Chemistry Past Paper PDF

1/9/25, 7:33 PM Chemistry Science - SNC 2D1 Science Written Exam Study Share Document Style Chemistry 71 / 123...

1/9/25, 7:33 PM Chemistry Science - SNC 2D1 Science Written Exam Study Share Document Style Chemistry 71 / 123 Add Source Tag Ion bonding diagrams: Physical and Chemical properties and changes Physical Property: a description of the substance's physical characteristics. Examples: Solid, liquid, gas, salt dissolved in water. Chemical Property: characteristics of a substance that can be observed during a chemical reaction. Examples: Flammability. Physical Change: a change of the substance physically but the chemical composition of the substance does not change. Signs of a Physical Change: Change of State https://www.remnote.com/w/6775c3686017ef22006448a5/Chemistry-ubzNGsnj0FCjjsTXs 1/7 1/9/25, 7:33 PM Chemistry Change of Shape Disolution Chemical Change: a change in the substance' chemical composition that produces a new substance 5 Signs of a Chemical Change: 1. Bubbles of gas form. 2. It gives off heat or light. 3. Odour is given off. 4. 2 liquids react to form 1 new solid (precipitate). 5. New color appears. Writing and balancing chemical equations Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations ↓ Process of representing chemical reactions using symbols and ensuring the number of atoms for each element is the same on both sides of the equation. Involves identifying reactants and products, and applying the law of conservation of mass. Assigning coefficients to balance the number of atoms for each element. Using subscripts to indicate the number of atoms in each molecule. Determining the states of matter for each reactant and product (solid, liquid, gas, aqueous). Understand the difference between atoms and ions - give examples Atoms: Non-charged, Neutral; they have the same number of protons as electrons. Parts of the Atom: Protons: Location: Nucleus https://www.remnote.com/w/6775c3686017ef22006448a5/Chemistry-ubzNGsnj0FCjjsTXs 2/7 1/9/25, 7:33 PM Chemistry Mass: 1 u Charge: Positive Symbol: p+ Neutrons: Location: Nucleus Mass: 1 u Charge: Neutral Symbol: n0 Electrons: Location: Orbitals Mass: 0 u Charge: Negative Symbol: e- Ions: Positively or Negatively charged atoms. Examples: Na1+ O2- Ion charges: Cation: Positively charged ion Anion: Negatively charged ion Characteristics of ionic and molecular compounds Ionic Compound: Consists of a metal (cation and electron donor) and a non-me (anion and electron acceptor); in an ionic compound electrons are transferred fro metal to the non-metal, this transfer of electrons creates charged ions w attract each other forming the ionic bond. Properties of Ionic Compounds: Forms crystals. Soluble in water (dissolution) https://www.remnote.com/w/6775c3686017ef22006448a5/Chemistry-ubzNGsnj0FCjjsTXs 3/7 1/9/25, 7:33 PM Chemistry Hard, brittle (easily breakable) High melting and boiling point Become electrolytes when dissolved in water Molecular Compound: Consists of 2 or more non-metals held together by cova bonds and in molecular compounds the non-metals share their valence electr achieve a stable octet; when the 2 non-metals get close enough to each other, th nucleus of one non-metal attracts the valence electrons of the other non-metal forming the covalent bond. Properties of Molecular Compounds: Low melting and boiling point. Not soluble. Does not conduct electricity. Naming and writing the chemical formula for compound Naming Compounds 1. Ionic Compounds: Metal + Non-metal: Name the metal first, followed by the non-metal with its en to "-ide" (e.g., NaCl is sodium chloride). Transition Metals: Use Roman numerals to indicate the charge of the metal (e. iron(II) chloride). 2. Molecular Compounds: Use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.). The is named without a prefix if there's only one atom, while the second element al prefix (e.g., CO is carbon monoxide; CO₂ is carbon dioxide). 3. Acids: Binary Acids: For acids that contain hydrogen and one other non-metal, use th "hydro-", followed by the non-metal name with "-ic" (e.g., HCl is hydrochloric ac Oxyacids: If the anion contains oxygen, name it based on the anion's name (e.g sulfuric acid from sulfate). 4. Polyatomic: https://www.remnote.com/w/6775c3686017ef22006448a5/Chemistry-ubzNGsnj0FCjjsTXs 4/7 1/9/25, 7:33 PM Chemistry When naming compounds containing polyatomic ions, use ion name in compou you would for any monoatomic ion. Ex. NaNO 3 NO3 = Nitrate ion Name: Sodium Nitrate Name each element, non-metal (2nd element) ends in "ate" ‒ except hydroxide If element is Mutli-valence (Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn) then a Roman numeral is needed af element's name. Writing Chemical Formulas 1. Ionic Compounds: Write the symbols of the metal and non-metal, then balance the charges to find ratio. For example, in Na⁺ and Cl⁻, the formula is NaCl. 2. Molecular Compounds: Use the prefixes from the names to determine the subscripts in the formula. Fo dihydrogen monoxide or hydrogen oxide is written as H₂O. 3. Acids: Write the formula based on the names and their components. For example, hyd (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). 4. Polatomic: When writing chemical formulas use the "Criss-Cross Method." Ex. Sodium Carbonate Na1+ + CO32- = Na2CO3 Write each symbol. Polyatomic Compounds are found in the chart behind Periodic Table paper. Put each elements charge above the symbol. Cross each charge Down. Reduce to lowest numbers. https://www.remnote.com/w/6775c3686017ef22006448a5/Chemistry-ubzNGsnj0FCjjsTXs 5/7 1/9/25, 7:33 PM Chemistry Examples Ionic: NaCl (sodium chloride), CaO (calcium oxide) Molecular: N₂O₄ (dinitrogen tetroxide), CO (carbon monoxide) Acids: HCl (hydrochloric acid), H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) Polyatomic: NaNO3 (sodium nitrate), Periodic table trends and groups - List characteristics o group Types of chemical reactions: Law of Conservation of Mass: Law of Conservation of Mass: in any chemical reaction, the total Mass of reactan equal to the total Mass of products. No Mass is gained or lost in a chemical reaction. EVERYTHING IS TRANSFORMED Characteristics of Acids and Bases: Acids: Cation Binary acids and oxyacids. pH scale: below 7 Reacts with metals. Hydrogen gas is produced. Taste is sour. Example: citrus. Feel is watery. Neutralized by bases. Acid + base → salt + water Conduct electricity (electrolytes). In water, ions become free to move. https://www.remnote.com/w/6775c3686017ef22006448a5/Chemistry-ubzNGsnj0FCjjsTXs 6/7 1/9/25, 7:33 PM Chemistry Bases: Anions Hydroxides pH scale: above 7 Non-reactive to metals. Taste is bitter ; example: peel of lemon. Feel is slippery , example: soap. Neutralized by acids. Acid + base → salt + water Conduct electricity (electrolytes). In water, ions become free to move. https://www.remnote.com/w/6775c3686017ef22006448a5/Chemistry-ubzNGsnj0FCjjsTXs 7/7