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PPT ① mensurement tb me rnlue of Accurayprecision 了 proximily a quxwly severa1 mensrement to enunuer mnde...

PPT ① mensurement tb me rnlue of Accurayprecision 了 proximily a quxwly severa1 mensrement to enunuer mnde of Atrmil heoy : a1 mntrre smablprricles CnledntomsXdestmyed / ented 的 Intusie prop , → indpendent of nmount densityibp Extensi 比 prop. →depnd upon 在 nmnuut massaehergy " sNumber 6. oL 2 xlos Avogndra ntnms PPT ② * Innil bonding - lntrice enerpyemergyreqmred es cnmplerely tpemteα mole A m innics ) mer cgsims □ Coulombls nw K q qi. _ chwgeofpmick Ee ( = d ( aistnnce bwe ( _ emtrs of bricly Camstant more negabe Ee. me posiire tatliceenergy 丶  intice → 4 mm rtions ergy mnge - 4 mm size A inns deenzing * Cornlent bonaing - α llvalence ellcron 的 Leissutes wsho eg. 照 " H : 0 ∴ P凹 rnlenceelectrons = 7 x3 + 5 = 26 : 武 o 吐 + [ : N ≡ 0: ] 洲品 e = c (  [的 cii j 怛 0. … 43 … ] Po 段 只 … bondi e - Formal Mmgl = Vα lmce e - 望 _ nonbondinge - Excpianstb the octet me vo π= 的 & ∴=∵ BF3 含.∵ :F : 江 : … PF 5 ∴ - 短 1 :. Fi Boud No of bonds be two nbms 8 engh - :. band ☆ lengen 30 munipy nd Amnunt的 wy brenk bond : tb - ( Posilive ) into two nwni atnms 牛 二 心 一  - Bmd rder : 4 band rder 少 bomdlength 3 3 上 O 台. 1 < < ngn ≡ - Resonan 比 sucte : Moe hanone leis sucture → snme bond serengehlength O3 eg. 品 ∴: : ∴ Polarily * * units : m - 2 cm o1 m × 10 0. - 3 mm 0. 001 m × 10 6 10 - um 0. 00000 1 m x 9 10 - nm a , 00000000 1 m [ -1 ∞ A 2 0000000001 m co 0 心 。  PP [ ③ * Electromnghei( Raiaion E hvfrequency = ( Enrgy ) 1 34 6 626 Js ' Planck Canstaut - s =. x 1O csonx品品grxlwnmlorqumayeagen ( speed ) h= 1 * Bohr Model → ground stale (n) hucleus stable - Priniple qumtum n= l Votinn ofquantized 包 n= 2 3 4 - n = , , n } exurstate = → energies h= 4 En = - RH ( 亢 ) xstable austantlcom 6 y 1034) Pauckoy muga= _ trqmmy ) 一 齒 手  * - Qunntum wnve functinn Mechanics (ψ ' ) fiimmm } ml m - sspin momentum maguetic Qunutum Namber G fowr arbitnl ( h , t, me , ms ) ~ h Enngy lee 1. nzintergus ≥ 1. l : 8 hape rf arbila 1 , fromotr n 1 l = 0 s : spheical 4 n 4 radins ml 器往灣浪 , hmtmpab 的紹 l = 3 f - 3 2, 1 - - , 0 ,., 2 3 1 ,. Ml : Tae- imensinnn |mentaian , from-1 tn 1 1 S orbitals i le P arbilalS = = ‰ rbitals … 紫 rbilals 。 一  的 i mly elechonsinencu orbitals mnx,. s 2 , orbilals of 空 - max us e 立 ,. ar { 忘 - Ener 的 sf orbitals : 7 ㄧ4. one - elecron : orbilnis mU snme nsamenery b Chydrogern ) deyenenntr rbilals snme orbital) m same n Muliple - yStems : 的 # nergy e. bl b mergy G 8 meumes☆ n 4 energy e 3d 7 4s g.. * Aufbau Priniple : electronsfill e orbirtnb mrderof inuensing evergy ' Hund Fr bisor s mle degememe inmestemergy : is attamedwhen nn. ofe - ih snmespin is mnximired ☆ Filling Is > 2s > 2 > } s 23 4s > 3d : p p > … f> 4 d> p 48 > d- Removing: … > 5s > 4 4 > 3 … [ Ar] 483 d 5 b Excepim : G [ Ar ] 4 s 3 di ' ∞ Ca 米 心 音 一  * Aomil Radius 4 dimm * agromp Innic Radius De Dsize 4 pssihe umgl - - cnions G sire 4 dom 入 column 4 hrge - size e minns - egniu 4 size 4 down n calumn * Innizoim Energy : mey ismeeded 4 的emve ench sucessie ecwonse - < Iz < I3 b Deergy