eq[; lykgdkj] çksI+ksQlj uhykfnz Hk^kpk;Z] bfrgkl vè;;u osaQnz] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh dh fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fn;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy, ge muosQ çkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkh laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ çfr ÑrK gSa ftUgksaus vius lalkèkuksa] lkexzh vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa 2019-2020 vi dh enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk çksI+ksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa çksI+ksQlj th-ih- ns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr (ekWfuVfjax desVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, èkU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius çdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ çfr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fVIif.k;ksa ,oa lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn yh tk losQA funs'kd u;h fnYyh jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku 20 uoac j 2006 vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ 2019-2020 vè;;u dk osaQæ¯cnq fuf'pr djuk dkSu lh ckr bl fdrkc osQ osaQnz¯cnq dks fu/kZfjr djrh gS\ vkf[kj bl fdrkc dk D;k y{; gS\ fiNyh d{kkvksa dh ius dh dksf'k'k esa yxs bfrgkldkj u, lqjkxksa dh ryk'k esa u, lzksrksa dh [kkst 'kq: dj nsrs gSaA tc ,slk gksrk gS rc fdu&fdu ph”kksa dks lzksr ekuk tk, & bldh le> gh cny tkrh gSA ,d le; Fkk tc flI+kQZ fyf[kr nLrkos”kksa dks gh izkekf.kd lzksr ekuk tkrk FkkA fyf[kr nLrkos”kksa dks lR;kfir fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] mudk gokyk fn;k tk ldrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa tk¡pk tk ldrk FkkA ekSf[kd lk{; dks ,d oS/ lzksr gh ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA vkf[kj mlosQ lR;kiu ;k tk¡p dh xkjaVh dkSu ysrk\ ekSf[kd ijaijk esa vfo'okl dh ;g fLFkfr vHkh Hkh iwjh rjg [kRe ugha gqbZ gSA ysfdu ekSf[kd ijaijk dk vfHkuo iz;ksx djosQ ,sls vuqHkoksa dks lkeus yk;k x;k gS tks nwljs fdlh nLrkos”k ls izdV ugha gksrsA bl lky dh fdrkc ls vki bfrgkldkjksa dh nqfu;k esa izo's k djsxa ]s muosQ lkFk u, lw=kksa dh ryk'k djsxa s vkSj ns[ksxa s fd os fdl rjg ls vrhr osQ lkFk laokn djrs gSAa vki ns[ksxa s fd os fdl rjg ls lzkrs ksa ls lkFkZd tkudkjh ko fn,A MkW- ulhe v[rj] Jh ohjsanz ckax: vkSj MkW- lqjs'k feJk us fp=kksa vkSj fyf[kr lkexzh osQ oqQN fo'ks"k igyqvksa ij lykg nhA lqJh lehjk oekZ us n`'; vkSj ys[ku laca/h 'kks/ esa yxkrkj Rofjr lgk;rk nhA ge mu lHkh laLFkkuksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa dks /U;okn nsuk pkgsaxs ftuls gesa fp=k&ekufp=k vkfn izkIr gq, % vesfjdu baLVhV~;wV vkWI+kQ bafM;u LVMh”k] xqM+xk¡o] Hkkjrh; iqjkrkfRod los{Z k.k] lkaLo`Qfrd Ïksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQa nz] bafnjk xka/h jk"Vªh; dyk osQa nz] jk"Vªh; ikaMfq yfi fe'ku vkSj jk"Vªh; laxzgky;A izksI+ksQlj xzsxjh ,y- iks'ksy ls izkIr fp=k laca/h lkexzh