Diagnosis, Pathology, Nervous System, & Psychiatry PDF

Okay, here is the converted text from the images into a structured markdown format. ### Diagnosis & Pathology: **Diagnostic Procedures:** * Electroencephalography: procedure used to examine the electrical activity of the brain. * Lumbar Puncture (LP): inserting a needle into the lumbar region...

Okay, here is the converted text from the images into a structured markdown format. ### Diagnosis & Pathology: **Diagnostic Procedures:** * Electroencephalography: procedure used to examine the electrical activity of the brain. * Lumbar Puncture (LP): inserting a needle into the lumbar region of the spine in order to collect spinal fluid (a spinal tap). **Radiology:** * Cerebral angiography: procedure used to examine blood vessels in the brain * Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA): procedure used to examine myelogram image of spiral cord, usually blood vessels done by using x-ray * Positron emission tomography (PET) scan: an imaging procedure that uses radiation (positrons) to produce cross sections of the brain * Transcranial Doppler sonography: an imaging technique that produces an image of the brain using sound waves sent through the skull **Structure:** * Cerebellitis: inflammation of the cerebellum * Cerebral atrophy: wasting away of brain tissue * Duritis: inflammation of dura * Encephalocele: hernia of brain (normally through defect in skull) * Hematoma: a tumor-like mass made up of blood * Cranial hematoma: a hematoma beneath the skull * Epidural hematoma: a hematoma located on top of dura * Intracerebral hematoma: hematoma located inside the brain * Subdural hematoma: a hematoma located beneath dura * Macrocephaly: abnormally large head * Microcephaly: small head; typically used to describe a congenital condition that includes a smaller head + is associated w/ developmental and other neurological difficulties --- ### Professional Terms: * Anesthesiologist: doctor who specializes in anesthesiology * Afferent nerve: a nerve that carries impulses toward the central nervous system. * Efferent nerve: nerve that carries impulses away from the central nervous system * Neurogenic: originating from / created by nerves * Psychiatrist: doctor who specializes in the treatment of the mind * Psychiatry: branch of medicine that focuses on the treatment of the mind * Psychogenic: originating in / created by the mind * Psychologist: doctor who specializes in the study of the mind * Psychology: a branch of medicine that focuses on the study of the mind * Psychosomatic: pertaining to a relationship between body + mind **Public Health:** * Idiopathic: having no known cause of origin **Seizure:** * Interictal: time between seizures * Postictal: time after seizure * Preictal: time before seizure * Tonic: pertaining to muscle tone (normally weak or unresponsive) * Clonus: muscle spasm or twitching * Tonic-clonic seizure: seizure characterized by both a tonic & a clonic phase --- ### The Nervous System: Impairments & Pain & paralysis **Impairments:** * Aphasia: not speaking / inability to speak * Ataxia: lack of coordination * Catatonia: condition characterized by reduced muscle tone * Delirium: brief loss of mental function * Dementia: loss / decline in mental function * Dyskinesia: difficulty moving * Dyslexia: difficulty reading * Dysphasia: difficulty speaking * Dystonia: condition characterized by involuntary muscle movement * Insomnia: inability to sleep * Myoclonus: muscle twitching * Myospasm: involuntary muscle contraction * Neurasthenia: nerve weakness * Somnambulism: sleepwalking * Syncope: loss of consciousness * Cephalgia: head pain * Cephalodynia: head pain * Encephalaigia: brain pain **Paralysis:** * Hemiparesis: partial paralysis on half the body * Hemiplegia: paralysis on half the body * Monoparesis: partial paralysis of one limb * Monoplegia: paralysis of one limb * Paralysis: complete loss of sensation & motor function * Paresis: partial paralysis characterized by varying degrees of sensation & motor function --- ### The Nervous System - Sensation & Pt. 2 Diagnosis/Pathology * Causalgia: painful sensation of burning * Dysesthesia: bad feeling * Hyperesthesia: increased sensation * Paresthesia: abnormal sensation (usually numbness / tingling in the skin) * Synesthesia: condition where one sensation is experienced as another **Phobia / Mania** Phobia: exaggerated fear, Mania: state, disorganized/distorted mental + physical hyperactivity * Acrophobia: fear of heights - Agoraphobia: fear of outdoor * Hydrophobia: fear of water, but can also refer to a full blown rabies infection. * Kleptomania: desire to steal * Photophobia: excessive sensitivity to light * Pyromania: desire to set fire **Structure continued:** * Meningocele: anemia of the meninges * Myelocele: hernia of the spinal cord * Myelo malacia: abnormal softening of the spinal cord * Myelomeningcele: a hernia of the spinal cord + meninges * Neuritis: nerve inflammation * Neuroma: a nerve tumor * Neurosclerosis: hardening of nerves * Polyneuritis: inflammation of multiple nerves **Function:** * Hyperkinesia: increase in muscle movement or activity * Neurasthenia: nerve weakness * Neuroglycopenia: deficiency of sugar that interferes with normal brain activity * Nystagmus: involuntary back & forth eye movements * Prosopagnosia: inability to recognize faces --- ### NERVOUS SYSTEM + PSYCHIATRY **Word Roots:** | Term | Definition | | :--------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | cereb/o | encephal/o: brain | | cerebell/o | cerebellum | | cephal/o | head | | crani/o | head/skull | | mening/o, meningi/o | meninges (membrane surrounding the brain/spinal cord) | | neur/o | nerve | | dura/o | (tough outer membrane surrounding the brain + spinal cord). | | myelo | spinal cord, bone marrow | | phasio | speech | | esthes/o | feeling, sensation | | somn/o, somn/i, hypno | sleep | | ment/o, phren/o, psych/o | mind | | gnos/o | know(ledge) | | ton/o | muscle tone, tension, pressure | | tax/o | arrangement, order, coordination | | gen/o| creation | | ambul/o | walk | | clon/o | spasm | | glyc/o |sugar | | prosop/o | face | | thromb/o |clot | | lim/o | hunger | | orex/o |appetite | | aut/o | self | | narc/o |sleep | | schiz/o | divide | | trop/o |turn | --- ### Suffixes: * -mania: excessive desire * -phobia: excessive fear or sensitivity * -paresis: slight or partial paralysis * -plegia: paralysis * -asthenia: weakness * -clonus: turmoil * -ferent: to carry * -penia: deficiency * -iatrist, logist,: specialist * -logy: study * -ictal: seizure ### Abbreviations: N.S. * ADHD: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder * ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease) * CNS: central nervous system * CP: cerebral palsy * CSF: cerebrospinal fluid * CVA: cerebrovascular accident * EEG: electroencephalogram * EMG: electromyogram * ICP: intracranial pressure * LOC: level of consciousness * LP: lumbar puncture * MRA: magnetic resonance angiography * MS: multiple sclerosis * OCD: obsessive-compulsive disorder * PET: positron emission tomography * PNS: peripheral nervous system * TIA: transient ischemic attack