Chemical Reactions And Balanced Equations PDF
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Dr. Dua'a Al-Maqdi
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This document provides an introduction to chemical reactions, including definitions, classifications, and examples of different types. It also explains balanced equations, the concept of stoichiometry, and the mole. The document is a lecture or presentation covering the fundamentals of chemistry, appropriate for undergraduate-level study.
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# Chemical Reactions And Balanced Equations **Dr. Dua'a Al-Maqdi** ## **At The End Of This Lecture You Should Be Able To**: 1. Define chemical reaction and chemical equation 2. Classified type of reaction 3. Read and write balanced chemical equation 4. Define Stoichiometry ## **Chemical Reaction...
# Chemical Reactions And Balanced Equations **Dr. Dua'a Al-Maqdi** ## **At The End Of This Lecture You Should Be Able To**: 1. Define chemical reaction and chemical equation 2. Classified type of reaction 3. Read and write balanced chemical equation 4. Define Stoichiometry ## **Chemical Reaction**: * A chemical reaction is a process characterized by a chemical change in which the starting materials (reactants) are converted into the products. * Chemical reactions tend to formation and breaking of chemical bonds. ## **Characteristics Of Chemical Reactions** * **Change of state** * **Change in color** * **Formation of a precipitate** * **Change in temperature** * **Evolution of gas** ## **Reactants**: * The starting material in a chemical reaction. ## **Products**: * The new substances formed during a chemical reaction * Reactants and products differ in their physical and chemical properties. ## **Reversible & Irreversible Reactions**: 1. **Reversible Reaction** * Chemical reaction which occurs both in forward as well as backward direction. * A two-way arrow (<->) is used to show such reaction. * For example, N<sub>2</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub> <-> 2NH<sub>3</sub> 2. **Irreversible Reaction** * Chemical reaction which occurs only in one direction i.e. forward direction * A single-headed arrow (->) is used to show such reaction. * For example, CaCO<sub>3</sub> -> CaO + CO<sub>2</sub> ## **Type Of Reactions** * **Combination Reaction** * **Decomposition Reaction** * **Displacement Reaction** * **Single displacement** * **Double displacement reaction** ## **Chemical Equation** * Chemical symbols used to show what happens during a chemical reaction * A chemical reaction can be expressed in word equation and chemical equation. * **Balanced chemical equation**: The one in which the atoms of each element must be equal on both sides of the equation i.e., both on reactant and product side. ## **Other Type of Reactions** * **Precipitation Reaction** * **Combustion Reaction** * **Redox Reaction** * **Neutralization Reaction** ## **Stoichiometry** * The study of the quantitative relationships or ratios between two or more substances undergoing chemical reaction. * The word derives from the Greek words: stoicheion (meaning "element") and metron (meaning "to measure"). * Most often, stoichiometry calculations deal with the mass or volumes of products and reactants. ## **Mole** * One mole of a substance is the amount of substance which contains a standard number of particles (atoms, ions or molecules). * Because atoms of different elements do not have the same mass, one mole of sodium will not be as heavy as one mole of calcium. ## **Stoichiometry is used**: * To predict quantities in chemical Reactions ## **Using Mole** * Moles provide a bridge from the molecular scale to the real-world scale * The number of moles correspond to the number of molecules. * 1 mole of any substance has the same number of molecules. ## **References** **Fundamentals of Chemistry (thoughtco.com)** **Introduction To Stoichiometry (thoughtco.com)**
