chpter 6.pdf

Chapter 6- Metabolism The organic material left over in dung is because they animal did not have the time to metabolize it The pile is hot due to energy Microbes break down the last good bits of the poop, carbon is broken further, and they make energy for themselv...

Chapter 6- Metabolism The organic material left over in dung is because they animal did not have the time to metabolize it The pile is hot due to energy Microbes break down the last good bits of the poop, carbon is broken further, and they make energy for themselves o They make ATP Metabolically active things are alive o Spore sitting in the soil waiting is not metabolically active so it's not alive currently o Hummingbirds are as they are constantlyy metabolically active ▪ Plants use them for pollination while the hummingbird drinks their sugar water Most life forms on earth get their energy from the sun Plants use phototsynthesis to capture sunlight Herbivores eat these plants and obtainn energy Carnivores eat the herbevores Decomposers digest plant and animal matter LCA comes from the bottom of the ocean o Geothermal vents Life found a way to use Sun energy  Autotrophs take the photons of energy and take gargabe co2 and combine them to form sugar Heterotrophs are then evolved o Originally had a chloroplast too o Mixotrophs- both hunt and use sun Heterotrophs then evolved just to eat the sugar that autotrophs make Everything will end up dying and when this happens decomposers pop up o Fungi bacteria and worms o They break down the plant and animal matter Biochemistry becomes more complex when the organism becomes more complex Anabolic pathways require energy to synthesize larger molecules o Making a polymer Catabolic pathways generate energy by breaking down larger molecules to smaller monomers Deforming something makes heat o Like when you bend a paper clip, and it bends it will be hot o Potential energy is converted to heat Water behind a dam has potential energy o Moving water such as waterfall or flowing river has kinetic energy o Dam is a huge battery Hydrocarbon when combusted energy comes back out Endergonic processes require energy Exergonic processes release energy Exergonic and endergonic reactions result in changes in Gibbs free energy o Exergonic reactions release energy o Endergonic reactions require energy to proceed  Activation energy is what allows potential enrgy to change to kinetic energy o ATP will be spent to generate movement and a little heat o Energy must be inputted to give the energy up o If you want to lower activation energy on something, enzymes lower this energy needed o Activation energy is the energy required for a reaction to proceed o Enzymes are just little tiny machines, called catalysts o o Think of a reaction like a stone on a hill ▪ Stone must go over a hump to roll ▪ The required activation energy is the hump ▪ Catalysts make the hump smaller Entropy is the measure of randomness or disorder in a system Gases have higher entropy than liquids, and liquids have more entropy than solids o Marbles go everywhere if you lift the jar away o If you have a bunch of magnets and push them south to south, when you pull you hand away, they rotate to south to north  Entropy is the universal law that everything wants to turn to chaos to be the lowest energy state possible Diffusion is entropy at work Life is a fight against entropy o We use ATP to stave off entropy o ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell o We eat carbohydrates and our body breaks them down into monomers o Exergonic process o Entropy is increasing because you are going from an ordered state to disordered ▪ The energy balances the rest of the equation, the energy goes into building organization is something else ▪ When our cell metabolizes something the entropy of universe increases ▪ The entropy of me however can be decreasing or staying the same because heterotrophs can be wasteful o When you look at a biosphere entropy increases due to the biosphere constantly becoming more ordered o We will be long gone by time entropy wins It’s always a protein when a cell does a thing