Beginning of Life BSC 1005 PDF

GENERAL EDUCATION BIOLOGY Course – BSC 1005 Beginning of Life Dr. Prof. Fernando F. J. Galindez J. Galindez, M.Sc., Ph.D. Email: [email protected] Professor Cel: (786) 334 2756  Philosophical approach's: Life and...

GENERAL EDUCATION BIOLOGY Course – BSC 1005 Beginning of Life Dr. Prof. Fernando F. J. Galindez J. Galindez, M.Sc., Ph.D. Email: [email protected] Professor Cel: (786) 334 2756  Philosophical approach's: Life and human evolution 1) Creationist (Religious): 2) Evolutionist (Scientific): No change since beginning Permanent Evolution of Life and Man of life and human kind Adam & Eve Adam and Eve by Tiziano Vecellio (1490 - 1576) The creation of Adam Michelangelo (1512) Prof. F. J. Galindez  The cause of the lost of the paradise and the birth of Earth: The apple: Malus pumila Greek Christians seem to have gone for the fig as the forbidden fruit, as this is what tends to appear in Byzantine art. No visual representation as an apple before the early Western Middle Ages. But no hint in the literature of the rabbinic debates either. So it appears that people confused the word malum which means 'evil' with the word malum, pronounced differently, which means 'apple' and somehow conflated the two The Changing ENVIRONMENT Earth’s Geological Timescale Nearly all branches of natural science have contributed to understanding of the main events of Earth's past, characterized by constant geological change and biological evolution. The geological time scale (GTS), as defined by international convention(*), depicts the large spans of time from the beginning of the Earth to the present, and its divisions chronicle some definitive events of Earth history. (In the graphic: Ga means "billion years ago"; Ma, "million years ago".) Earth formed around 4.54 Billion years ago (Ga), approximately one- third the age of the universe, by accretion from the solar nebula. Volcanico utgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere and then the ocean, but the early atmosphere contained no free oxygen. (*) "International Stratigraphic Chart". International Commission on Stratigraphy The Changing ENVIRONMENT Earth’s Geological Timescale Eons: In geochronology, time is generally measured in Ma (million years age), each unit representing the period of approximately 1,000,000 years in the past. The history of Earth is divided into four great Eons, starting 4,540 Ma with the formation of the planet. Each eon saw the most significant changes in Earth's composition, climate and life. Each eon is subsequently divided into eras, which in turn are divided into periods, which are further divided into epochs. Much of the Earth was molten because of frequent collisions with other bodies which led to extreme volcanism. While the Earth was in its earliest stage (Early Earth), a giant impact collision with a planet- sized body named Theia is thought to have formed the Moon. Over time, the Earth cooled, causing the formation of a solid crust, and allowing liquid water on the surface. Ga, refers to a larger period of BILLION Years of age The Changing ENVIRONMENT Earth’s Geological Timescale Pre – Cambrian Period: ≥ 80% of the Earth entire history Prof. F. J. Galindez  0. Prof. F. J. Galindez Earth time scale: Archean ≈ 3.8 Ga Cyanobacteria Algae – Plants - Fungi 500 million Cambrian = 200.000 ya Prof. F. J. Galindez Prof. F. J. Galindez Pre-Cambrian Period The Precambrian Period covers almost 90% of the entire history of the Earth. It has been divided into three eras: Hadean.- Began with the formation of the Earth about 4.6 billion years ago. Archean is a geologic eon, 4 to 2.5 billion years ago during which the Earth's crust had cooled enough to allow the formation of continents. Proterozoic. is a geological eon, 2,500 to 541 MYA representing the time just before the proliferation of complex life on Earth. Prof. F. J. Galindez 1) When did life began? Transcendent Precambrian Events  Life arose through a chemical process: Simple elements and compounds available on the early Earth came together to produce more complex molecules.  Life began as a process of transfer of energy  Life evolved and Photosynthesis was first performed by Cyanobacteria beginning no later than 3.4 Ga.  