CKD quiz.docx

\#\#\# Quiz 1 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a key risk factor for the development of CKD?\*\* \- A) Obesity \- B) Hypotension \- C) Smoking \- D) High protein intake 2\. \*\*What is the primary role of ACE inhibitors in the management of CKD?\*\* \- A) Increase GFR \- B) Reduce proteinur...

\#\#\# Quiz 1 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a key risk factor for the development of CKD?\*\* \- A) Obesity \- B) Hypotension \- C) Smoking \- D) High protein intake 2\. \*\*What is the primary role of ACE inhibitors in the management of CKD?\*\* \- A) Increase GFR \- B) Reduce proteinuria \- C) Increase blood pressure \- D) Promote sodium retention 3\. \*\*Which of the following is the most reliable prognostic factor in CKD?\*\* \- A) Serum creatinine levels \- B) Urine output \- C) Degree of proteinuria \- D) Blood pressure 4\. \*\*What is the typical clinical presentation of CKD in early stages?\*\* \- A) Severe pain \- B) Frequent urination \- C) Asymptomatic \- D) Hypotension 5\. \*\*Which drug class is first-line therapy for hypertension in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) Calcium channel blockers \- C) ACE inhibitors \- D) Diuretics 6\. \*\*What is a common complication associated with CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypercalcemia \- B) Anemia \- C) Hyperthyroidism \- D) Hypoglycemia 7\. \*\*Which dietary management strategy is recommended for patients with CKD?\*\* \- A) High protein diet \- B) Low sodium diet \- C) High potassium diet \- D) High calcium diet 8\. \*\*Which of the following is a common symptom in advanced CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypokalemia \- B) Uremic symptoms \- C) Hyperglycemia \- D) Increased GFR 9\. \*\*What is the role of statins in CKD management?\*\* \- A) Increase HDL levels \- B) Lower LDL levels \- C) Increase triglyceride levels \- D) Reduce sodium retention 10\. \*\*Which of the following is a treatment goal for bone disease in CKD?\*\* \- A) Maintain high serum phosphate levels \- B) Prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism \- C) Increase serum calcium levels \- D) Decrease vitamin D levels 11\. \*\*Which of the following therapies is used to manage hyperkalemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Sodium bicarbonate \- B) Calcium gluconate \- C) Insulin with glucose \- D) All of the above 12\. \*\*What is the recommended treatment for metabolic acidosis in CKD?\*\* \- A) Sodium chloride \- B) Sodium bicarbonate \- C) Calcium carbonate \- D) Potassium chloride 13\. \*\*Which of the following is a risk factor for the progression of CKD?\*\* \- A) Low sodium intake \- B) Diabetes Mellitus \- C) High protein diet \- D) Hypercalcemia 14\. \*\*Which of the following complications is associated with CKD-related bone disease?\*\* \- A) Osteopenia \- B) Osteoporosis \- C) Osteomalacia \- D) All of the above 15\. \*\*Which of the following is a target hemoglobin level in the management of anemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) 80-90 g/L \- B) 100-115 g/L \- C) 130-150 g/L \- D) 70-80 g/L 16\. \*\*What is the role of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD?\*\* \- A) Lower blood pressure \- B) Treat hyperkalemia \- C) Increase hemoglobin levels \- D) Reduce proteinuria 17\. \*\*Which of the following is a preferred phosphate binder for CKD patients on dialysis?\*\* \- A) Aluminum hydroxide \- B) Calcium carbonate \- C) Sevelamer \- D) Magnesium hydroxide 18\. \*\*Which condition is commonly managed with calcimimetics in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) Hypokalemia \- B) Hypercalcemia \- C) Secondary hyperparathyroidism \- D) Hypertension 19\. \*\*What is the primary goal of sodium and water restriction in CKD management?\*\* \- A) Increase urine output \- B) Reduce blood pressure \- C) Prevent edema and worsening hypertension \- D) Increase GFR 20\. \*\*Which of the following is a common clinical finding in patients with CKD?