fo"k; ,d esa iz;ksx dh xbZ gSA jk"Vªh; laxgz ky; osQ Jh vkj-vkj-,l- pkSgku vkSj Jh ts-lh- xzkos j ,oa lh-vkbZ-bZ-Vh-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ Jh okbZ-osQ- xqIrk dh enn ls jk"Vªh; laxzgky; dh iqjkoLrqvksa dh rLohjsa yh tk ldh gSAa ge bu lHkh osQ fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSAa tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky; osQ Jh osQ- oxhZ”k us bl iqLrd osQ fy, ekufp=k cuk,A Jherh ';kek okuZj us bl iqLrd osQ vaxsz”kh laLdj.k dh dkWih ,fM¯Vx o izwiQ jh¯Mx dhA vkVZ fØ;s'kal] u;h fnYyh dh fjrq Vksik o vfues'k jkW; th us iqLrd dks fM”kkbu fd;kA bl dke ls tqM+s /hjt] è;ku vkSj yxu osQ fy, ge buosQ izfr o`QrKrk Kkfir djrs gSaA ge Jh ,fYcul fVdhZ vkSj Jh eukst gYnj dks Hkh muosQ rduhdh lg;ksx vkSj enn osQ fy, /U;okn nsuk pkgsaxsA oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh 'kCnkoyh vk;ksx] u;h fnYyh osQ vodk'kizkIr vuqla/ku vf/dkjh (bfrgkl ,oa iqjkrRo) jktsUnz izlkn frokjh us iqLrd osQ ¯gnh vuqokn esa rduhdh 'kCnksa dks 'kq¼ cukus esa ;ksxnku fn;kA ¯gnh Vkb¯ix dk dk;Z fot; oaQI;wVj] fnYyh }kjk fd;k x;kA fxjh'k xks;y vkSj lfjrk fdeksBh Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj_ eukst eksgu dkWih ,MhVj us blesa lg;ksx fn;kA ge bu lHkh osQ izfr viuk vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA varr% bl iqLrd dk iz;ksx djus okyksa osQ lq>ko vkeaf=kr gSa ftlls gesa bl iqLrd osQ vkxs vkus okys laLdj.kksa dks lq/kjus esa enn feysxhA 2019-2020 Hkkx 1 fo"k; ,d ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 1 b±V]as euosQ rFkk vfLFk;k¡ gM+Iik lH;rk fo"k; nks ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 28 ○ jktk] fdlku vkSj uxj vkjafHkd jkT; vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ (yxHkx 600 bZ-iw- ls 600 bZloh) fo"k; rhu ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 53 ca/Rq o] tkfr rFkk oxZ vkjafHkd lekt (yxHkx 600 bZ-iw- ls 600 bZloh) fo"k; pkj ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 82 ○ fopkjd] fo'okl vkSj bekjrsa lkaLo`Qfrd fodkl (yxHkx 600 bZlk iwoZ ls bZlk laor~ 600 rd) Hkkx 2* fo"k; ik¡p ;kf=k;ksa osQ u”kfj, lekt osQ ckjs esa mudh le> (yxHkx nloha ls l=kgoha lnh rd) fo"k; N% HkfDrµlwiQh ijaijk,¡ /k£ed fo'oklksa esa cnyko vkSj J¼k xazFk (yxHkx vkBoha ls vBkjgoha lnh rd) 2019-2020 xii fo"k; lkr ,d lkezkT; dh jkt/kuh % fot;uxj (yxHkx pkSngoha ls lksygoha lnh rd) fo"k; vkB fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT; o`Qf"k lekt vkSj eqxy lkezkT; (yxHkx lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lnh) fo"k; ukS jktk vkSj fofHkUu o`Ùkkar eqxy njckj (yxHkx lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lnh) Hkkx 3* fo"k; nl mifuos'kokn vkSj nsgkr ljdkjh vfHkys[kksa dk vè;;u fo"k; X;kjg fonzkgs h vkSj jkt 1857 dk vkanksyu vkSj mlosQ O;k[;ku fo"k; ckjg vkSifuosf'kd 'kgj uxj&;kstuk] LFkkiR; fo"k; rsjg egkRek xka/h vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu lfou; voKk vkSj mlls vkxs fo"k; pkSng foHkktu dks le>uk