This was a critical event because photosynthesis provides the chemical energy that supports almost all life on Earth.  Free Oxygen came to exist in significant quantity as a by-product of the photosynthesis.  Cyanobacteria evolved into chloroplast and gave origin to plants. Beginning of life Indeed, some scientists think life appeared the moment our planet's environment was stable enough to support it. The earliest evidence for life on Earth comes from fossilized mats of Cyanobacteria called Stromatolites in Greenland that are about 3.7 Ga. Ancient as their origins are, these bacteria (which are still around today) are already biologically complex—they have cell walls protecting their protein-producing DNA, so scientists think life itself must have begun much earlier. In fact, there are hints of life in even more primeval rocks: 4.1 Ga zircons from Western Australia (Hamelin bay) contain high amounts of a form of carbon typically used in biological processes. Prof. F. J. Galindez  Modern: Stromatolites found in Hamelin Pool Fossil Stromatolites found in Greenland Prof. F. J. Galindez  Cyanobacteria and Chloroplast  At beginning all life was unicellular (Prokaryotes)  Eukaryotes (multicellular organisms with nucleus) benefited from the rise in atmospheric oxygen.  Endosymbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria allowed the algae, and latter, the plants to perform photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria and O2 Prof. F. J. Galindez Prof. F. J. Galindez The Cambrian Explosion: The explosion of life: 5 Millions of Species  The Cambrian explosion of Life  The Cambrian explosion, a relatively short evolutionary event, beginning around 542 Million years ago.  It lasted for about 20–25 million years. Most major animal phyla appeared in the fossil record.  It resulted in the divergence of most modern metazoan phyla: 5 million of new species evolved.  The event was accompanied by major diversification of other organisms. Prof. F. J. Galindez Theories about the Beginning of life Life theories varies from the fact that: a)Perhaps, as some scientists say, life did not begin on Earth at all, but was brought here from elsewhere in space, a notion known as “Panspermia”. However, even if Panspermia were true, the question of how life began on Earth would then only change to how life began elsewhere in space.?????? b) Only Earth had the conditions to foster the development of life from non living elements, at least in our Galaxy (“Abiogenesis”) starting for simple to more complex systems. Prof. F. J. Galindez a) Beginning of life: Panspermia From Ancient Greek pan, meaning 'all', and sperma, meaning “seed” Life exists throughout the Universe, distributed by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, planetoids, and also by spacecraft carrying unintended contamination by microorganisms. Panspermia hypotheses propose that microscopic life-forms that can survive the effects of space (such as extremophiles) can become trapped in debris ejected into space after collisions between planets and small Solar System bodies that harbor life Panspermia does not answer the question of the origin of life but merely places it on another celestial body. It is also criticized because it could not be tested experimentally. Prof. F. J. Galindez b) Beginning of life: Abiogenesis  Abiogenesis, a theory about the origin of life, is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.  The transition from non-living to living entities was a gradual process of increasing complexity and without external direction, that involved molecular self-replication, self-assembly, autocatalysis and cell membranes “Early life on Earth formed through A series of reactions that made Simple compounds gradually more complex” Alexander Oparin (1924) Alexander Oparin Theory Prof. F. J. Galindez  What is the definition of life? Life: “Is a mortal sexual-transmitted disease” What is the definition of life? The Equation of life: Life: “The continuous transference of energy amongst members of a system that looks for its perpetuation” Light energy H+ Chemical energy is stored Prof. F. J. Galindez Energy is released Our Definition: Life: “The continuous transference of energy amongst its members in a system that looks for its perpetuation” Prof. F. J. Galindez ENERGY: The first Law of thermodynamics Energy is the capacity or power to do work, such as the capacity to move an object (of a given mass) by the application of force. 