\*\* \- A) Hyperthyroidism \- B) Hypoglycemia \- C) Hypertension \- D) Hyperkalemia \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. A) Obesity 2\. B) Reduce proteinuria 3\. C) Degree of proteinuria 4\. C) Asymptomatic 5\. C) ACE inhibitors 6\. B) Anemia 7\. B) Low sodium diet 8\. B) Uremic symptoms 9\. B) Lower LDL levels 10\. B) Prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism 11\. D) All of the above 12\. B) Sodium bicarbonate 13\. B) Diabetes Mellitus 14\. D) All of the above 15\. B) 100-115 g/L 16\. C) Increase hemoglobin levels 17\. C) Sevelamer 18\. C) Secondary hyperparathyroidism 19\. C) Prevent edema and worsening hypertension 20\. C) Hypertension \-\-- \#\#\# Quiz 2 1\. \*\*Which of the following best describes CKD?\*\* \- A) An acute condition with rapid onset \- B) A chronic condition with gradual progression \- C) A reversible condition with proper treatment \- D) A condition that always leads to dialysis 2\. \*\*Which drug class is associated with the management of dyslipidemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) Calcium channel blockers \- C) Statins \- D) Diuretics 3\. \*\*Which of the following is a complication of untreated hyperphosphatemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypertension \- B) Cardiovascular calcification \- C) Hyperglycemia \- D) Hypokalemia 4\. \*\*Which of the following is a common cause of CKD?\*\* \- A) Acute Tubular Necrosis \- B) Diabetic nephropathy \- C) Kidney stones \- D) Urinary tract infections 5\. \*\*What is the role of SGLT2 inhibitors in CKD management?\*\* \- A) Increase GFR \- B) Reduce hyperglycemia and proteinuria \- C) Increase sodium retention \- D) Lower blood pressure 6\. \*\*Which of the following is true about anemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) It is caused by excessive erythropoietin production \- B) It is commonly treated with iron supplementation and ESAs \- C) It leads to hypercalcemia \- D) It has no impact on patient morbidity 7\. \*\*What is the primary cause of CKD-related anemia?\*\* \- A) Low dietary iron intake \- B) Reduced erythropoietin production \- C) Hyperphosphatemia \- D) Hypokalemia 8\. \*\*Which of the following is a recommended dietary modification for CKD patients?\*\* \- A) High protein diet \- B) Low sodium diet \- C) High potassium diet \- D) Low carbohydrate diet 9\. \*\*Which of the following is used to manage pruritus in CKD?\*\* \- A) Antihistamines \- B) UVB therapy \- C) Topical capsaicin \- D) All of the above 10\. \*\*Which class of drugs is associated with an increased risk of hyperkalemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) Calcium channel blockers \- C) ACE inhibitors \- D) Statins 11\. \*\*What is a common symptom of uremia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Fatigue \- B) Hyperactivity \- C) Weight gain \- D) Hypoglycemia 12\. \*\*Which of the following is a common intervention for CKD-related metabolic acidosis?\*\* \- A) Sodium chloride \- B) Sodium bicarbonate \- C) Potassium chloride \- D) Calcium gluconate 13\. \*\*What is the role of loop diuretics in CKD management?\*\* \- A) Increase GFR \- B) Reduce edema and control blood pressure \- C) Increase potassium levels \- D) Lower blood glucose levels 14\. \*\*Which of the following is a therapeutic target in CKD management?\*\* \- A) Blood pressure control \- B) Increased protein intake \- C) Reduced GFR \- D ) Hypercalcemia 15\. \*\*Which of the following is true regarding the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD?\*\* \- A) ESAs are used to lower hemoglobin levels \- B) ESAs are used to manage anemia and increase hemoglobin levels \- C) ESAs should be avoided in all CKD patients \- D) ESAs are primarily used to treat hyperkalemia 16\. \*\*Which of the following is a benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in CKD?\*\* \- A) Lowering blood pressure \- B) Increasing blood glucose levels \- C) Reducing proteinuria and slowing CKD progression \- D) Increasing sodium retention 17\. \*\*What is the recommended management for hyperphosphatemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Increase dietary phosphate \- B) Phosphate-binding agents and dietary phosphate restriction \- C) Calcium supplements \- D) High protein diet 18\. \*\*Which condition is treated with vitamin D therapy in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) Hypocalcemia \- B) Hyperkalemia \- C) Hyperphosphatemia \- D) Hypoglycemia 19\. \*\*What is the primary cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypocalcemia \- B) Hyperkalemia \- C) Hyperphosphatemia \- D) Hypophosphatemia 20\. \*\*Which of the following is a common treatment for anemia in CKD?