Class 8 English Past Paper PDF

6. They could get transformed, on listening to the Gospel of Christ. ‘For this is the reason the gospel was proclaimed even to the dead, so that, though they had been judged in the flesh as everyone is judged, they might live in the spirit as God does’ (1 Peter 4:6). Sleep, Rest an...

6. They could get transformed, on listening to the Gospel of Christ. ‘For this is the reason the gospel was proclaimed even to the dead, so that, though they had been judged in the flesh as everyone is judged, they might live in the spirit as God does’ (1 Peter 4:6). Sleep, Rest and Judgment of the Departed While one is sleeping, though the external senses are inactive, the internal organs are active. The same may be said about the departed also. They have retired from worldly activities and hence they are considered sleeping and taking rest. However, they are active in the spiritual state and they are capable to wax or wane. Hence, at the time of judgment, the Lord considers all the activities undertaken by them till then. All except those who have confessed and got relieved of their sins will be punished. Communion between the Departed and the Living Communication between the departed and the living is not possible by physical means. But, as both the groups are part of the one body of Christ and active, though in two different states, it is possible to have communion in Christ in worship and prayers. 1. Jesus Christ is the Sole Mediator between the God and Humans: Jesus is the only mediator between God, the Father and the world. ‘There is one God; there is also one mediator between God and humankind; Christ Jesus, himself human, who gave himself a ransom for all’ (1 Timothy 2:5-6). Here it is said that Jesus Christ is the mediator. The New Testament repeatedly says that humans and God get reconciled through Jesus Christ (Ephesians 2:13-18). 2. Jesus Christ Himself Entrusted Us to Have Refuge in the Sole Mediator- Jesus Christ: When the faithful pray for each other, and the priests and the saints pray for others it is the mediatory task entrusted by Jesus Christ that is being fulfilled. The mediator’s task is to submit the prayers before Jesus. It is Jesus who takes the prayers to God, the Father. 3. Aspects of Mediation: 1. Mutual Prayer.: ‘Until now you have not asked for anything in my name. Ask and you will receive, so that your joy may be complete’ (John 16:24). ‘Therefore confess your sins to one another, and pray for one another, so that you may be healed’ (James 5:16). 2. Priestly Meditation: ‘ Are any among you sick? They should call for the elders of the church and have them pray over them, anointing them with oil in the name of the Lord’ (James 5:14). ‘So we are ambassadors for Christ, since God is making his appeal through us; we entreat you on behalf of Christ, be reconciled to God (2 Corinthians 5:20). ‘…The prayer of the righteous is powerful and effective’ (James 5:16) 90 4. Because the Departed Righteous Ones are Alive in Christ, We Continue to Pray: The saintly people do pray for others during their life on earth. Though they departed from their life they are alive. ‘Jesus said to her, “I am the resurrection and the life. Those who believe in me, even though they die, will live, and everyone who lives and believes in me will never die...’ (John 11: 25-26). Accordingly saintly people are alive and they do pray for the world. They are worshipping God relentlessly (Revelation 7:13-15). The Holy Scripture remind us that, ‘...we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses...’ (Hebrews 12:1) and that while grouping together for worship we are closed to ‘...the spirits of just men made perfect...’ (Hebrews 12:23) Hymn Fraction Hymn, Sunday of the Faithful Departed, Qurbana kramam, Nin dasanmar... O Lord, give rest to Your servants among the just In that kingdom, which has no end among the saints Glory to You who raise the dead up from their graves And clothe them with glory at the resurrection. Let Us Pray Special Prayer on the Sunday of the Faithful Departed O God, grant good remembrance to the departed. When You appear in glory, may they enter into the heavenly bridal chamber. O Merciful One, before You no one is free from guilt; therefore, do not judge Your servants without mercy. Remember the body and blood which they have partaken of You and grant them absolution on the Last Day. Barekmor. Resolution We understood that the departed are alive in the presence of God. So, we will pray for the departed as they will pray for us too. Let Us Think 1. It is correct to say ‘departed’ rather than ‘dead’. Why? 2. Identify a few references in the Holy Bible regarding the status of the departed? 3. Why is it that the departed are said to have attained the state of ‘sleep’ and are in rest? 4. What is the nature of the communion that the living can have with the departed? Activities 1. Discuss the difference between the mediation made by humans and that made by Jesus Christ. 91 2. Find out the occasions where the saints are mentioned during the Holy Qurbana and worship services. 