Chemistry Notes PDF
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Summary
These chemistry notes cover fundamental concepts such as thermodynamics, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy, along with related practice problems. Topics include calorimetry, standard enthalpy of reaction, Hess's law and a range of other topics.
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1.1 Therm - Heat Dynamics - Motion First Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Enthalpy: Heat content at constant temperature Exothermic: System releases energy Decrease in temperature Bond Formation - negative Endothermic: Absorbs energy Increase in temperature Bond Break...
1.1 Therm - Heat Dynamics - Motion First Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Enthalpy: Heat content at constant temperature Exothermic: System releases energy Decrease in temperature Bond Formation - negative Endothermic: Absorbs energy Increase in temperature Bond Breaking, Positive Overall Energy Change Reactants - products 1.2 Mass changes, Enthalpy Changes If you reverse a reaction, the sign changes only If you multiply both sides by a factor then H must change by the same factor The stoichiometry coefficients always refer to the moles Standard Mole at neutral is 1 atm Reactants should be in standard states Only one mole of the product 1.3 Spontaneous Reactions Occurs under specific conditions (most are exothermic) Entropy: Greater ordered system small entropy Microstates- possible ways of distributing molecules Distribution 1: least 3: most 1.4 Calorimetry - measurement of exchange of heat