\*\* \- A) Iron supplements \- B) Beta-blockers \- C) Calcium channel blockers \- D) Insulin therapy \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. B) A chronic condition with gradual progression 2\. C) Statins 3\. B) Cardiovascular calcification 4\. B) Diabetic nephropathy 5\. B) Reduce hyperglycemia and proteinuria 6\. B) It is commonly treated with iron supplementation and ESAs 7\. B) Reduced erythropoietin production 8\. B) Low sodium diet 9\. D) All of the above 10\. C) ACE inhibitors 11\. A) Fatigue 12\. B) Sodium bicarbonate 13\. B) Reduce edema and control blood pressure 14\. A) Blood pressure control 15\. B) ESAs are used to manage anemia and increase hemoglobin levels 16\. C) Reducing proteinuria and slowing CKD progression 17\. B) Phosphate-binding agents and dietary phosphate restriction 18\. A) Hypocalcemia 19\. C) Hyperphosphatemia 20\. A) Iron supplements \-\-- \#\#\# Quiz 3 1\. \*\*Which of the following is the most common cause of CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypertension \- B) Diabetic nephropathy \- C) Polycystic kidney disease \- D) Glomerulonephritis 2\. \*\*Which medication class is commonly used to reduce proteinuria in CKD?\*\* \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) ACE inhibitors \- C) Statins \- D) Calcium channel blockers 3\. \*\*What is the primary goal of managing hypertension in CKD?\*\* \- A) Increase GFR \- B) Reduce the progression of kidney damage \- C) Increase sodium retention \- D) Lower serum potassium 4\. \*\*Which of the following conditions is most associated with CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypercalcemia \- B) Anemia \- C) Hypoglycemia \- D) Hyperthyroidism 5\. \*\*Which of the following is a key component of CKD management?\*\* \- A) High protein diet \- B) Fluid overload \- C) Blood pressure control \- D) Hyperkalemia 6\. \*\*What is the role of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD management?\*\* \- A) Lower blood pressure \- B) Increase GFR \- C) Treat anemia \- D) Reduce hyperkalemia 7\. \*\*Which of the following is true about the use of diuretics in CKD?\*\* \- A) Loop diuretics are effective in all stages of CKD \- B) Thiazide diuretics are effective in late-stage CKD \- C) K+-sparing diuretics have no risk in CKD \- D) Diuretics should be avoided in all CKD patients 8\. \*\*Which of the following is a complication of CKD-related bone disease?\*\* \- A) Osteitis fibrosa \- B) Hypocalcemia \- C) Hypokalemia \- D) Hypernatremia 9\. \*\*What is the target hemoglobin level for treating anemia in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) 80-90 g/L \- B) 100-115 g/L \- C) 130-150 g/L \- D) 70-80 g/L 10\. \*\*Which of the following medications is used to manage secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD?\*\* \- A) Statins \- B) Calcimimetics \- C) Beta-blockers \- D) ACE inhibitors 11\. \*\*What is the recommended treatment for metabolic acidosis in CKD?\*\* \- A) Sodium bicarbonate \- B) Potassium chloride \- C) Calcium carbonate \- D) Sodium chloride 12\. \*\*Which of the following is a risk factor for the progression of CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypoglycemia \- B) Hyperlipidemia \- C) Hypokalemia \- D) Hypertension 13\. \*\*What is the role of phosphate-binding agents in CKD management?\*\* \- A) Increase calcium absorption \- B) Prevent hyperphosphatemia and its complications \- C) Increase phosphate levels \- D) Reduce sodium retention 14\. \*\*Which of the following is true regarding statin use in CKD?\*\* \- A) Statins increase the risk of hyperkalemia \- B) Statins reduce cardiovascular risk in CKD patients \- C) Statins should be avoided in all CKD patients \- D) Statins are used to increase blood glucose levels 15\. \*\*Which of the following is a benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in CKD?\*\* \- A) Increase blood glucose levels \- B) Increase sodium retention \- C) Reduce proteinuria and slow CKD progression \- D) Increase potassium levels 16\. \*\*Which of the following is the most common complication of CKD?