3. Try to understand the meaning of the hymns related to saints. Further Reading Day Morning Evening Sunday * John 112 Monday Philippians 1 Corinthians 5 Tuesday Revelation 7:9-17 Romans 8 Wednesday 1 Peter 4 1 Timothy 2 Thursday James 5 John 16 Friday Hebrews 12:1 2 Kings 13:20-21 Saturday Samuel 28:11-20 * 92  UNIT 7 ACQUAINTANCE WITH GREAT PERSONALITIES Lesson 25 St. Gregorios of Nazianzus Learning Objectives: To learn about the saintly life and contributions of St. Gregorios of Nazianzus, one among the three Cappadocian Fathers, and to follow their virtues in our lives. Verse to be Memorized: ‘Religion that is pure and undefiled before God, the Father, is this: to care for orphans and widows in their distress, and to keep oneself unstained by the world’ (James 1:27). Teaching Aids: The Holy Bible, the book of Holy Qurbana, the Book of Common Prayer, Encyclopedia of the Orthodox Church and the Philokalia. Introduction You have learned about two of the Cappadocian Fathers in lower classes (St. Basil the Great and his younger brother St. Gregory of Nyssa). St. Gregory of Nazianzus was the friend of these two Holy Fathers and the third among the Cappodocian Fathers. He was also born in Cappadocia (Modern Turkey). The three Fathers were contemporaries and were close to each other. They were great scholars who fought against heresies. We are going to learn about the third among the Cappadocian Fathers, St. Gregory of Nazianzus in the present lesson. The Lesson ‘In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God’ (John 1:1-2). St. John the Evangelist, who taught this truth for the first time was called a ‘theologian’ by the Eastern Churches. Similarly, the Eastern Orthodox Churches consider St. Gregory of Nazianzus also as a great theologian. It was his contribution towards the study of Trinity, especially his teaching regarding the unity of Godhead and humanity in Jesus Christ are considered very important. In order to have an understanding of the theological contributions of the Cappadocian Fathers one has to know about St. Gregory of Nazianzus also. His theological treatises, letters, poems and orations shed light on his holiness and theological acumen. 93  Birth and Early Life Gregory was born to wealthy parents in Arianzus, near Nazianzus, in AD 330. His mother who was an ardent believer converted his father to Christianity. Later, he was ordained as bishop of Nazianzus in AD 372. In the epistle to Timothy, St. Paul clarifies that the bishop must be husband of one wife (1 Timothy 3:1-2). In the early centuries it was not necessary for the bishops to remain unmarried. Gregory, after his primary education went to Alexandria and later to Athens for higher studies. On the way to Athens his ship encountered a violent storm, and the terrified Gregory prayed to Christ that if He would deliver him from the storm, he would dedicate his life to His service. His prayer was answered. Later, he dedicated himself for the service of the Church. He became proficient in rhetoric and philosophy. It was in Athens that he got acquainted with Basil, and their friendship lasted throughout life. Julian, who became Emperor later, was also their fellow student. In AD 361 Gregory returned to Nazianzus and was ordained a priest by his father. Though his father wanted him to be active in parish ministry, young Gregory wished to lead a solitary life. Subsequently Gregory joined the monastery of St. Basil. The opposition of Emperor Julian to Christianity provoked Gregory to compose the book, ‘Invectives Against Julian’, in which he asserts that Christianity will overcome unjust rulers like Julian through love and patience. It was in this context, that he explained the theory of ‘Theosis’ which became a major element in Orthodox spirituality. He was ordained Bishop of Sasima in AD 372 by St. Basil. Though Gregory was unwilling, he was lovingly compelled by his father and St. Basil to accept the bishopric. He presided over the Council of Constantinople (AD 381) partly and played a pivotal role in formulating the third paragraph of the Creed. He served also as the bishop of Constantinople for sometime. He, being a defender of Orthodox faith, was subjected to physical torture by the heretics. When he found it difficult to carry out his duties as bishop of Constantinople, he returned to Sasima and later retired from active service in AD 383. After enjoying six peaceful years in retirement, he passed away on January 25 in AD 390. His teachings about the Holy Trinity, like the procession of the Holy Spirit, and eternity are very significant. In consideration of his contributions to theology, the Synod of Chalcedon held in AD 451 designated him ‘Theologos’ or theologian. Hymn Concluding Hymn, Feast of St. Basil and St. Gregory Naziansus, Qurbana kramam The saints were saved by fleeing from wrong doing The light of their way of life removed the darkness Saint Basil the Great of Cappadocia and Gregory the Theologian of Nazianzus You were two bright and shining stars Who removed darkness in the world Pray to God to show us mercy. 94  Let Us Pray Special Prayer on the Feast of St. Basil and St. Gregory Naziansus O Lord, by the prayers of St. Basil and St. Gregory and all Fathers of the Church, may we receive remission of sins. Establish us in the right counsel of those teachers who held the true faith. Like them, make us worthy to glorify Your Name and gladden You. May we live according to the faith and laws confirmed at Nicaea, Constantinople, and Ephesus, and may we receive a good end according to Your will. Amen. Resolution We learned about Gregory of Nazianzus who was a pillar of faith in the early Church. We shall follow the holy life of the Church Fathers in our life. To Reflect 1. Who are the Cappadocian Fathers? 2. Give a brief description of the birth and childhood of Gregory of Nazianzus. 3. Why was Gregory reluctant to enter parish ministry? 4. Assess the contribution of Gregory to the Monastic movement. 5. Is it true that married clergy were consecrated as bishops in the early Church? 6. Why was Gregory acclaimed as ‘Theologos’ (Theologian)? 