Chemistry PDF

CHEMISTRY - a science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the changes that they go through. ANTOINE LAVOISIER considered the FATHER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY, Lavoisier promoted the chemical revolution, naming oxygen and helping systematize chemical...

CHEMISTRY - a science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the changes that they go through. ANTOINE LAVOISIER considered the FATHER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY, Lavoisier promoted the chemical revolution, naming oxygen and helping systematize chemical nomenclature "Elements of Chemistry" (book) discovered hydrogen and oxygen STATES OF MATTER solid - things that keep their own shape and don't change liquid - things that take the shape of whatever container they're in, but they still stay together gas - it is like an invisible air. They can fill any space and don't have a special shape PROPERTIES OF MATTER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - characteristics and measurement INTRINSIC intrinsic properties are not dependent upon how much material is present. (has something to do with the quality of a substance) melting point, boiling point, density, odor, taste, hardness, color, etc. EXTRINSIC extrinsic properties do depend on the size of a sample (has something to do with the measurements or quantity of a substance) mass, volume, weight, temparature CHEMICAL PROPERTIES - ability of a substance to change from one form to another CHEMICAL COMPOSITION combustibility, flammability, reaction with acid, base,, alcohol, etc. CHANGES IN MATTER PHYSICAL change in physical properties without changing its chemical composition no new product temporary reversible no change in mass EVAPORATION - liquid to gas CONDENSATION - gas to liquid  MELTING/LIQUEFACTION - solid to liquid FREEZING/SOLIDIFICATION - liquid to solid SUBLIMATION - solid to gas DEPOSITION - gas to liquid CHEMICAL changes in its chemical composition and constitution of the substance new product is formed permanent irreversible change in mass BURNING COOKING DIGESTION CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER PURE SUBSTANCES - possess definite, fixed, and unvarying composition with unique set of properties - made up of only one kind of matter ELEMENTS simplest form of substance cannot be decomposed by simple chemical means building blocks of matter COMPOUNDS substances that are made up of molecules with two or more kinds of atoms in definite proportions BONDS - ionic: electron transfer - covalent: electron sharing - metallic: interaction between metallic elements COMPOSITION - organic: carbon - inorganic: other elements - acids contains hydrogen, yields hydrogen ions in water solution - bases contains a metal with hydroxyl group - salts combined positive and negative ions  - oxides oxygen and other element MIXTURES - it is composed of two or more substances - it is based on appearance HETEROGENOUS - two or more distinct portion, different properties and composition HOMOGENOUS - uniform appearance, has the same properties and composition throughtout SEPARATION METHODS FILTRATION - the process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles DISTILLATION - the process that relies on evaporation to purify water MAGNETIC SEPARATION - the process of separating components of mixtures by using a magnet to attract magnetic substances DECANTATION - the process of separation of fluid from solid and other immiscible (non-mixing) liquids, by removing the liquid layer at the top from layer of solid or liquid below SUBLIMATION - the process in which a solid transforms into a gas phase without first melting to form a liquid phase. Volatile: easily evaporated (ex. ice)