\*\* \- A) Hypercalcemia \- B) Hypertension \- C) Hypoglycemia \- D) Hyperthyroidism 17\. \*\*Which of the following is a common dietary recommendation for CKD patients?\*\* \- A) High potassium diet \- B) Low sodium diet \- C) High protein diet \- D) High calcium diet 18\. \*\*Which condition is treated with vitamin D therapy in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) Hypocalcemia \- B) Hyperkalemia \- C) Hyperphosphatemia \- D) Hypoglycemia 19\. \*\*Which of the following medications is used to treat anemia in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) Insulin \- C) Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) \- D) Statins 20\. \*\*What is the role of calcimimetics in CKD management?\*\* \- A) Increase calcium absorption \- B) Suppress PTH secretion without increasing calcium absorption \- C) Increase phosphate levels \- D) Reduce sodium retention \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. B) Diabetic nephropathy 2\. B) ACE inhibitors 3\. B) Reduce the progression of kidney damage 4\. B) Anemia 5\. C) Blood pressure control 6\. C) Treat anemia 7\. A) Loop diuretics are effective in all stages of CKD 8\. A) Osteitis fibrosa 9\. B) 100-115 g/L 10\. B) Calcimimetics 11\. A) Sodium bicarbonate 12\. D) Hypertension 13\. B) Prevent hyperphosphatemia and its complications 14\. B) Statins reduce cardiovascular risk in CKD patients 15\. C) Reduce proteinuria and slow CKD progression 16\. B) Hypertension 17\. B) Low sodium diet 18\. A) Hypocalcemia 19\. C) Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) 20\. B) Suppress PTH secretion without increasing calcium absorption \-\-- \#\#\# Short Answer Questions \*\*Pros and Cons\*\* 1\. \*\*What is one key advantage of using ACE inhibitors in CKD management?\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: ACE inhibitors reduce proteinuria and slow the progression of CKD by lowering glomerular pressure and protecting renal function. 2\. \*\*Identify one disadvantage of using calcimimetics in CKD patients.\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Calcimimetics can cause hypocalcemia because they suppress PTH secretion without increasing calcium absorption, necessitating careful monitoring of calcium levels. 3\. \*\*What is a major benefit of using SGLT2 inhibitors in CKD patients?\*\* \- \*\*Answer \*\*: SGLT2 inhibitors reduce proteinuria, slow the progression of CKD, and have cardioprotective effects, particularly in patients with diabetes. 4\. \*\*List one con of using phosphate-binding agents in CKD management.\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Phosphate-binding agents can cause gastrointestinal side effects such as constipation, and overuse can lead to hypercalcemia, particularly with calcium-based binders. \*\*Tests Used\*\* 5\. \*\*What test is commonly used to monitor kidney function in CKD patients?\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Serum creatinine and estimated GFR (eGFR) are commonly used to monitor kidney function and assess the progression of CKD. 6\. \*\*Describe the purpose of measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in CKD patients.\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: BUN is measured to assess renal function and monitor the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood, which can indicate worsening kidney function. 7\. \*\*Which test is used to assess the severity of metabolic acidosis in CKD patients?\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is used to assess the severity of metabolic acidosis, including bicarbonate levels and pH, in CKD patients. 8\. \*\*Name one test used to monitor anemia in CKD patients.\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Hemoglobin levels are monitored to assess the severity of anemia in CKD patients, and adjustments to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are made accordingly. \*\*What is Meant by These Terms\*\* 9\. \*\*What is meant by 'secondary hyperparathyroidism' in the context of CKD?\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Secondary hyperparathyroidism refers to the overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia caused by CKD, leading to bone disease and mineral imbalances. 