7. Write a note on the theological contributions of Gregory of Nazianzus. Activities 1. Read the biography of St. Gregory of Nazianzus. Collect information and note down them. 2. Discuss the ascetic life and theological contributions of the Cappadocian Fathers in your class. A common discussion incorporating the students of higher classes may also be conducted, under the guidance of the teacher. Further Reading Day Morning Evening Sunday * 1 Corinthians 1 Monday 1 Corinthians 2, 3 1 Corinthians 4, 5 Tuesday 1 Corinthians 6 1 Corinthians 7 Wednesday 1 Corinthians 8 1 Corinthians 9, 10 Thursday 1 Corinthians 11, 12 1 Corinthians 13 Friday 1 Corinthians 14 1 Corinthians 15 Saturday 1 Corinthians 16 * 95  Lesson 26 Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysius I (Dionysius II) (The Founder of the Old Seminary) Learning Objectives: To understand the great qualities of Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious I who gave efficient leadership to the Malankara Orthodox Church and to appreciate his great contributions to the Church. Verse to be Memorized: ‘Therefore, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us also lay aside every weight and the sin that clings so closely, and let us run with perseverance the race that is set before us’ (Hebrews 12:1). Teaching Aids: Encyclopedia of the Malankara Church, picture of Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysius I, the books ‘Fathers in Malankara Church’ (Malankarasabha Pithakkanmar) by Dr. Samuel Chandanappally and the ‘Departed Priest Father’ (Kalam Cheytha Achan) by Fr. P. M. Joseph, the Holy Bible, the book of Holy Qurbana and the Book of common prayer. Introduction Malankara Orthodox Church have two seminaries; the Old Seminary (Orthodox Theological Seminary) at Kottyam and the St. Thomas Orthodox Theological Seminary at Nagpur. The Old Seminary was established by Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious I, about whom we are going to learn today. The Lesson There are some places in Kerala which have a concentration of Nasrani Christian population. Kunnamkulam is one among them. Joseph Mar Dionysious was born in the Pulikkottil family in Kunnamkulam on November 25, 1740. His parents were Chummar and Aleyamma and his Christian name was Ittoop (Joseph). Even though his native parish was Arthat, he maintained close relation with the vicar and the church in Pazhanji which was the parish of his mother. He learned the Syriac language, arithmetic and Vasthusastra (Architecture) from there and led a deep spiritual life. In due course he was ordained as deacon and later as priest. In the meantime, he started a Malpan school at the Chiralayam church in Kunnamkulam and started to teach candidates for priesthood. He came to be known as ‘Ittoop Malpan.’ The invasion of Tippu Sultan of Mysore in Kerala was a calamity which occurred during the period. The Mysore army forcefully converted native people to Islam and murdered many Hindus and Christians. Many churches and seminaries which belonged to Christians were burnt. The faithful were scattered to various places and it was Ittoop Malpan who encouraged the Malankara Orthodox Christians to remain firm in their faith. The proficiency the Malpan had in Vasthusastra, made it possible 96 for the renovation of the destroyed churches, including the church at Arthat which was gutted by fire. Great and Historical Contribution of Joseph Mar Dionysius I Father Joseph, who excelled as Malpan, was professed as Ramban (Monk Priest) in 1808. During this period the ‘Arthat Padiyola’ and ‘Kandanad Padiyola’ were officially issued by the St. Thomas Christians. ‘Padiyola’ means an official and agreed document on faith and practices. In addition to the Roman Catholic missionaries, Protestant missionaries were also working in Kerala. They started translating the Holy Bible and order of worship into Malayalam. The need for systematic training and formation of candidates to priesthood was deeply felt at this time. Ittoop Ramban gave timely leadership in this ecclesiastical urgency. He, together with Philipose Ramban of Kayamkulam, intiated the translation the Gospels from Syriac to Malayalam. They were printed at the Courier Press in Bombay. In the meantime, the Ramban commenced efforts to establish a ‘Study House’ (Padithaveedu) and his endeavours got the support of the British resident Colonel Munroe and the Queen of Travancore. Though there was a bishop for the Malankara Church at that time it was Joseph Ramban who guided the work of the Padithaveedu. It seems he had a prophetic vision about theological education of the Malankara Church. He was particular that the education and skills of the priests in the Malankara Church should be high and on par with those of other Churches in which modern system of education had been introduced. He felt the need of imparting education to common people also. Christians were not appointed in government jobs in those days. He helped many educated people to enter government jobs. It was his efforts that led to the declaration of Sunday as a public holiday. Consecration as Bishop While undertaking all these developmental works, he was a Ramban. However, during the establishment of Padithaveedu, it became necessary for him to be a bishop in order to obtain due recongution and support from the government. Though, he preferred to remain a monk, he agreed to become a bishop solely for the benefit of the Church. He was ordained as bishop by the bishop of Thozhiyoor Independent Church, Geevarghese Mar Philexenos (Kidangan) on March 21, 1815 with the title Joseph Mar Dionysious I. The construction of the seminary which started in 1813 was completed by March 1815, and soon it started functioning. The Nalukettu (the style of constructing buildings on all four sides with a courtyard at the centre) of the seminary, which completed 200 years in 2015 is a testimony to the Vasthusastra expertise of the Mar Dionysius. Though Rev. Thomas Norton, an English Protestant missionary was appointed as teacher in the seminary, the bishop Dionysius introduced a curriculum which included studies in Syriac, Orthodox Theology, prayer, fasting, and solitude. 