Chemical Bonding Concepts PDF

CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS  IONIC BONDING When an atom of a nonmeta akes one or more electrons from an atom of a metal so both atoms end up with eight valence electrons  IONIC BONDING IS THE COMPOUND AN IONIC COMPOUND...

CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS  IONIC BONDING When an atom of a nonmeta akes one or more electrons from an atom of a metal so both atoms end up with eight valence electrons  IONIC BONDING IS THE COMPOUND AN IONIC COMPOUND? METAL NONMETAL SUBSCRIPTS  IONIC BOND FORMATION Neutral atoms come near each other. Electron(s) are transferred from the Metal atom to the Non-metal atom. They stick together because of electrostatic forces, like magnets.  IONIC BONDING Metals will tend to lose electrons and become POSITIVE CATIONS Normal sodium atom loses one electron to become sodium ion  IONIC BONDING Nonmetals will tend to gain electrons and become NEGATIVE ANIONS Normal chlorine atom gains an electron to become a chloride ion  IONIC BONDING POLYATOMIC IONS--a group of atoms that act like one ion NH --ammonium ion 4 +1 CO3 --carbonate ion -2 PO --phosphate ion 4 -3 IONIC BONDING SODIUM SULFATE Properties of Ionic Compounds Crystalline structure. A regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid. Ions are strongly bonded. Structure is rigid. High melting points- because of strong forces between ions.  Crystalline structure The POSITIVE + + CATIONS - + - - - + - stick to the + - + - + NEGATIVE - + - + ANIONS, like a magnet.  Do they Conduct? Conducting electricity is allowing charges to move. In a solid, the ions are locked in place. Ionic solids are insulators. When melted, the ions can move around. Melted ionic compounds conduct. First get them to 800ºC. Dissolved in water they conduct. Ionic solids are brittle + - + - - + - + + - + - - + - +  Ionic solids are brittle Strong Repulsion breaks crystal apart. + - + - - + - + + - + - - + - +  COVALENT BONDING When an atom of one nonmetal shares one or more electrons with an atom of another nonmetal so both atoms  COVALENT BOND FORMATION When one nonmetal shares one or more electrons with an atom of another nonmetal so both atoms end up with eight valence electrons  COVALENT BONDING IS THE COMPOUND A COVALENT COMPOUND? NONMETAL NONMETAL YES since it is made of only nonmetal elements  Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons F  Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven F F  Covalent bonding  Fluorine has seven valence electrons  A second atom also has seven  By sharing electrons F F  Covalent bonding  Fluorine has seven valence electrons  A second atom also has seven  By sharing electrons F F  Covalent bonding  Fluorine has seven valence electrons  A second atom also has seven  By sharing electrons  Both end with full orbitals F F  Covalent bonding  Fluorine has seven valence electrons  A second atom also has seven  By sharing electrons  Both end with full orbitals F F 8 Valence electrons  Covalent bonding  Fluorine has seven valence electrons  A second atom also has seven  By sharing electrons  Both end with full orbitals F F 8 Valence electrons  Single Covalent Bond A sharing of two valence electrons. Only nonmetals and Hydrogen. Different from an ionic bond because they actually form molecules. Two specific atoms are joined. In an ionic solid you can’t tell which atom the electrons moved from or to.  Water, H2O Each hydrogen has 1 valence H electron Each hydrogen wants 1 more The oxygen has 6 valence electrons O The oxygen can share 2 electrons  Water The second hydrogen attaches Every atom has full energy levels HO H  Carbon dioxide CO - Carbon is central atom ( 2 I have to tell you) C Carbon has 4 valence electrons Wants 4 more O Oxygen has 6 valence electrons Can share 2 electrons  Carbon dioxide  The only solution is to share more O CO  Carbon dioxide  The only solution is to share more O C O  Carbon dioxide  The only solution is to share more  Requires two double bonds  Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond O C O  Carbon dioxide  The only solution is to share more  Requires two double bonds  Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond 8 valence electrons O C O  Carbon dioxide  The only solution is to share more  Requires two double bonds  Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond 8 valence electrons O C O  Carbon dioxide  The only solution is to share more  Requires two double bonds  Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond 8 valence electrons O C O