1854 https://www.dictionary.com/browse/energy Prof. F. J. Galindez MATTER: Law of Conservation of Mass Energ Carbon y Ash Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794) Joseph Priestley (1733 -1804) Experiment: +  E. Ashworth Underwood, M.A., B.Sc., M.D., D.P.H (1943). Proc. Royal Society of Medicine (XXXVII 9: 247- 262) http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/003591574403700603 Prof. F. J. Galindez  The Oxygen, the key element of life  The name Oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier. Recognized oxygen as a chemical element and correctly characterized the role it plays in combustion.  Robert Hooke, Ole Borch, Mikhail Lomonosov, and Pierre Bayen all produced oxygen in experiments in the 17th and the 18th century but none of them recognized it as a chemical element. This was in part due to the prevalence of the philosophy of combustion and corrosion called the Phlogiston theory.  Oxygen entered the English language despite opposition by English scientists: Poem "Oxygen" in the book “The Botanic Garden” (1791) by Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of Charles Darwin Prof. F. J. Galindez O2 1) Photosynthesis: First part of the Equation of Life Sugar: Light Energy Photosynthesis Chemical Energy + O2 Prof. F. J. Galindez  2) Respiration. The second part of the Equation of life The Oxygen: the key element of life; Carbon: the Central element Prof. F. J. Galindez  Study case: The Origin of Life Between the minute 17:00 and the minute 40:00 of the Video, a clear explanation of the origin of life was documented with scientific arguments of a proven, well-founded and unifying explanation for a set of verified and proven factors that gave rise to the Theory of the Evolution of Life. The existence of fossils on every path of what is allowed, permitted the reconstruction of its development. Please take note of: 1) Chronological data 2) How life is though to began?: Link: i) Panspermia https://www.youtube.com/watch? ii) Abiogenesis (Oparin) v=QE5Js-9AzHo 3) Precambrian period main events: Photosynthesis 4) Cambrian Explosion 5) Diversification 7) Environment and Evolution Prof. F. J. Galindez 8) The EQUATION OF LIFE https://www.youtube.com/watch? Clausius: The first Law of Thermodynamics Energy is the capacity or power to do work, such as the capacity to move an object (of a given mass) by the application of force. 1854 https://www.dictionary.com/browse/energy Prof. F. J. Galindez  The Oxygen, the key element of life  The name Oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier. Recognized oxygen as a chemical element and correctly characterized the role it plays in combustion.  Robert Hooke, Ole Borch, Mikhail Lomonosov, and Pierre Bayen all produced oxygen in experiments in the 17th and the 18th century but none of them recognized it as a chemical element. This was in part due to the prevalence of the philosophy of combustion and corrosion called the Phlogiston theory.  Oxygen entered the English language despite opposition by English scientists: Poem "Oxygen" in the book “The Botanic Garden” (1791) by Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of Charles Darwin Prof. F. J. Galindez O2  E. Ashworth Underwood, M.A., B.Sc., M.D., D.P.H (1943). Proc. Royal Society of Medicine (XXXVII 9: 247- 262) http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/003591574403700603 Prof. F. J. Galindez 2) How Did Life Began? Mamy? Prof. F. J. Galindez 2) How Did Life Began?  According with Oparin’s theory, life arose through a chemical process: Simple elements and compounds available on the early Earth came together to produce more complex molecules.  Ultimately, a group of these molecules became more complex and capable of self-replication.  