97  But his reign as Metropolitan was very brief; he departed on November 24, 1816 after a brief period of nine months as the Primate of Malankara Church. He was entombed in the chapel in the Orthodox Theological Seminary (Old Seminary), Kottayam which was established by him. The practice of ordaining members of Pakalomattom family only as metropolitans also came to an end with his consecration as metropolitan. The Kottyam Orthodox Seminary and the Malankara Metropolitans who reigned from there, became renowned in Malankara Church history. The establishment of the Old Seminary was a historic and significant event in the Church, for several reasons. Since the title ‘Dionysius’ was already given to the Marthoma VI, Joseph Ramban was considered as Dionysius II. Further, he was the first bishop from the Pulikkottil family. Acknowledging his great contributions the Metropolitan was given the title as‘Sabha Jyothis’ (‘The light of the Church’) on October 31, 1991. Hymn Fraction Hymn on the Sunday of the Departed Priests, Bovootho of Mar Jacob Son of God, give rest to Your priests among the just In that kingdom, which has no end among the saints. Glory to You who raise the dead up from their graves And clothe them with glory at the resurrection. Let Us Pray Special Prayer on the Sunday of the Departed Priests Lord, may all the priests who departed from this world rejoice in the bosom of Abraham and with the glorious priest, Aaron. On the last day, may the priests who served You bring the talents they have received from You along with the profit Resolution Joseph Mar Dionysius rendered great services to the Church. We shall work for the progress of Church and society at large. Let Us Think 1. What made priest Ittoop to come to be designated as ‘Malpan’? 2. Briefly state the devastation caused by Tippu’s invasion. 3. Identify the important Ordinances or Malankara Church Edicts issued during the time of Ittoop Ramban? 4. What were the positive effects of the translation of the Holy Bible and liturgical texts into the mother tongue? What are the major ‘titles’ of Pulikkottil Mar Dionysius I? 5. Which do you think was the greatest contribution of Mar Dionysius I to the Malankara Church? Describe the great services rendered by the Metropolitan Mar Dionysius I to the Church and the society. 98 6. Who are the other persons who helped the Metropolitan in the translation of the Bible? Find out through additional reading. 7. Explain the need and significance of systematic theological education for candidates for priesthood. Activities 1. Prepare a brief project on the theme ‘Contributions of Mar Dionysus II to the well being and progress of the Malankara Church’. 2. Collect the pictures of the Metropolitan and the Orthodox Theological Seminary established by him. 3. Note down the major events and the related dates with the title ‘Key events in the life of Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious I’. Further Reading Day Morning Evening Sunday * 1 Timothy 1:1-11 Monday 1 Timothy 1:12-20 1 Timothy 2 Tuesday 1 Timothy 3 1 Timothy 4 Wednesday 1 Timothy 5:1-16 1 Timothy 5:17-25 Thursday 1 Timothy 6:1-10 1 Timothy 6:11-22 Friday 1 Timothy 1:1-18 2 Timothy 2:1-13 Saturday 1 Timothy 2:14-26 * 99  Lesson 27 Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysius II (Dionysius V) Learning Objectives: To learn about the important Church Fathers who worked tirelessly for the progress of the Church. To try to emulate the qualities of their life. Verse to be Memorized: For the law appoints as high priests those who are subject to weakness, but the word of the oath, which came later than the law, appoints a Son who has been made perfect forever (Hebrews 7:28). Teaching Aids: Encyclopedia of Malankara Church, ‘Fathers in Malankara Church’ (Malankarasabha Pithakkanmar) by Dr. Samuel Chandanappally, Dionysius I Biography by Fr. Dr. Joseph Cheeran. Introduction After Pulikkottil Mar Dionysius II (Joseph Mar Dionysius I) we are going to learn about Dionysius V. But, it is necessary to learn the history between the reign of the two Metropolitans also. We learned that Pulikkottil I was designated as Dionysius II. After him two more bishops adorned the throne of the Church as Malankara metropolitans, namely Punnathra Mar Dionysius III (1817-1825) and Cheppad Mar Dionysius IV (1825-1855). Here we are going to study about the bishop who became the Malankara metropolitan after them. Since he was the second bishop from the Pulikkottil family and the fifth among the Dionysius series he was designated as Pulikkottil II as well as Dionysius V. As the Church had only one Metropolitan at that time, his life and work had great influence on the Church. The Lesson He was the son of Tharu Kurian who was the son of the younger brother of Pulikkottil I. He was also christened as Joseph and as he was brought up in a spiritual atmosphere; only it was natural that he was attracted towards priesthood. The parish members of Arthat and Kunnamkulam churches also encouraged him. He was ordained deacon by Cheppad Mar Dionysius at Kothamangalam church on October 6, 1846, and on August 18, 1853, he was ordained a priest by Metropolitan Yuyakim Mar Kurilos at Challiserry Church. During the same period, Palakunnath Mathews Mar Athanasios who led the Protestant reform movement in Malankara was ordained as bishop by the Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. He argued that because he was ordained by the Syrian Orthodox Patriarch, he was eligible for royal recognition. Hence in order to counter the claim, Pulikkottil II also travelled up to Ameed suffering a lot of hardship to get ordained by the Patriarch of Antioch. He and his fellow traveller Fr. Mattummal Geevarghese were infected 100 with a serious illness and Fr. Geevarghese died there. Fr. Joseph