CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.pptx

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM By Andrea Mc Lean •At the end of this session students will be able to: •1. Describe the circulatory system •2. Relate the functions of the heart •3. Explain blood flow •4. Differentiate types of blood vessels 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 2 All of the b...

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM By Andrea Mc Lean •At the end of this session students will be able to: •1. Describe the circulatory system •2. Relate the functions of the heart •3. Explain blood flow •4. Differentiate types of blood vessels 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 2 All of the body's cells get both nutrients and oxygen from the blood circulation system, also called the cardiovascular system. It is made up of the heart and blood vessels that carry blood all over the body. Blood leaves the heart through the arteries and comes back to the heart through the veins. The circulatory system is like a tree: The "trunk" is the main artery called the aorta. The aorta splits into big arteries, then split into smaller vessels. The capillary network is a group of tiny blood vessels located where the arteries end. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 3 Small membranes in the lungs receive oxygen as it is breathed in and send it into the bloodstream. As the body uses oxygen and breaks down food, it makes carbon dioxide, which is released from the lungs when you breathe out. The circulatory system works due to the pumping action of the heart and valves all over the body to maintain pressure on the blood. This pressure makes sure that blood flows through veins to the heart and through arteries away from the heart. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 4 There are three types of circulation: Circulation of the lungs (pulmonary). This portion of the cycle transports oxygen-depleted blood from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart. Circulation throughout the body (systemic). This is the section that transports oxygenated blood from the heart to various regions of the body. Coronary artery circulation(coronary). This form of circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the heart, allowing it to operate effectively. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 5 The circulatory system consists of four major components: •heart •arteries •veins •blood 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 6 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 7 THE HEART The heart is located close to the center of the chest and is roughly the size of two adult palms placed together. The heart keeps the circulatory system running continuously with its constant pumping. Heart wall The heart wall is composed of three layers. The outermost layer of the heart wall is called the epicardium, followed by the middle and most muscular layer, the myocardium, and the innermost layer, the endocardium. Chambers The right and left atria, as well as the right and left ventricles, make up the heart's 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 8 The four chambers are crucial to circulation. The ventricles force blood out of the heart while the atria take blood in from the veins. The myocardial layers of the ventricles are thicker than those of the atria because they must be significantly stronger to carry out this pumping activity. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 9 ARTERIES Arteries are vessels that transport blood out from the heart. There are three layers to the artery walls: tunica intima (inner), tunica media (middle), and tunica externa (outer). Typically, the middle layer is the thickest. It is made up of smooth muscle that regulates blood flow by changing the size of the artery. Arteries are classified into three categories. The further they are from the heart, the smaller they become. Elastic arteries. The elastic arteries are the aorta and pulmonary arteries. They get blood straight from the heart and must be elastic in order to handle the surge and contraction of blood with each heartbeat. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 10 The AORTA is the most essential artery in the body. The right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. They are the only arteries in the body that conveys deoxygenated blood. Muscle Arteries. The muscle arteries transport blood from the elastic arteries to the rest of the body. They are formed of smooth muscle that can expand and contract when blood flows through them. Muscular arteries include the femoral and coronary arteries. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 11 Arterioles The arterioles are the tiniest arteries, and they transport blood from the muscle arteries to the capillaries. The capillaries connect the arteries that carry blood away from the heart and the veins that carry blood back to the heart. The amount of material exchange determines the number of capillaries in a bodily system. Because their biological systems require a lot of oxygen and nutrients, skeletal muscle, the liver, and the kidney all contain a lot of capillaries. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 12 VEINS Veins allow the blood to return to the heart. The venules, the tiniest veins, are where the blood exits the capillaries. The veins enlarge more and more as the blood flows toward the heart. The tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa are layers that make up the walls of veins, just as the arteries. The arteries and veins differ significantly in a number of significant ways. Veins have less connective tissue and smooth muscle in their walls. Vein walls are more delicate than artery walls. Compared to arteries, veins can hold more blood and exert less pressure. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 13 Small fragments of tissue called valves, found in the veins, help to maintain a steady flow of blood in the right direction. The medium and big veins’ valves maintain blood flow toward the heart. These valves prevent blood from being drawn in the wrong direction by gravity in the arms and legs. In the heart, there are four valves. The right atrium is divided from the right ventricle by the tricuspid valve. The bicuspid or mitral valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle. The semilunar valves make up the final two valves. The right ventricle and pulmonary artery are divided by the pulmonic valve, also known as the pulmonary valve. The aorta and left ventricle are divided by the aortic valve. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 14 THE BLOOD Almost everything in the body is transported by blood. It transports nutrients, oxygen, antibodies, hormones, and other vital substances required to maintain the body's health. There are four main parts of the blood. Plasma Plasma makes up about 55% of the blood. Blood is liquefied by plasma. Blood cells are transported throughout the body by plasma via the circulatory system. In addition, it transports waste materials, nutrients, antibodies, and hormones. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 15 RED BLOOD CELLS Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, account for between 40 and 45 percent of the volume of blood. Since these cells lack a nucleus, they can easily change shape as they travel through the arteries and veins of the body. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells. It transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs, where it is exhaled and returns oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 16 WHITE BLOOD CELLS Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, account for only 1% of the blood. They safeguard the body against infection. White blood cells can be divided into five main categories. Neutrophils, the majority of white blood cells, have a lifespan of less than one day. Neutrophils are the body's first line of defense. T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes are two different types of lymphocytes. T lymphocytes regulate other immune cells and hunt down infected cells and tumors, whereas B lymphocytes produce antibodies. Basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes are the other three main types. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 17 Platelets Platelets are fragments of cells, also known as thrombocytes. Blood clotting depends on platelets. They adhere to the damaged blood vessel lining and serve as the clotting factor. This reduces bleeding and speeds up recovery. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 18 Signs and symptoms of poor circulation 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 19 The signs and symptoms depend on what kind of circulation problem you have. As an example, leg and foot problems can be caused by peripheral artery disease, such as cramps in your legs when you walk or rest. Cold feet or legs. Change the color of your legs, Change in your toenails, colour, and thickness Hair loss on the feet and legs Sores on the legs and feet that don't go away 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 20 There are several conditions that can affect the heart and circulatory system, including: •Peripheral arterial disease. In peripheral arterial disease, blood flow in the arteries of the legs is restricted. This is usually due to the buildup of plaque in the arteries. •Arteriosclerosis. In arteriosclerosis, plaque buildup in the blood vessels becomes calcified and hard. The arteries are less flexible, leading to higher blood pressure, stroke, heart damage, and kidney damage. •Heart attack. During a heart attack, a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle leads to death of heart muscle tissue. It’s also known as a myocardial infarction. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 21 •Angina. In angina, the heart muscle isn’t getting enough blood. This leads to crushing chest pain, fatigue, nausea, and shortness of breath. •Mitral valve conditions. In mitral valve prolapse, mitral valve stenosis, or mitral valve regurgitation, problems with the mitral valve cause oxygenated blood in the heart to flow backward, or blood flow to be slowed down or constricted. •Arrhythmias or dysrhythmias. These terms are both used to describe a heart rate that’s abnormal. •Ischemia. In ischemia, there’s not enough blood flow in the heart, and muscles don’t get enough oxygen. •Aortic disease. This group of conditions affects the aorta. One example is aortic aneurysm, where the aorta is weak and bulges out. 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 22 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 23 THANK YOU LADIES!!!! 10/17/2023 S a m p l e Fo o t e r Te x t 24