jktuhfr] Le`fr] vuqHko fo"k; ianzg lafo/ku dk fuekZ.k ,d u, ;qx dh 'kq#vkr 2019-2020 xiii bl iqLrd dk oSQls iz;ksx fd;k tk,\ ;g iqLrd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; dk Hkkx 1 gSA Hkkx 2 vkSj Hkkx 3 blh Øe esa gksaxsA R vè;;u esa enn gsrq izR;sd vè;k; dks dbZ Hkkxksa vkSj miHkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA ljy ikBu osQ fy, bu Hkkxksa vkSj miHkkxksa dks la[;k,¡ nh xbZ gSaA R blosQ vykok oqQN lkexzh rhu rjg osQ ckWDlksa osQ varxZr nh xbZ gSA la{ksi esa vfrfjDr foLr` r vFkZ tkudkjh ifjHkk"kk,¡ ;g lkexzh ijh{kk esa ewY;kadu gsrq ugha gSA ;g osQoy le>us dh izfØ;k iq[rk cukus vkSj mldh enn djus osQ fy, gSA R izR;sd vè;k; osQ var esa dkyjs[kk,¡ nh xbZ gSaA ;s ijh{kk esa ewY;kadu gsrq ugha gaSA ;g ikB dh lkexzh dh i`"BHkwfe dh tkudkjh osQ fy, gSaA R izR;sd vè;k; esa fp=k@js[kkfp=k] ekufp=k vkSj Ïksr fn, x, gSaA (d) fp=kksa osQ varxZr vkS”kkjksa] e`n~Hkk.Mksa] eqgjksa] flDdksa] vkHkw"k.kksa vkfn iqjkoLrqvksa osQ fp=k ,oa vfHkys[kksa] ew£r;ksa] isa¯Vx] bekjrksa] iqjkLFkyksa] uD'kksa] yksxksa rFkk txgksa dh rlohjsa gSaA bu lHkh dk bLrseky bfrgkldkj Ïksrksa osQ :i esa djrs gSaA ([k) izR;sd vè;k; esa ekufp=k fn, x, gSaA lzksr (x) Ïksr vyx rjg osQ ckWDl esa fn, x, gSaA rjg&rjg dh fyf[kr lkexzh ,oa vfHkys[kksa ls va'k buosQ varxZr fn, x, gSaA fyf[kr lk{;ksa osQ lkFk gh fp=kksa osQ lk{; mu lqjkxksa ls ifjfpr djk,¡xs ftudk bfrgkldkj bLrseky djrs gSaA vki ;g Hkh ns[ksaxs fd bfrgkldkj budk fo'ys"k.k oSQls djrs gSaA vafre ijh{kk esa leku@feyrh&tqyrh lkexzh osQ va'k ;k fiQj fp=k fn, tk ldrs gSaA bl rjg vkidks ,slh lkexzh osQ iz;ksx dk volj feysxkA 2019-2020 xiv R ikB osQ varxZr nks rjg osQ iz'u fn, x, gSaA (d) ihys jax osQ ckWDl esa os iz'u fn, x, gSa ftudk ewY;kadu gsrq vH;kl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ([k) Ü ppkZ dhft,... osQ varxZr os iz'u fn, x, gSa tks ewY;kadu osQ fy, ugha gSaA R izR;sd vè;k; osQ var esa pkj rjg osQ vH;kl dk;Z fn, x, gSa % y?kq iz'u y?kq fuca/ ekufp=k dk;Z ifj;kstuk dk;Z ;s vafre ijh{kk o ewY;kadu gsrq vH;kl osQ fy, fn, x, gSaA vk'kk gS vkidks bl iqLrd dk iz;ksx fnypLi yxsxkA 2019-2020 fo"k; b±Vsa] euosQ rFkk vfLFk;k¡ ,d gM+Iik lH;rk gM+IikbZ eqgj (fp=k 1.1) laHkor% gM+Iik vFkok ¯lèkq ?kkVh lH;rk dh lcls fof'k"V iqjkoLrq gSA lsy[kM+h uked iRFkj ls cukbZ xbZ bu eqgjksa ij lkekU; :i ls tkuojksa osQ fp=k rFkk ,d ,slh fyfi osQ fpÉ mRdhf.kZr gSa ftUgsa vHkh rd is ;kn vkrk gS fd 1944 dh ,d 10.3 u;h rduhosaQ rFkk iz'u xeZ jkr dks iqjkrkfRod loZs{k.k osQ 1944 esa Hkkjrh; iqjkrkfRod loZs{k.k osQ Mk;jsDVj tujy cus uofu;qDr Mk;jsDVj tujy osQ :i esa vkj-bZ-,e- Oghyj us bl leL;k dk funku fd;kA Oghyj us igpkuk vius LFkkuh; eqfLye vfèkdkjh osQ fd ,dleku {kSfrt bdkb;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij [kqnkbZ dh ctk; Vhys osQ lkFk ^gM+Iik* uked ,d NksVs ls jsyos LVs'ku ls ,d xgjs ckyw osQ jkLrs Lrj foU;kl dk vuqlj.k djuk vfèkd vko';d FkkA lkFk gh] lsuk ij pkj ehy dh rk¡xs dh lokjh dj osQ iwo&Z fczxsfM;j osQ :i esa mUgksaus iqjkrRo dh i¼fr esa ,d lSfud eSa izkphu LFky osQ Vhyksa] tks pk¡n dh ifj'kq¼rk dk lekos'k Hkh fd;kA jks'kuh ls voyksfdr Fks] osQ lehi gM+Iik lH;rk dh HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa dk vkt dh jk"Vªh; fLFkr ,d foJke&x`g rd igq¡pkA lhekvksa ls cgqr FkksM+k ;k dksbZ lacaèk ugha gSA ysfdu miegk}hi osQ vius ¯pfrr lgdehZ dh bl psrkouh] foHkktu rFkk ikfdLrku osQ cuus osQ i'pkr~] lH;rk osQ izeq[k LFky fd gesa viuk fujh{k.k vxyh lqcg 5.30 cts vkjaHk dj 7.30 cts rd vc ikfdLrku osQ {ks=k esa gSaA blh dkj.k ls Hkkjrh; iqjkrRofonksa us lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,] ftlosQ i'pkr Hkkjr esa iqjkLFkyksa dks fpfÉr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA dPN esa gq, cgqr vfèkd xehZ gks tkrh gS] osQ ckn O;kid loZs{k.kksa ls dbZ gM+IikbZ cfLr;k¡ izdk'k esa vkb± rFkk iatkc izos'k}kj esa dkyh vkÑfr osQ ia[ks vkSj gfj;k.kk esa fd, x, vUos"k.kksa ls gM+Iik LFkyksa dh lwph esa dbZ okys dks èkhjrkiwoZd cSBk NksM+ rFkk vkSj uke tqM+ x,A gkyk¡fd dkyhcaxu] yksFky] jk[kh xus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA osQ lkFk viuh vk¡[ks eyus yxkA Ng 1980 osQ n'kd ls gM+IikbZ iqjkrRo esa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkh ?kaVs ckn Hkh esjs ?kcjk, gq, deZpkjhx.k rFkk eSa lw;Z dh rs”k jks'kuh esa oqQnkfy;ksa #fp yxkrkj ck;k gS\ brus n'kdksa esa gq, iqjkrkfRod dk;k±s dh D;k miyfCèk gS\ gM+IikbZ vFkZO;oLFkk osQ ckjs esa vc gekjh tkudkjh oqQN csgrj gSA ge lkekftd fHkUurkvksa dh xqRFkh lqy>kus esa liQy gq, gSa vkSj lH;rk dh dk;Zi.z kkyh osQ fo"k; esa gekjh tkudkjh oqQN cwB u cksyuk] czãp;Z (ve`"kk) vkSj /u laxgz u djukA rhljh 'krkCnh bZ- lzksr 4 egy osQ ckgj dh nqfu;k tSls cq¼ osQ mins'kksa dks muosQ f'k";ksa us ladfyr fd;k oSls gh egkohj osQ f'k";ksa us fd;kA vDlj ;s mins'k dgkfu;ksa osQ :i esa izLrqr fd, tkrs Fks tks vke yksxksa dks vkd£"kr djrs FksA ;g mnkgj.k mRrjkè;;u lw=k uked ,d xzaFk ls fy;k x;k gSA blesa deykorh uked ,d egkjkuh vius ifr dks laU;kl ysus osQ fy, le>k jgh gS % vxj laiw.kZ fo'o vkSj ogk¡ osQ lHkh [kT+kkus rqEgkjs gks tk,¡ rc Hkh rqEgsa larks"k ugha gksxk] u gh ;g lkjk oqQN rqEgsa cpk ik,xkA gs jktu~! tc rqEgkjh e`R;q gksxh vkSj tc lkjk /u ihNs NwV tk,xk rc fliZQ /eZ gh] vkSj oqQN Hkh ugha] rqEgkjh j{kk djsxkA tSls ,d fpfM+;k ¯itjs ls uI+kQjr djrh gS oSls gh eSa bl lalkj ls uI+kQjr djrh gw¡A eSa cky&cPps dks tUe u nsdj fu"dke Hkko ls] fcuk ykHk dh dkeuk ls vkSj fcuk }s"k osQ ,d lkèoh dh rjg thou fcrkÅ¡xh--- ftu yksxksa us lq[k dk miHkksx djosQ mls R;kx fn;k gS] ok;q dh rjg Hkze.k djrs gaS] tgk¡ eu djs Lora=k mM+rs gq, if{k;ksa dh rjg tkrs gSa--- bl fo'kky jkT; dk ifjR;kx djks--- bafnz; lq[kksa ls ukrk rksM+ks] fu"dke vifjxzgh cuks] rRi'pkr rste; gks ?kksj riL;k djks--- Ü egkjkuh osQ }kjk fn;k x;k dkSu lk roZQ vkidks lcls ”;knk ;qfDr;qDr yxrk gS\ 2019-2020 fopkjd] fo'okl vkSj bekjrsa 89 3.1 tSu /eZ dk foLrkj /hjs&/hjs tSu /eZ Hkkjr osQ dbZ fgLlksa esa iSQy x;kA ckS¼ksa dh rjg Ü ppkZ dhft,... gh