Chem 119 Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

Exam 2 guide  Know the definition of molarity  Be able to calculate concentrations in molarity and use concentrations in calculations (including dilution problems)  Be able to do stoichiometry problems using concentration  Be able to define solution, so...

Exam 2 guide  Know the definition of molarity  Be able to calculate concentrations in molarity and use concentrations in calculations (including dilution problems)  Be able to do stoichiometry problems using concentration  Be able to define solution, solvent, solute, soluble and insoluble  Understand how water dissolves an ionic compound (salt)  Be able to write formula (molecular), complete ionic, and net ionic equations  Be able to calculate how much solid will form in a precipitation reaction  Explain the difference between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes  Know acid base definitions o Arrhenius acid—a substance that produces hydrogen ions o Arrhenius base—a substance that produces hydroxide ions o Bronsted-Lowry acid—a proton donor o Bronsted-Lowry base—a proton acceptor  Know common acids and bases (and if they are strong or weak)  Recognize the Bronsted acid and base in a reaction  Calculate the pH of a solution from the concentration of hydronium ion in the solution  Calculate the hydronium ion concentration from the pH  Write overall balanced equations for precipitation, acid-base, and gas-forming reactions  Recognize combustion reactions (oxidation-reduction reaction with oxygen)  Be able to write formula, total ionic, and net ionic equations  Know the definitions of oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent and reducing agent  Be able to assign oxidation numbers  Be able to recognize what is oxidized and reduced in a redox reaction  Recognize the common types of reactions in aqueous solution   Understand the terms wavelength and frequency for electromagnetic radiation  Know how to convert between wavelength and frequency using the speed of light (2.998 X 108 m/s)  Given the electromagnetic spectrum be able to identify the radiation with the highest frequency, wavelength, and energy o Know the relationship between energy, wavelength, and frequency o Know and be able to use Planck’s equation (E = hv)  Be able to describe the photoelectric effect  Be able to describe the Bohr model of the atom o Understand that it can successful predict the emission line spectrum of excited hydrogen atoms o Know its limitations (multielectron systems) o Understand that in the Bohr model the electron can occupy only certain energy states, each with energy equal to (E n = -Rhc/n2), where n is the principle quantum number o Understand that if an electron moves from one energy level to another that the amount of energy absorbed or emitted in the process is equal to the difference in energy between the two states  Understand the particle-wave duality and how to use the de Broglie equation ( = h / mv)  Understand the basic ideas of quantum mechanics o Orbital for an electron in an atom corresponds to the allowed energy of that electron o The position of the electron is not known with certainty; only the probability of the electron being at a given point of space can be calculated (Heisenberg uncertainty principle)  Be able to describe the allowed energy states of the orbitals using quantum numbers n, l and ml  Be able to describe the shapes of the s, p, and d orbitals  Know the Pauli Exclusion Principle  Know the order in which the orbitals are filled with electrons  Know the definition of the effective nuclear charge (Z*) o Know how Z* varies across the periodic table  Be able to define the electron configurations of atoms and ions o Orbital box notation o spdf notation o quantum numbers  Know the definition of valence electrons  Know which orbitals are being filled in different regions of the periodic table  Know the electronic configuration of the transition metals o Understand that Cr and Cu do not follow the “n + l” rule for electron configuration  Be able to classify elements and ions as paramagnetic or diamagnetic