The first replicating substance appeared: The Ribozyme The Ribozyme: RNA Precursor Prof. F. J. Galindez Ribozyme and Nucleic Acids (RNA and DNA) Prof. F. J. Galindez Ribozyme and Nucleic Acids (RNA and DNA) Prof. F. J. Galindez  Stanley Miller and Harold Urey experiments Harold Urey Stanley Miller “ocean” Evolution of life: The Last Universal Common Ancestor LUCA Viruses Prof. F. J. Galindez LUCA in all living organisms’ DNA DNA, the language of life James Watson and Francis Crick Prof. F. J. Galindez DNA, the language of life DNA, the language of life Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. Prof. F. J. Galindez The Genetic Code The genetic code is the correspondence between the 20 amino acids fron more than 500 existing in Nature, and the 61 types of messenger RNA triplets (codons, representing DNA) that specify them. The same codons spell the same amino acids to all living organisms. The RNAs of humans, hydras, hippos, hydrangeas, bacteria, and even viruses follow the same rules. This “universality” is why: i. Human proteins can be manufactured in bacterial cells, (GMO) ii. Bacterial insecticides are produced in corn. iii. Ebola vaccine for Humans is made in tobacco cells. iv. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreatic islets in humans and animals involved in Glucose metabolism. Bacteria and yeast have been engineered to produce human insulin. Transcription and Translation The Mitochondria: The power plant Prof. F. J. Galindez Endosymbiosis and Energy Transformation Prof. F. J. Galindez The Mitochondria and the Chloroplast Prof. F. J. Galindez  2 2 32 Prof. F. J. Galindez Binary fission in Chloroplast and Mitochondria Prof. F. J. Galindez  Nuclear DNA and Chloroplast and Mitochondrial DNA Free O2 used Free O2 liberated Prof. F. J. Galindez Human mitochondrial DNA origin Prof. F. J. Galindez  3) How “human” are we? Trillions* Comparativerelationshipbetween number of Human cells, Cells Microbecells and Mitochondriain humanbody 4,000 3,700 39 37 40 Human cells Microbe cells Mitochondria * 1 Trillion =1,000,000,000,000,000,000 =1018  How human are we?  Human tissues are composed of cells. Muscle, epithelial, connective and nervous tissue have circa of 37 Trillions cells.  39 Trillions Bacteria lives in a human body.  Human cell have an average of 100 Mitochondria per cell, giving a total of 3.700 Trillions of Mitochondria in our body.  Result: 37 Trillion human cells + 3.736 Trillion non-human cells* * Including the Mitochondria  Prokaryotes Simple Complex DNA DNA (Genes) Complex DNA (Genes) Guarded in NUCLEUS LUCA Prof. F. J. Galindez The Movement onto the Land A Lichen is a composite organism that arises from Algae or Cyanobacteria (or both) living among filaments of a Fungus in a symbiotic relationship. The properties are sometimes plant-like, but lichens are not plants. Prof. F. J. Galindez  Evolution of Plants Seedless Bryophytes vascular plants GymnospermsAngiosperms mosses ferns conifers flowering plants Present Cenozoic 100 Mesozoic flowers 200 Millions of years ago 300 seeds Paleozoic 400 vascular Archaea Bacteria Animalia Protista tissue Plantae Fungi movement 500 onto land Prof. F. J. Galindez green algae The First to Take Flight  The first land animals were arthropods; a centipede-like creature laid down the oldest terrestrial animal tracks we know of.  Insects, a variety of Arthropod, soon followed in great abundance.  The Arthropods were the only land animals for millions of years thereafter. Prof. F. J. Galindez Vertebrates (Cordata) onto Land  The first chordates were fish that evolved from worms around 510 million years ago, in the Cambrian era.  First they evolved long neurons that could carry signals from the brain to the tail more efficiently, and then they evolved bony vertebrae to protect those neurons.  This turned out to be a successful strategy, so there got to be a lot of fish and other animals - like you - descended from fish.  One group of fish, the lobe-finned fishes, gave rise to the four- limbed vertebrates, called tetrapods, that moved onto land between 380 and 370 Mya. Prof. F. J. Galindez  Vertebrates onto Land (a) Lobe-finned fish (b) Tetrapod-like fish (c) Amphibian Prof. F. J. Galindez Prof. F. J. Galindez Evolution of Primates Prof. F. J. Galindez  Main Principle of Evolution: Phenotype = Genotype x Environment What you see = Genetic x Environment  Environment defines de trait: Wales and Dolphins. Sharks. Land animals from the Class Primitive fish, lowest in the Mammalia that evolved and Phylum Chordata evolution. went back to the ocean Little evolution. Environment defines de trait: Morphological adaptation to same aquatic environment Evolution of Homininae Prof. F. J. Galindez