tSu fo}kuksa us izko`Qr] laLo`Qr] rfey tSlh vusd Hkk"kkvksa esa dkI+kQh D;k chloha lnh esa v¯glk dh dksbZ lkfgR; dk l`tu fd;kA lSdM+ksa o"kks± ls bu xzaFkksa dh ikaMqfyfi;k¡ eafnjksa izklafxdrk gS\ ls tqM+s iqLrdky;ksa esa lajf{kr gSaA /k£ed ijaijkvksa ls tqM+h gqbZ lcls izkphu ew£r;ksa esa tSu rhFk±djksa osQ mikldksa }kjk cuokbZ xbZ ew£r;k¡ Hkkjrh; miegk}hi osQ dbZ fgLlksa esa ikbZ xbZ gSaA fp=k 4.6 4. cq¼ vkSj Kku dh [kkst pkSngoha lnh osQ tSu xazFk dh ikaMqfyfi dk ,d cq¼ ml ;qx osQ lcls izHkko'kkyh f'k{kdksa esa ls ,d FksA lSdM+ksa o"kks± iUuk osQ nkSjku muosQ lans'k iwjs miegk}hi esa vkSj mlosQ ckn eè; ,f'k;k Ü D;k vki bldh fyfi dks igpku ldrs gS\a gksrs gq, phu] dksfj;k vkSj tkiku] Jhyadk ls leqnz ikj dj E;k¡ekj] FkkbySaM vkSj baMksusf'k;k rd iSQysA ge cq¼ dh f'k{kkvksa osQ ckjs esa oSQls tkurs gSa\ budh iqujZpuk dk vk/kj Fkk ckS¼ xzaFkksa dk cgqr ifjJe ls laiknu] vuqokn vkSj fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkukA bfrgkldkjksa us muosQ thou osQ ckjs esa pfjr ys[ku ls tkudkjh bdêòh dhA buesa ls dbZ xzaFk cq¼ osQ thou dky larpfj=k fdlh lar ;k /k£ed usrk dh ls yxHkx lkS o"kks± osQ ckn fy[ks x,A buesa bl egku /eksZins'kd dh thouh gSA larpfj=k lar dh miyfC/;ksa ;kn dks cuk, j[kus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ FkhA dk xq.kxku djrs gSa] tks rF;kRed :i ls bu ijaijkvksa osQ vuqlkj fl¼kFkZ (cq¼ osQ cpiu dk uke) 'kkD; iwjh rjg lgh ugha gksrAs ;s blfy, egRoiw.kZ gSa fd ;s gesa ml ijaijk osQ vuq;kf;;ksa osQ dchys osQ ljnkj osQ csVs FksA thou osQ dVq ;FkkFkks± ls nwj mUgsa egy fo'oklksa osQ ckjs esa crkrs gSaA dh pkjnhokjh osQ vanj lc lq[kksa osQ chp cM+k fd;k x;kA ,d fnu 2019-2020 90 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; mUgksaus vius jFkdkj dks mUgsa 'kgj ?kqekus osQ fy, euk fy;kA ckgjh nqfu;k dh mudh igyh ;k=kk dkI+kQh ihM+knk;d jghA ,d o`¼ O;fDr dks] ,d chekj dks vkSj ,d yk'k dks ns[kdj mUgsa xgjk lnek igq¡pkA mlh {k.k mUgsa ;g vuqHkwfr gqbZ fd euq"; osQ 'kjhj dk {k; vkSj var fuf'pr gSA mUgksaus ,d x`gR;kx fd, laU;klh dks Hkh ns[kk mls ekuks cqk tk ldrk FkkA ckS¼ n'kZu osQ vuqlkj fo'o vfuR; gS vkSj yxkrkj cny jgk gS] ;g vkRekfoghu (vkRek) gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ oqQN Hkh LFkk;h ;k 'kk'or ugha gSA bl {k.kHkaxqj nqfu;k esa nq[k euq"; osQ thou dk var£ufgr rRo gSA ?kksj riL;k vkSj fo"k;klfDr osQ chp eè;e ekxZ viukdj euq"; nqfu;k osQ nq[kksa ls eqfDr ik ldrk gSA ckS¼ /eZ dh izkjafHkd ijaijkvksa esa Hkxoku dk gksuk ;k u gksuk vizklafxd FkkA lzksr 5 O;ogkj esa ckS¼ /eZ lqÙk fiVd ls fy, x, bl m¼j.k esa cq¼ flxy uke osQ ,d vehj x`gifr dks lykg ns jgs gSa % ekfyd dks vius ukSdjksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dh ik¡p rjg ls ns[kHkky djuh pkfg,--- mudh {kerk osQ vuqlkj mUgsa dke nsdj] mUgsa Hkkstu vkSj e”knwjh nsdj] chekj iM+us ij mudh ifjp;kZ djosQ] muosQ lkFk lqLoknq Hkkstu ck¡Vdj vkSj le;≤ ij mUgsa Nqêhð nsdj--- oqQy osQ yksxksa dks ik¡p rjg ls Je.kksa (ftUgksaus lkalkfjd thou dks R;kx