10\. \*\*Define 'uremia' in the context of CKD.\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Uremia refers to the accumulation of waste products in the blood due to severe kidney dysfunction, leading to symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, and pruritus. 11\. \*\*Explain the term 'proteinuria' and its significance in CKD.\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Proteinuria is the presence of excess protein in the urine, which is a key indicator of kidney damage and is strongly associated with the progression of CKD. 12\. \*\*What does 'renal osteodystrophy' refer to in CKD patients?\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Renal osteodystrophy is a complex bone disorder resulting from imbalances in calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone due to CKD, leading to bone pain, fractures, and deformities. The quizzes and short-answer questions provided already cover a broad range of topics related to CKD, including pathophysiology, drug management, complications, and diagnostic tests. However, to ensure comprehensive coverage and reinforce key concepts, I suggest adding a few more questions that address areas that may not have been fully explored. Here are some additional questions: \#\#\# Additional Multiple-Choice Questions 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a key marker of CKD progression?\*\* \- A) Serum glucose levels \- B) Albuminuria \- C) Hemoglobin levels \- D) Blood pressure 3\. \*\*Which of the following medications should be used cautiously in CKD due to the risk of hyperkalemia?\*\* \- A) Loop diuretics \- B) Thiazide diuretics \- C) Spironolactone \- D) Calcium channel blockers 4\. \*\*What is the primary benefit of controlling blood glucose levels in diabetic CKD patients?\*\* \- A) Reducing serum sodium levels \- B) Preventing hyperkalemia \- C) Reducing the risk of microvascular complications and slowing CKD progression \- D) Increasing GFR 5\. \*\*Which of the following factors can exacerbate CKD progression?\*\* \- A) Hyperlipidemia \- B) Adequate hydration \- C) Controlled blood pressure \- D) Low-protein diet \#\#\# Additional Short Answer Questions 6\. \*\*Why is albuminuria an important marker in the assessment of CKD?\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Albuminuria is an important marker because it indicates damage to the glomerular filtration barrier and is strongly associated with the progression of CKD and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. 7\. \*\*Explain the significance of managing blood pressure in CKD patients.\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Managing blood pressure in CKD patients is crucial because uncontrolled hypertension can accelerate the progression of kidney damage, increase the risk of cardiovascular events, and worsen outcomes in CKD. 8\. \*\*Why is it important to monitor potassium levels in CKD patients?\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Monitoring potassium levels is important because CKD patients are at increased risk of hyperkalemia, which can lead to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias if not managed properly. 9\. \*\*What is the rationale behind the use of statins in CKD patients, even if their lipid levels are normal?\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Statins are used in CKD patients to reduce cardiovascular risk, which is elevated in this population due to the association between CKD, dyslipidemia, and increased incidence of cardiovascular events. 10\. \*\*Describe the relationship between CKD and cardiovascular disease.\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: CKD is closely linked with cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to shared risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes, as well as the impact of CKD on vascular health. CKD increases the risk of CVD, and patients with CKD are more likely to die from cardiovascular complications than from kidney failure. Let\'s review the questions provided to ensure they comprehensively cover the key areas you\'ve outlined: \#\#\# 1. \*\*Understand the Classification of CKD\*\* \- \*\*Covered in Questions:\*\* \- \*\*Quiz 1, Question 1\*\*: \"Which of the following best describes CKD?