is needed b remne e down a column 工、 心  PPT ④ V 8 EPR mnde1 * : me singleldubeiple & lone pr e = 1 electron domnin L 公 nenr 1800 ≈ elecrnn dnmmn = 2 B - A - B b sp ybirdied ED genmey ( pimar B Tigonn - decran dnmmn = 3 < B主的的的 ; Molecular 1 1 B [ gonn mxrP 的 genmiy bent < 1 dnmmm) nmbonhhg b hybidized = sp t比wnhedral decrm dommn = 4 I ioni 5 z 廢龜 : teernhnecdral 或管 零 B B [ BB 104 50. ( ) gona 2pyramidnl iunnbonding domin 的 | bent ( domin ) 3 nmbanding idized sp hy的 * = 6 ≡ 4 densi 4 bmd 3 比 s angres > B 2 elements majmy - , ( subsituianal / intersitia 1 ) meta1 - lecron - sen mode ( onsen + of mobie decrnn) mnleculnr orbilal mndel ② Ionil Soids Compies Mlernatrly Uged ims - - 4m p.. ( hsize 4 mp. ) dectiial insulatmsM fom - aystalline ③ Molecular Soids - DF DDIC , HB ) , - Dmtrmoleulw fones pmp. - disete moleules as indiidual unit Covnlent- network Souds- large nelwor )的 arnlent bond ④ - hma , 4 mp - orbilnibIralenceonanctinm moleular molecules4 massb Polymes - ⑤ sequenially bonaing 的 repeneingmt nddiion C polymers VC [ andensatiom = polymers ubypradmct CCopolymers ) ⑥ Nanomnteials Barticles mh dimension ot 1 - 1 oonm - semicanducar / metnl nnuomatials - eg. Cmbm nanomnteials 瓜 llerene [ Nanolube oraphene  cause mnss PPT ⑦ 品 y lemprise caypnuly trausfer hent * Enry : 古 d 0work m - Kinetil - assoante morement mh nssoin 在mlh positinn ( Chemilnl amposiinns Potemial - -Chemi( al pe. mgerly fram drctrostnir aises 1 interniiansof hamged parricde _ lechostn比 ( Botenin energy ) = KDiazchangepmiue d _ distance * TMermomemistry be conrtedframone fom tomother enery com - , but is neither enled nn destrnyed sumofnbl mer - Intrnn( enery CE ) : 的 - EmiinJ [ t E CE =Eann nmge ) - [ CE = q Eunemummndrthenmiuqso + q< o state fuucion of Uat is delrmined - : Propery syatm 的 speifyng systemis conditinnlstntr → rnlue mly depends an esent stnte intwna ( - Eimiin} e mergyIEfinn 1 → , g. 「  slnte function - Enhpy (H ) 近= + POVJ E b nt Canstant P mme in LH = Chent + 1 - ). q DH tmmmic K shift 在 h 比left ∵ 4. eqm product * Fnchrs affect eqm position 1 renctant productConcenrnion : 4entant → ight. / 4 lett pmduct → P → fewer 2. Volu 的 & essm : 中 4 V no ofmoleofgas. 4 V ↓P can be hmgedbyR → mm no of mleofgas. t 1 入seous enctnut /Product g -. Temp 4T ↓ K left 3 : xothermil → endothermic4 T 4 ight → K brh fammd & renclian 4 Catalysts catalyst reverse :. → eqm remins unchauged  * Acid & Bases : nid &basehnt - Canjugate α id. base pmr miy differs in the ezenceor nbgence& α proton of b 2 sets comjugae nid base pmrsm a rnclion - Ht eg remave hyuronium Nitrsus rrir HD HNO 2 ⇌ + H30 + ion acid ncid base conjugat conjugat 1 base inid ndd Ht Conjugnte base Pnt substaule minns : me roton conjugate nid:pent substmce Plus me proton - nid & basestreughh conjugnle basesi l strang nids : Completely ionile → ey wenk wenk nids : parially ionize → wenk negigible nihly ant ionize veryserong : → 洲 basts:ncceptHt completely < ( ceqm > l ) + wenk bases : ncpt H pwinlly ( keqm l ) ~ 比洲 lly enk bnses : X nuptH +( Keqm 7]. blue → ua [ < 7] indicntor metuyi ed bromthymolblue. , Phenolphhalein. pH meter poH scnle OH = 1 og [ oHJ - p - 。  ,HBr HNO 3 8 trong α id : HC HI H2 SO4 - , 1 , , HClO 3 HClO 4. { ( hloic α id ) perchlomcaid ) dissocintes → completely → [ H3O + ] = [ nud ] - strang bnse : innil hydroxides of nNkn 的 metnls → Cnmpletely dissocintes → [ oH ] [ mern( hydroxide 了 - = - 14 1 ∞ x 10 + ]. Fr + lng [ H [ H ] pH : = - = [ OH ] - - wenk ncid → not Completlly dissointes [ Hz 0 ] [ A ] + * → Ka rnm HA + H ) Hz 0 - = ← A + → α id - dissociation [ HA ] constmt enter mnn stroug nid. Dercentnge inuirnion = [ inmired hrJeqm × 100% HAJ+ nilial [ ncids Polyrotil > 1 acidic : proton. iffence nf Ka & Kaz 103 >. nnlydepudsanka , 、 心 止  wenk base dissociate → hnt completely 上 [ HB ] [ o 1t ] - → = base dissaciation [B] canstaut BFar nid & tts canjugate bnse Ka Ko [ A] [ H30+ ] [HA ] [ 0 H ] - [ × x [ HA ] [ A] = [ H 30 ] [ OH ] = Kw - Common - inn effect Dionizninn nf wenk electolyte by α uung mlh stronglecrolyte commonion Buffers conc. of wenk - : Soluin的 h4 Conjugnerbpnir sistdrnstic adcding 比 → chmge im pH men strang acidlbnse. Henderson - Hnsselbalch equation [ bnse] pH pkn + 的 = InidJ [ ka] log - 一  PPT ⑨ rtchemical * lecwochemisty :studyaf he nterchamge elecical werg md 的 [ speuis iS oxidiled , he -Irauingagenty oxidaian : reduclinn : speies iseduced , 4 e [oxiiringαgnt) , ( spontaneous 比ncion ) Galvnnic Cells nnode :oxidnion 40 N [ nthnde. : rduction boN cell dingrom. mode l nnodeelecrolyle llcnthodeelectrolytel cnhode.cel potenin1 , Ecen Celecromoie fme ) " stnndrd Cell 6 E. potenin cell. staudrd reducim ) Erd , potenin ( SHE ) , stnmdd hydragn electrode b pt / m比 fnlnselectrnde G 2H + ( 1 M) + 2e - →z ( 101 3 KPn) Eid = o nq , g , , af the , salt idge : nlowions b igrnteulout Soluinn to mmntmnchonge neutrnhly 。  - Eedlmode > ^ ^ E (eu = E ea ( ℃ hnde ) + Eed. cnthode " - E red. mode LG = - 2 FE → Cel potuial C □ c /mo ) anstmt F 96485 Fnrndny = Uo. of mnle. of e - wnnsferred + ECeuu - OG. spontmenus fmwwd uncion - Eceli + OG. spontaneous 比 erlrenction O Ecel) t eqm , reersed encrion → mly changesign OG = - RIluk = - 2 FEeu 8 Z14 J temp imanstamt ! 6485 Cmt 1. V 瓷 0 嶼 025 ^ E luk Eeu= µk. = len.Non -stmd 的 Coniims ( Xnteqm ) E F µQ Eceu = Eieu 然 - Eceu = ^eu bgQ 一 八 一 。  * Eleceokysis * elecropining Mnde (t) oxidnim → metnl mnde [ ( athode C- )eductinn → objet to 比 conted * Applicntions [ selondy veeunged cel t pnmmy cellvrechnnged nid lend bnttey : cm bnelery - - Pb ( s) - τ Hs 04 - nnnde : + → Pbso 4 [s) + H + 2e + cathode + : Pboz (s) + HSO4 3 H+ 2 e- → PbsO4 [ s) + 2H2O 2H+ J - [ Pb + Pbo 2 + 2 HSO 4 + → 2Pb δ O 4 + 2H∞ extrnat eMged 的a eugyimput - A 1 knune batlery 20比 - - mnde: zn( s ) + → 2 nocs ) + H∞ + 2e cnthode - H∞ 2e MnDs ( s ) + DH - + : 2Mnnz (s ) + → [ zn + 2Mnoz → ZnO + Mn ∞ 3 了 心 - Li ion bntleries - + LiCoo 2→ - mnde Li - nC. O 2 + nLi : t ne (nthnde : nLi + + C + ne - → inc - Fuel cell Hz 4 H+ - mnde : 2 → + 4e H cnthode :O +4 +4 e 2 + → 2H ∞ chemicnt energy → decicnlenergy meter - pH * Comosion ( spontnuenus ) 比 ducian : Oz + 2H2O + 4e → 40 - nxidatian 2t 2 Fe 4e - : 2 Fe → + D educeCownsion : conting < elecropining ) [ * 13 ) cathndil protecionCencie metxl )