fn;k gS) vkSj czkã.kksa dh ns[kHkky djuh pkfg,--- deZ] opu vkSj eu ls vuqjkx }kjk] muosQ Lokxr esa ges'kk ?kj [kqys j[kdj vkSj mudh fnu&izfrfnu dh T+k:jrksa dh iw£r djosQA flxy dks ekrk&firk] f'k{kd vkSj iRuh osQ lkFk O;ogkj osQ fy, Hkh ,sls gh mins'k fn, x, gSaA Ü vki lq>ko nhft, fd ekrk&firk] f'k{kdksa vkSj iRuh osQ fy, fdl rjg osQ funsZ'k fn, x, gksaxsA 2019-2020 92 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; cq¼ ekurs Fks fd lekt dk fuekZ.k bulkuksa us fd;k Fkk u fd Ü ppkZ dhft,... bZ'oj usA blhfy, mUgksaus jktkvksa vkSj x`gifr;ksa (ns[ksa vè;k; 2) dks cq¼ }kjk flxy dks nh xbZ lykg dh n;koku vkSj vkpkjoku gksus dh lykg nhA ,slk ekuk tkrk Fkk fd rqyuk vlksd }kjk mldh iztk (vè;k; O;fDrxr iz;kl ls lkekftd ifjos'k dks cnyk tk ldrk FkkA 2) dks nh xbZ lykg ls dhft,A D;k cq¼ us tUe&e`R;q osQ pØ ls eqfDr] vkRe&Kku vkSj fuokZ.k osQ vkidks oqQN lekurk,¡ vkSj vlekurk,¡ fy, O;fDr&osaQfnzr gLr{ksi vkSj lE;d deZ dh dYiuk dhA fuokZ.k u”kj vkrh gS\a dk eryc Fkk vga vkSj bPNk dk [kRe gks tkuk ftlls x`gR;kx djus okyksa osQ nq[k osQ pØ dk var gks ldrk FkkA ckS¼ ijaijk osQ vuqlkj vius f'k";ksa osQ fy, mudk vafre funsZ'k Fkk] ¶rqe lc vius fy, [kqn gh T;ksfr cuks D;ksafd rqEgsa [kqn gh viuh eqfDr dk jkLrk s ikuh esa mrjuk gh gS lT+kk osQ Mj ls ;k Å¡ps ?kjkuksa dh fL=k;ksa osQ dVq okD;ksa osQ Mj lsA gs czkã.k rqEgsa fdldk Mj gS] ftlls rqe ty esa mrjrs gks (tcfd) rqEgkjs vax BaM ls dk¡i jgs gSa\ czkã.k cksys % eSa cqjkbZ dks jksdus osQ fy, vPNkbZ dj jgk gw¡_ cw ldrs gSaA cgqr izkphu dky ls gh yksx oqQN txgksa dks ifo=k ekurs FksA vDlj tgk¡ [kkl ouLifr gksrh Fkh] vuwBh p^kusa Fkha ;k foLe;dkjh 'konkg osQ ckn 'kjhj osQ oqQN vo'ks"k izko`Qfrd lkSan;Z Fkk] ogk¡ ifo=k LFky cu tkrs FksA ,sls oqQN LFkyksa Vhyksa ij lqjf{kr j[k fn, tkrs FksA vafre ij ,d NksVh&lh osnh Hkh cuh jgrh Fkha ftUgsa dHkh&dHkh pSR; dgk laLdkj ls tqM+s ;s Vhys pSR; osQ :i esa tkrk FkkA tkus x,A ckS¼ lkfgR; esa dbZ pSR;ksa dh ppkZ gSA blesa cq¼ osQ thou ls tqM+h txgksa dk Hkh o.kZu gSµtgk¡ os tUes Fks (yqfEcuh)] tgk¡ mUgksaus ekufp=k 1 egRoiw.kZ ckS¼ LFky xaxk q ¯l/ yqfEcuh ;euq JkoLrh k oqQ'khuxj lkjukFk cjkcj cks/x;k Hkjgqr ueZnk lk¡ph egkunh vtark ukfld tqUukj xkns k ojh dkysZ vjc ukxktquZ dksMa k o`Q".kk vejkorh lkxj caxky dh [kkM+h js[kkfp=k iSekuk ugha fn;k x;k gSA 2019-2020 96 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; Kku izkIr fd;k (cks/x;k)] tgk¡ mUgksaus izFke mins'k fn;k (lkjukFk) vkSj tgk¡ mUgksaus fuCcku izkIr fd;k (oqQ'khuxj)A /hjs&/hjs ;s lkjh txgsa ifo=k LFky cu xb±A gesa ;g ekywe gS fd cq¼ osQ le; ls yxHkx nks lkS o"kks± ckn vlksd us yqfEcuh dh viuh ;k=kk dh ;kn esa ,d LraHk cuok;kA 7.1 Lrwi D;ksa cuk, tkrs Fks\ lzksr 8 ,slh dbZ vU; txgsa Fkha ftUgsa ifo=k ekuk tkrk FkkA bu txgksa ij cq¼ Lrwi D;ksa cuk, tkrs Fks ls tqM+s oqQN vo'ks"k tSls mudh vfLFk;k¡ ;k muosQ }kjk iz;qDr lkeku xkM+ fn, x, FksA bu Vhyksa dks Lrwi dgrs FksA ;g m¼j.k egkifjfuCcku lqÙk ls fy;k Lrwi cukus dh ijaijk cq¼ ls igys dh jgh