\" - Covers the chronic nature and progression of CKD. \- \*\*Additional Question\*\* (suggested): \"Which of the following is a key marker of CKD progression?\" - Albuminuria is used to assess CKD progression. \- \*\*Conclusion\*\*: This topic is adequately covered, but an additional question directly addressing the classification by stages (based on GFR) could be beneficial. \#\#\# 2. \*\*Identify Risk Factors for the Development and Progression of CKD\*\* \- \*\*Covered in Questions:\*\* \- \*\*Quiz 1, Question 1\*\*: \"Which of the following is a key risk factor for the development of CKD?\" \- \*\*Quiz 3, Question 12\*\*: \"Which of the following is a risk factor for the progression of CKD?\" \- \*\*Additional Questions\*\*: \"Which of the following factors can exacerbate CKD progression?\" and the earlier quiz questions about diabetes and hypertension as risk factors. \- \*\*Conclusion\*\*: This area is well-covered across multiple questions. \#\#\# 3. \*\*Describe the Typical Clinical Presentation & Complications in Patients with CKD\*\* \- \*\*Covered in Questions:\*\* \- \*\*Quiz 1, Question 4\*\*: \"What is the typical clinical presentation of CKD in early stages?\" - Asymptomatic. \- \*\*Quiz 1, Questions 6, 8, 10\*\*: Address complications like anemia, uremic symptoms, and bone disease. \- \*\*Quiz 3, Question 16\*\*: \"Which of the following is the most common complication of CKD?\" \- \*\*Conclusion\*\*: Clinical presentation and complications are adequately covered. \#\#\# 4. \*\*Formulate Strategies to Slow the Progression of CKD\*\* \- \*\*Covered in Questions:\*\* \- \*\*Quiz 2, Question 14\*\*: \"Which of the following is a therapeutic target in CKD management?\" \- \*\*Quiz 3, Question 3\*\*: \"What is the primary goal of managing hypertension in CKD?\" \- \*\*Additional Questions\*\*: Strategies such as controlling blood glucose, blood pressure, and dietary modifications are addressed. \- \*\*Conclusion\*\*: Strategies for slowing CKD progression are well-covered. \#\#\# 5. \*\*Describe the Management of CKD Complications\*\* \- \*\*Covered in Questions:\*\* \- \*\*Quiz 1, Questions 11, 12, 14, 15, 16\*\*: Management of hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, bone disease, and anemia. \- \*\*Quiz 2, Question 17\*\*: \"What is the recommended management for hyperphosphatemia in CKD?\" \- \*\*Additional Questions\*\*: Management of hyperkalemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and use of statins. \- \*\*Conclusion\*\*: Management of complications is thoroughly addressed. \#\#\# 6. \*\*Describe the Different Types of Renal Replacement Therapies\*\* \- \*\*Covered in Questions:\*\* \- \*\*Not explicitly covered in the initial questions.\*\* \- \*\*Conclusion\*\*: This topic is not fully covered in the questions provided. It would be beneficial to include questions on the types of renal replacement therapies (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation). \#\#\# Suggested Additional Questions for Renal Replacement Therapies: 1\. \*\*Which of the following is the most common form of renal replacement therapy for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)?\*\* \- A) Hemodialysis \- B) Peritoneal dialysis \- C) Kidney transplantation \- D) Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) \- \*\*Answer\*\*: A) Hemodialysis 2\. \*\*Which of the following is a key benefit of peritoneal dialysis over hemodialysis?\*\* \- A) Lower infection risk \- B) Greater flexibility in treatment schedule \- C) Less dietary restriction \- D) No need for vascular access \- \*\*Answer\*\*: B) Greater flexibility in treatment schedule 3\. \*\*What is the primary indication for initiating renal replacement therapy in CKD patients?\*\* \- A) Persistent hyperkalemia \- B) Fluid overload unresponsive to diuretics \- C) Uremic symptoms \- D) All of the above \- \*\*Answer\*\*: D) All of the above 4\. \*\*Which of the following is a major risk associated with kidney transplantation?\*\* \- A) Rejection of the transplanted kidney \- B) Increased blood pressure \- C) Decreased GFR \- D) Hyperkalemia \- \*\*Answer\*\*: A) Rejection of the transplanted kidney