was ordained as Joseph Mar Dionysius by the Syrian Patriarch Yacob II. When Pulikkottil II returned after being ordained as bishop, another metropolitan was sitting on the throne of the Malankara Church. That was Mathews Mar Athanasius ordained by Patriarch of Antioch. He tried to adopt Protestant faith leaving the age- old faith and traditions of the Malankara Church. However, Pulikkottil Dionysius II stood firmly against any deviation from the Orthodox Faith. So he reversed the changes made by the Protestant reformers in Liturgical Books. In the meanwhile, the Church petitioned the local king to declare Pulikkottil Mar Dionysius II as the legitimate Metropolitan of Malankara. Finally, the judgment of the Royal Court (1889), which recognized Pulikkottil Mar Dionysius II as the legitimate Malankara Metropolitan. However, it led to the formation of another Church in Malankara called the ‘Marthoma Church.’ The Synod of Mulanthuruthy-1876 The Synod in Mulanthuruthy in the year 1876 was an important event during the reign of Pulikkottil II. Patriarch Peter III came from Antioch and unlawfully convened the Malankara Synod. He wanted to establish spiritual as well as administrative supremacy over the Malankara Church. The Metropolitan’s deep faith in God and ardent prayers helped him overcome the crisis without causing much tension. The Malankara Church was divided into seven dioceses and six new bishops were ordained by Patriarch. Pulikkottil Metropolitan was neither allowed to get involved in these nor did he participate on his own. However, once the Patriarch left, all the newly ordained bishops accepted the leadership of the Malankara Metropolitan Mar Dionysius V and accepted him as the Primate of the Church. St. Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala was one among the six bishops ordained by the Syrian Patriarch. In one way the Synod of Mulanthuruthy was beneficial to the development of the Church. It was this Synod that paved way for developing a democratic system in the administration of the Church like the formation of institutions like Malankara Syrian Christian Association, Managing Committee, Priest Trustee, and Lay Trustee. The seven dioceses formed were Kandanad, Kochi, Angamaly, Kottayam, Niranam, Thumpamon and Kollam. The initiatives and reforms effected by the Metropolitan in the Church during the 44 years of reign, that is from 1865 to 1909, helped the Church to progress tremendously. The Parumala Seminary was established, and the Mar Gregorios of Parumala had his head quarters there. The activities of Pulikkottil II extended beyond the limits of the Malankara Church. The establishment of more than 250 schools helped the renaissance of the downtrodden all over Kerala through education. The printing presses, journalistic initiatives, and publication of several books contributed immensely to the cultural progress of Kerala. The activities like Malayali Memorial, Malankara People’s Movement (Malankara Mahajanasabha) helped in the entry of people other than Brahmins into government jobs. 101  Spiritual movements like Sunday School, Students’ Movement, and Evangelical Society also started during the period of this Metropolitan. Missionary works outside the Church, like Brahmavar-Goa Mission, were initiated by him. A priest from Roman Catholic Church was ordained as bishop as Alvaris Mar Yulios, and a priest from Presbyterian Church too was ordained and designated as Rinivilati Mar Timothios, and posted to Goa and America respectively. Towards the end of his life, the Metropolitan appointed St. Geevarghese Mar Dionysius Vattasseril as his successor and transferred the responsibilities of the Church to him. He left the world on July 12, 1909 and was entombed at the northern side of the Old Seminary Chapel. The Pulikkottil II Metropolitan guided the Church during the emergence of Protestant reformists; and the efforts of Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch for establishing supremacy in Malankara. The fruits of the contributions of the Metropolitan, who was known for deep faith in God, acumen and wisdom, farsightedness, hard work, humanness, keenness in evangelism, and social renaissance are still visible in the body of the Malankara Orthodox Church. Hymn Fraction Hymn on the Sunday of the Departed Priests, Bovootho of Mar Jacob Christ, the Bridegroom, call Your servants from destruction And awaken all your priests from within the tombs Because they did not take pleasure in passing joys Reward them for the torments they bore for your love. Let Us Pray Special Prayer on the Sunday of the Departed Priests O Heavenly King, may Your mercy make the priests who served You dwell among the firstborn in heaven. As You promised, make them rejoice in the bridal chamber with You, and through their prayers, have mercy upon us. Amen. Resolution We learned about the life and contributions of Joseph Mar Dionysius Pulikkottil II to the Church and society. We hold his memory high and shall work for the development of the Church. Let Us Think 1. How was Dionysius II related to Pulikkottil Dionysius I? What are the ‘titles’ of Pulikkottil Joseph II? 2. Who were the Metropolitans who sat on the throne of Malankara Church between the Pulikkottil I and Pulikkottil II? 3. Why did Fr. Joseph approach the Patriarch of Antioch for getting ordained as bishop? 102 4. Explain the background of the formation of the ‘Mar Thoma Church.’ 5. What were the important decisions at the Mulanthuruthy synod? Evaluate the merits and demerits of the Council at Mulanthuruthy. 6. What was the circumstance that led the Metropolitan to get ordained in Antioch? How did that influence the history of the Church? Discuss in groups. 7. How do you evaluate the contributions of the Metropolitan Pulikkottil II in the development of Parumala? 