gksxh] ysfdu og ckS¼ x;k gS tks lqÙk fiVd dk fgLlk gS % /eZ ls tqM+ xbZA pw¡fd muesa ,sls vo'ks"k jgrs Fks ftUgsa ifo=k le>k tkrk Fkk] blfy, lewps Lrwi dks gh cq¼ vkSj ckS¼ /eZ osQ izrhd osQ ifjfuokZ.k ls iwoZ vkuan us iwNk% :i esa izfr"Bk feyhA v'kksdkonku uked ,d ckS¼ xzaFk osQ vuqlkj Hkxoku ge rFkkxr (cq¼ dk vlksd us cq¼ osQ vo'ks"kksa osQ fgLls gj egRoiw.kZ 'kgj esa ck¡V dj nwljk uke) osQ vo'ks"kksa dk D;k muosQ Åij Lrwi cukus dk vkns'k fn;kA bZlk iwoZ nwljh lnh rd djsxa \s Hkjgqr] lk¡ph vkSj lkjukFk tSlh txgksa ij (ekufp=k 1) Lrwi cuk, cq¼ us dgk] ¶rFkkxr osQ vo'ks"kksa tk pqosQ FksA dks fo'ks"k vknj nsdj [kqn dks er 7.2 Lrwi oSQls cuk, x, jksdksA /eksZRlkgh cuks] viuh HkykbZ Lrwiksa dh osfndkvksa vkSj LraHkksa ij feys vfHkys[kksa ls bUgsa cukus vkSj osQ fy, iz;kl djksA¸ ltkus osQ fy, fn, x, nku dk irk pyrk gSA oqQN nku jktkvksa osQ }kjk fn, x, Fks (tSls lkrokgu oa'k osQ jktk)] rks oqQN nku f'kYidkjksa ysfdu fo'ks"k vkxzg djus ij vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dh Jsf.k;ksa }kjk fn, x,A mnkgj.k osQ fy,] lk¡ph osQ cq¼ cksys % ,d rksj.k}kj dk fgLlk gkFkh nk¡r dk dke djus okys f'kYidkjksa osQ ¶mUgsa rFkkxr osQ fy, pkj egkiFkksa nku ls cuk;k x;k FkkA lSdM+ksa efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa us nku osQ osQ pkSd ij Fkwi (Lrwi dk ikfy vfHkys[kksa esa viuk uke crk;k gSA dHkh&dHkh os vius xk¡o ;k 'kgj :i) cukuk pkfg,A tks Hkh ogk¡ èkwi dk uke crkrs gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh viuk is'kk vkSj fj'rsnkjksa osQ uke ;k ekyk ps vkRe?kkrh vkSj vleFkZuh; uhfr yxrh gSA¸ os ekurs Fks fd laxzgky;ksa esa ew£r;ksa dh IykLVj izfro`Qfr;k¡ j[kh tkuh pkfg, tcfd vlyh o`Qfr;k¡ [kkst dh txg ij gh 2019-2020 fopkjd] fo'okl vkSj bekjrsa 99 j[kh tkuh pkfg,A nqHkkZX; ls dksy vfèkdkfj;ksa dks vejkorh ij bl Ü ppkZ dhft,... ckr osQ fy, jk”kh ugha dj ik,A ysfdu [kkst dh txg ij gh laj{k.k [kaM ,d dks nqckjk ifko vk;k fd rksj.k}kjksa dks isfjl ;k yanu Hkst fn;k tk,A varr% dbZ dkj.kksa ls lk¡ph dk Lrwi ogha cuk jgk vkSj fp=k 4.12 vkt Hkh cuk gqvk gS tcfd vejkorh dk egkpSR; vc fliZQ ,d rksj.k dk ,d fgLlk NksVk lk Vhyk gS ftldk lkjk xkSjo u"V gks pqdk gSA D;k vkidks ,slk yxrk gS fd lk¡ph osQ r{kd iVfp=k dks [kqyrs gq, n'kkZuk pkg jgs Fks\ 9. ew£rdyk geus vHkh&vHkh ius osQ fy, dyk osQ bfrgkldkj vDlj fyf[kr xzaFkksa ls tkudkjh bdêòh djrs gSaA Hkkjrh; ew£r;ksa dh ;wukuh ew£r;ksa ls rqyuk dj fu"d"kZ fudkyus dh vis{kk ;g fu'p; gh ”;knk csgrj rjhdk gSA ysfdu ;g cgqr vklku ughaA bldk lcls fnypLi mnkgj.k gS egkcyhiqje (rfeyukMq) esa ,d fo'kky pêðku ij mRdh.kZ ew£r;k¡A fu'p; gh fp=k 4.30 esa fdlh dFkk dk ltho fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu ;g dkSu&lh dFkk gS\ dyk bfrgkldkjksa us iqjk.kksa osQ lkfgR; esa bl dFkk dks igpkuus osQ fy, dkI+kQh [kkstchu dh gSA ysfdu muesa dkI+kQh fp=k 4.29 xka/kj dk ,d cksf/lÙk muosQ diM+ksa vkSj osQ'k foU;kl ij è;ku nhft,A 2019-2020 fopkjd] fo'okl vkSj bekjrsa 109 erHksn gSaA oqQN dk ekuuk gS fd blesa xaxk