Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy, Seventh Edition (PDF)

Book cover for Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy, Seventh Edition. Chapter 3 Skeletal System Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Axial Skeleton  Central part of the body Bones of the head, neck...

Book cover for Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy, Seventh Edition. Chapter 3 Skeletal System Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Axial Skeleton  Central part of the body Bones of the head, neck, thorax, trunk, and pelvis Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Appendicular System  Attaches to the axial skeleton  Bones of the extremities Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Composition of Bone  1/3 organic material Provides elasticity  2/3 inorganic material Provides hardness and strength Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Types of Bone  Compact bone: Hard, dense outer layer of all bone Opaque upon x-ray  Cancellous bone: Less dense, porous or spongy Less opaques upon x-ray Latticework of inner portion of bone Trabecular systems Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Wolff’s Law  Bone density increases in response to increased forces imposed.  Bone density decreases in response to decreased forces imposed. Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Structures of Bone Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Structures of Bone (continued)  Osteoclasts: bone resorption  Osteoblasts: formation of new bone Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Types of Bone Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Structural Characteristics  Depressions and Openings Foramen: hole Fossa: hollow or depression Groove: narrow channel Meatus: canal or tube-like opening Sinus: air or fluid cavity Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Structural Characteristics (continued_1)  Projection or Processes Related to Joints Condyle: rounded knuckle-like projection Eminence: projecting, prominent part Facet: flat or shallow articular surface Head: rounded articular projection Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Structural Characteristics (continued_2)  Projections and processes related tendons, ligaments, etc. Crest: sharp ridge or border Epicondyle: prominence above or below a condyle Line: less prominent than crest Spine: thin projection Tubercle: small rounded projection Tuberosity: large rounded projection Trochanter: large prominence Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Fractures  Avulsion: separation of tendon or ligament from bone  Closed: fracture with intact skin  Comminuted: multiple bone fragments  Complete: complete separation of bone fragments  Complicated: fracture with soft tissue damage  Compression: bone is compressed, Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Fractures (continued_1)  Greenstick: bent on one side and separation on other side  Hairline/Stress: no separation of bone, minor line of fracture  Incomplete: incomplete disruption  Overriding: bone segments slide past each other  Open: skin punctured or torn Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Fractures (continued_2)  Simple: only bone involved, soft tissue uninjured  Spiral: spiral shape to line of fracture  Spontaneous: no apparent traumatic cause  Transverse: line of fracture perpendicular to long axis of bone Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company  Common Skeletal Pathology  Osteoporosis: loss of bone mass  Osteopenia: reduced bone mass  Osteomyelitis: bacterial infection of bone Copyright ©2023 F.A. Davis Company