8. How do you evaluate the contributions of the Metropolitan to the society as a whole? Activities 1. Note down the contributions of Metropolitan Pulikkottil Joseph II. 2. Visit the tombs of this Church Father and other Church Fathers and pray. Further Reading Day Morning Evening Sunday * Romans 1, 2 Monday Romans 3 Romans 4 Tuesday Romans 5 Romans 6 Wednesday Romans 7 Romans 8 Thursday Romans 9 Romans 10 Friday Romans 11 Romans 12 Saturday Romans 13 * 103  UNIT 8 GOOD HABITS Lesson 28 Civic Responsibilities Learning Objectives: To understand that we have a responsibility to the whole humanity and not only to our own nation and society in which we live. Also to help students to live by serving the society as a responsible citizen. Verse to be Memorized: ‘Rid yourselves, therefore, of all malice, and all guile, insincerity, envy, and all slander. Like newborn infants, long for the pure, spiritual milk, so that by it you may grow into salvation if indeed you have tasted that the Lord is good (1 Peter 2:1-3). Teaching Aids: The Holy Bible and the Service Book of the Common Prayer. Introduction We are living in a society. It is the society that has brought us up. We have a responsibility to our family, church, society and to the whole world. We need to check whether we carry out this responsibility properly. Can we fulfill this responsibility just by paying tax and making offerings? Civic responsibilities consists of spiritual life as well as the duties and responsibilities we have in our social life. Let us think about Civic responsibilities. The Lesson What does the Bible say about Responsibility of Citizens? The Holy Bible teaches us about the love of God for the world (John 3:16). The incarnation of the Son of God and redemption of humankind was for the whole creation. A Christian cannot limit his/her responsibilities to community alone. When the tax collector from Jerusalem Temple approached Peter and asked him whether Jesus pays tax or not (Matthew 17:24-27), Jesus does not come under the purview of tax because he was the Lord of the Temple. But he behaves as a model citizen, by paying tax. Roman officials wanted to accuse Jesus for not obeying Caesar. They asked Jesus whether it is right to give tax to Caesar or not. Jesus does not say anything negative about paying tax. 104  Teaching of St. Paul The question whether we should obey wicked power or not is relevant here. It may be difficult to have an ideal and just political system in this world. The systems we are part of in this world, may be good or bad. Till the time we experience the reality of Kingdom of God, our journey in this world shall be through good and bad systems. There may be practices which seems bad to us in our home, parish, Church or in the society. But we should not take it as a reason for not fulfilling our responsibility to the society. We should not give up our responsibility to the society even while fighting injustice. Jesus reminds us this by paying tax to the Roman government. Citizen’s responsibility is part of spirituality. This is the lesson we get from words of Jesus Christ and from the Holy Bible. How can We Fulfill a Citizen’s Responsibilities? First and foremost obey rules. There are certain rules in every country which are to be followed by all it’s citizens. Such rules are essential for the functioning and well being of a society. Rules though unwritten are applicable in homes as well. Members of a household cannot act as per their whims and fancies. This will lead to chaos. Obeying traffic rules is a significance example. Large number of people die in road accidents. Drunken driving, over speed and violation of traffic rules lead to road accidents. One should drive a vehicle without proper license. Driving carefully and obeying traffic rules are signs of order in society. Ecology: The world is facing a disaster because of over exploitation of nature. Depletion of water sources, new forum of ailments, and the presence of deadly virus are the results of spoiling nature. Misuse of energy sources (electricity, petrol, and diesel) also is adding to the risks of life on earth. Respect Other Cultures and Religions: Our society consists of people be- longing to different languages and religions. We need to hold the message of unity in diversity. All individuals have the freedom to follow their own faith, but with due respect to other religions. Love Your Nation and Respect its Constitution: Every citizen should love his/ her own country and its culture; and respect other countries also. Some people like everything that belong to other countries, but hate one’s own county. There are some others who hate other countries and like only their own county. Both these attitudes are to be avoided. Serve the Deprived: We are not to neglect the tribal, less educated, disabled, mentally challenged, poor, and the people with incurable diseases. Working for the welfare of such groups of people, and bringing them to the main stream of society is an essential characteristic of a responsible society. 105 Not, ‘What I will get from society’ but ‘What I can give to society’: In his acceptance speech after getting elected as US President, John F. Kennedy told Americans; “You think not what America can do for you but what you can do for America”. In the present society, people always think what they would receive from the society and not about what they could do for the society. The Sabharathnam His Grace Dr. Geevarghese Mar Osthathios used to say, “I could not serve the society to the extend of what society had given me”. He continued his work even at old age only because he maintained this attitude. We can do many good things at spiritual and social levels for ourselves and society, only if we ask a question ‘What can I do for Christ?’ Let Us Pray O Lord, make us aware of our social responsibilities. Teach us to be merciful. So that we would help the poor. Amen Resolution We shall live as responsible citizens and work for the welfare of others. Let Us Think 1. Explain ‘civic responsibilities’ on the basis of Holy Bible. 2. Give examples of fulfilling civic responsibilities. 3. Give examples of a few great people who are models in fulfilling civic responsibilities. Activities 1. Get involved in the charity works of your own parish and Church as a whole. 2. Participate in the prayers conducted at the houses of sick and dead. 3. Save money by avoiding luxuries and observing fast. Use this money for helping the poor and needy. 4. Celebrate your birthday at orphanages or old age homes by providing food for the inmates there. 106  Lesson 29 Reading Habit: The Best Source of Knowledge Learning Objectives: To improve reading habit in children to effect changes in their behavior and to improve students interest in reading Holy Bible. Verse to be Memorized: ‘Wisdom is better than jewels, and all that you may desire cannot compare with her’ (Proverbs 8:11). Teaching Aids: The Holy Bible, the Book of Common Prayers, some good books written by great personalities (e.g. Wings of Fire by Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam) Introduction Do you have the habit of reading? There are many advantages of reading. The most important among them are acquiring knowledge, experience and maturity. Our Lord Jesus Christ had good knowledge on the Holy Scripture. At the age of 12, Jesus came to the Temple with His parents and He stayed back there without informing His parents. After two days when His parents went back to the temple searching for Him, they found Him interacting with Jewish leaders. All who heard Him were amazed at His intelligent answers (Luke 2:47). When Satan tempted him, Jesus defeated Satan by quoting Holy Scripture. Jesus used to quote from Holy Scripture in His teachings. He was well-versed in the Scriptures. Here we are learning the importance of the habit of reading. The Lesson Reading Improves Knowledge Reading is essential for those who would like to improve their knowledge. As the proverb says, ‘reading makes a full human.’ Different kinds of books like history, biographies, autobiographies, travelogues, stories, novels, dramas, and poems are helpful in improving knowledge. Reading Helps in Value Based Growth: Religious books have been available for long. The objective was to inculcate values in human beings. The Holy Bible contains verses of wisdom like ‘The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge’ and fatherly advice like ‘do what your father tells you, my son, and never forget what your mother taught you’. Holy Bible helps us to live according to the will of God. Reading good books helps us to lead a good life. It will also help us to think freely, and to lead a mature life. Reading is a Learning Tool: Education leads a person from darkness to the light of knowledge. Good books are like sources of light. Good books enrich our mind. 107 Reading helps to expand the boundary of knowledge of an individual beyond a curriculum and give a fullness to life. Reading Improves the Dignity of a Person: Happiness and creativity are the characteristics of a mature personality. Stability and welfare of a society depend on people who are selfless, well-adjusted and magnanimous. An individual’s happiness is decided by his/her relation to self, others and to God. Good books have a great influence in this regard. Reading prevents a person from committing crimes by providing moral insight. It will teach about the consequence of committing a crime. Reading Purifies the Soul: Reading helps an individual to distinguish between good and evil. There are several parables in the Holy Bible that provide us with new insights (e.g. Parable of the Prodigal Son and Good Samaritan). Such stories help us to make our lives better. Reading Habit-To be a Routine in Life: Reading should be a routine activity. Reading costs us less but provides more benefits. Reading is also as an entertainment. We should choose good books for reading. The advent of electronic media has affected the reading habit of people. But reading is essential to inculcate good values in life. The Malayalam poet Kunjunni Mash says ‘People grow whether they read or not. If people grow by reading, they bear fruits; if they grow without reading, they will be skewed’. The Sunday School students should enjoy in reading the Holy Bible. By reading the Bible daily, we establish a strong relation with God and avoid evil temptations. It will also help to take decisions as per the will of God, avoid worries in life, improve faith, keep up a Christian outlook and also enable us to give good advise to others. Acts 8:26 narrates the change that comes in the life of a eunuch by reading the Bible. He was an official in the palace of an Ethiopian queen. He was reading the Bible during his travel in chariot. An angel of God told Deacon Philip to go near the chariot and ask the official whether he understood what he read. The official replied that he could not understand it unless explained by someone. Philip explained the verse to him which lead to the baptism of the eunuch. While reading the Bible we should try to understand the meaning of what we read. This will help us to strengthen our relation with God and improve our character. Let Us Pray Our Lord, please send Your Holy Spirit to us and improve our wisdom. Help us to read the Bible and other good books, and get advanced in knowledge and wisdom. Amen Let Us Think 1. What are the benefits of reading? 2. How can reading make a human mature? 