unh osQ LoxZ ls vorj.k dk fp=k.k gSA pêðku dh lrg osQ eè; izko`Qfrd njkj 'kk;n unh dks fn[kk jgh gSA ;g dFkk egkdkO;ksa vkSj iqjk.kksa esa o£.kr gSA nwljs fo}ku ekurs gSa fd ;gk¡ ij fnO;kL=k izkIr djus osQ fy, egkHkkjr esa nh xbZ vtqZu dh riL;k dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA os ew£r;ksa osQ chp ,d lk/q dks osaQnz esa j[ks tkus dh ckr dks egÙo nsrs gSaA varr% gesa ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd cgqr ls jhfr&fjokt] /k£ed fo'okl vkSj O;ogkj bekjrks]a ew£r;ksa ;k fp=kdyk osQ }kjk LFkk;h n`'; ekè;eksa osQ :i esa n”kZ ugha fd, x,A buesa fnu&izfrfnu vkSj fof'k"V voljksa osQ jhfr&fjokt 'kkfey gSaA dbZ yksxksa vkSj leqnk;ksa dks Ü ppkZ dhft,... fpjLFkk;h fooj.k j[kus dh ”k:jr eglwl ugha gqbZ gksA laHko gS fd vkius dksbZ Hkh /k£ed vuq"Bku ns[kk gks rks /k£ed xfrfof/;ksa vkSj nk'kZfud ekU;rkvksa dh mudh lfØ; ijaijk mldk o.kZu dhft,A D;k bls fdlh :i jgh gksA oLrqr% geus bl vè;k; esa ftu 'kkunkj mnkgj.kksa dks pquk esa ges'kk osQ fy, n”kZ fd;k tkrk gS\ gS os ,d fo'kky Kku jkf'k dh ek=k Åijh ijr gSaA fp=k 4.30 egkcyhiqje~ dh ,d ew£r 2019-2020 110 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; dkyjs[kk 1 egRoiw.kZ /k£ed cnyko yxHkx 1500-1000 bZ- iw- izkjafHkd oSfnd ijaijk,¡ yxHkx 1000-500 bZ- iw- mÙkj oSfnd ijaijk,¡ yxHkx NBh lnh bZ- iw- izkjafHkd mifu"kn] tSu /eZ] ckS¼ /eZ yxHkx rhljh lnh bZ- iw- vkjafHkd Lrwi yxHkx nwljh lnh bZlk iwoZ ls vkxs egk;ku ckS¼ er dk fodkl] oS".kookn] 'kSookn vkSj nsoh iwtu ijaijk,¡ yxHkx rhljh lnh bZloh lcls iqjkus eafnj dkyjs[kk 2 izkphu bekjrksa vkSj ew£r;ksa dh [kkst vkSj laj{k.k osQ egRoiw.kZ pj.k mUuhloha lnh 1814 bafM;u E;wf”k;e] dydÙkk dh LFkkiuk 1834 jkejktk fyf[kr ,ls”k vkWu n vk£dVSDpj vkWI+kQ n ¯gnw”k dk izdk'ku_ d¯u?ke us lkjukFk osQ Lrwi dh Nkuchu dh 1835 -1842 tsEl iQXkqZlu us egRoiw.kZ iqjkrkfRod LFkyksa dk losZ{k.k fd;k 1851 xouZesaV E;wf”k;e] enzkl dh LFkkiuk 1854 vysDtSaMj d¯u?ke us fHkylk VksIl fy[kh tks lk¡ph ij fy[kh xbZ lcls izkjafHkd iqLrdksa esa ls ,d gS 1878 jktsanz yky fe=k dh iqLrd] cq¼ x;k % n gsfjVs”k vkWI+kQ 'kkD; eqfu dk izdk'ku 1880 ,p-,p- dksy dks izkphu bekjrksa dk laxzgkè;{k cuk;k x;k 1888 Vªs”kj&Vªkso ,DV dk cuk;k tkukA blosQ vuqlkj ljdkj iqjkrkfRod egÙo dh fdlh Hkh ph”k dks gLrxr dj ldrh Fkh chloha lnh 1914 tkWu ek'kZy vkSj vYizsQM iwQls dh n ekWU;qesaV~l vkWI+kQ lk¡ph iqLrd dk izdk'ku 1923 tkWu ek'kZy dh iqLrd oaQtosZ'ku eSuqvy dk izdk'ku 1955 iz/kuea=kh tokgjyky usg: us jk"Vªh; laxzgky;] u;h fnYyh dh uhao j[kh 1989 lk¡ph dks ,d fo'o dyk nk; LFkku ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k 2019-2020 fopkjd] fo'okl vkSj bekjrsa 111 mÙkj nhft, (yxHkx 100-150 'kCnksa esa) 1. D;k mifu"knksa osQ nk'kZfudksa osQ fopkj fu;frokfn;ksa vkSj HkkSfrdokfn;ksa ls fHkUu Fks\ vius tokc osQ i{k esa roZQ nhft,A 2. tSu /eZ dh egRoiw.kZ f'k{kkvksa dks la{ksi esa fyf[k,A 3. lk¡ph osQ Lrwi osQ laj{k.k esa Hkksiky dh csxeksa dh Hkwfedk dh ppkZ dhft,A 4. fuEufyf[kr laf{kIr vfHkys[k dks if