108 3. How could reading purify the soul? 4. What are the benefits of reading the Holy Bible daily? Activities 1. Conduct a group discussion in the class on ‘the reading habit.’ 2. Prepare a note after reading a good book. 3. Prepare a chart of the books you have read (Name of author, title of book, date of reading, and place of publication). And the new books you read to this list. 109  Lesson 30 Time Management Learning Objectives: To understand the importance of utilizing time effectively. Verse to be memorized: ‘Be careful then how you live, not as unwise people but as wise, making the most of the time, because the days are evil’ (Ephesians 5:15-16). Teaching Aids: The Holy Bible, placards showing the importance of time, and the Book of Common Prayer. Introduction How do we spend the time? We can use our time profitably. Some people waste their time. Let us understand and appreciate the importance of time and time management. Time is an invaluable, precious treasure which provides opportunity to improve. Time is the creation of God. Everyone in the world get same amount of time a day, but different people produce different output. Many people do utilize time effectively. Let us learn the importance of time and punctuality. The Lesson ‘Time management’ means the intelligent and profitable use of time which calls for intelligence, skills, patience and determination. God has arranged everything in nature with a schedule. Laws of nature teach us many important lessons regarding time. Perfect schedule is observed in the rotation of earth, climate changes, growth of vegetation, and birds singing. All these in nature tell us that human being also is bound to use time productively by following a schedule. Punctuality and diligence are the symbols of competence. These qualities are sustained by the sincerity and self control of an individual. In the primitive society, people had lots of time. They were never in a hurry. The measure of time was the Sun or the length of shadow. Today time is very precious. Every activity is time bound. Success and achievement depend on how we utilize our time. Benjamin Franklin said, “If you love your life, don’t waste time”. The movement of life is made up of time. An individual starts managing his time when he takes a decision to follow a ‘system’ in utilizing time. It is important to see how much you achieved within a time limit, no matter how much you worked hard. This shows that managing time is related to achievement. When you withdraw your entire deposit, the balance in your account becomes zero. When a day starts, 86400 seconds are deposited in your time account. It becomes zero by next day whether you use it properly or not, and you get a new time deposit for the same amount. It would be excellent if you become aware of the withdrawal 110 of time from your time account. So we need to have a ‘time budget’ similar to a finance budget. Get SMART with Time SMART stands for ‘Small Measures that Ascertain, Resourceful usage of Time’. Certain points are to be considered for effective time management: 1. Take Responsibility: We have to be responsible for using our time. If we don’t take the responsibility, somebody else will use our time. Let us give up the habit of postponing activities. 2. Pray for God’s Guidance: We have so many things to accomplish everyday. We should seek God’s help to identify these activities. 3. Prepare an Action Plan: Let us have a plan with details as to what is to be done? how? And for how long? 4. Proper Organization of the Activities: Look at God’s creations, how they are organized (see book of Genesis). Our activities also should be organized in the same way. 5. Learn to Say ‘NO’: If you are struggling with more responsibilities than you can do, try to say ‘no’ to tasks which are not beneficial and ennobling. 6. Assign Priority: If you have a number of jobs to do, then assign priority to your tasks. Start with activities which are most important, and complete all the tasks. 7. Write down Your the List of Activities for the Day: It is difficult to remember the tasks when there is more number of tasks to do. 8. Analyze our Strength and be Ready to face Challenges: Let us analyze our strengths, opportunities, identify the problems, hurdles, challenges and weaknesses. Make changes in schedule, wherever required. 9. Do not Intervene in Others Activities: Do not try to interfere in others’ activities and waste time. Instead, try to complete our own job. If another person seeks our help, then let us not hesitate to provide it. 10. Reflect on the Activities: Reflect on the job on completion of a stage of work or on completion of the whole activity. This will help to identify the drawbacks and ensure that the job is progressing as per plan. This type of evaluation will help to plan future activities. Let Us Pray Compline Prayer Kolo, Book of Common Worship O Lord, teach us Your commandments, that we may learn them and live according to Your grace. Appoint guards at the opened doors of our limbs, that the treasures of Your mercy may not be plundered. Barekmor. 111  Resolution We shall utilize every moment of our life usefully and do our duties punctually. Let Us Think 1. Define ‘time’ 2. What is meant by ‘time management’? 3. How do the laws of nature guide human beings to manage time? 4. What is the importance of time? 5. ‘Time and tide waits for none’. Explain this on the basis of present lesson 6. Mention the factors that help better time management 7. One of your friends is lazy. Prepare a letter to correct him Activities 1. Discuss how effectively we manage time in our life. 2. Prepare a chart showing all the activities you have to do for the next one month. Sl No. Activity to be done Date of completion Priority number 3. Prepare similar chart for every month. 4. Collect good captions on time management and hang them in your room.  112