Chemistry Notes - Matter, Chemical Trends, Bonding

 Trends Matter , Chemical , Chemical Bonding Bond...

 Trends Matter , Chemical , Chemical Bonding Bond e lonic and covalent types Ionic Bonds formed · between metals and nonmetals Elections transferred from metal to non-metal · are Covalent Bands famed between nonmetals shared between · Electrons are atans be polar (unequal sharing electrons) (equal sharing · can of or nonpolar compounds and covalent Naming ioic e lonic compounds · Name the metal first then nonmetal with "-ide" , for transition metals > - · specify charge using roman numerals · Ex. Fells is iron (111) Chloride covalent compounds · use prefixes to indicate the # of atoms (mono- di- , tri j etc. , first keeps its name the second ends with "-ide" · the element , · Ex. CO2 is carbon dioxide Atomic Radius increases down (more electron shells) a group Decreases period (greater charge closer) · across nuclear pulls e- Band Polarity Determined by difference in btun 2 atoms electronegativity · DEN 11. 7 IONIC 0 4 < JEN - > - color temperature Cheat change change (bubbling) (solid - > - gas formation precipitate formation in a solth)  Reaction Types Synthesis (combination 1 to · Two or more reactants combine form one product A + B - AB Ex. 2Hz + 02 - 2H , 0. 2 Decomposition one compound down · breaks into two or more products AB > - A + B. 3 Single Displacement replaces compand · one element another in a A + BC -> Ac + B Ex. 2n + CuSOy -Inson + Cu 4. Double Displacement ials in compounds two exchange places · AB + CD -> AD + CB EX. NaCl AgNOz - WaNOz AgC + + S. combustion oxygen light CO2 , He · A substance reacts with , producing heat , , Ex. (Hy + 202 > - CO2 + 2Hy0. Neutralization 6 acid and produce and · A rxn between an a base to a salt water HA + BOH > - BA + He o Ex. HCl + NaOH > - NaCl + H , 0 Reactivity Series (single displacement list of elements ranked by their ability to displace others in compound · a a Reactive > - K Na , Ca Mg Al example : In CuSOn -InSoy Cu-rxn Inborely Highly occurs be + + , , , X moderate > - In , te , Ph Cu + InSOn - No reaction-Cu is below In Less Reactive > - H Cu , Ag. An ,  Antacids ↳ substances that neutralize acid Examples : Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCOs) : NaHCO3 + HC1 > - Nacl + CO 2 + He0 (OH) hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) Mg 2HC) MgCle + & 2H : 0 Magnesium + 2 = calcium carbonate (CaCO3) : CaCO3 + 2HCl > - CaCle + CO2 + He Quantities Chemical for Reactions moles (mol) n = memass a s (y/mol) Mole Ratios The and produces balanced · ratio of moles of reactants in a chemical ea 2H2 + 02 - 2H20 mole ratio is 2 : 1 : 2 Empirical formulas 1. convert mass of each element to moles 2 Divide each value value. more by smallest mole. 3 Round to nearest whole # Molecular formulas Molecular formula = (Empirical formula) * R n = molecular mass Empirical famula mass Reactant Limiting 1. convert mass of each reactant to moles. use 2 mole ratio to calculate how much product each reactant can produce reactant product the reactant. the 3 producing less is limiting To predict amount of product produced reactant limiting to calculate moles of product · use convert moles of product to grams using its molar mass  treaetical Yield ↳ formed from max amt of product that can be limiting reactant 1. Identify limiting reactant. 2 to find mass use stoichiometry Actual Yield percent Yield = X 100 Theoretical Yield Reasons for low Yield · other was consume reactants does · Reaction not to completion go product is lost during separation Inaccurate measurements Solutions and solubility Concentration amt solute amt of solutial solvent given of in a or Acids Release H + in water pH < 7 · ions , Bases · Release Of ions in water PH > 7 · Neutralization Reaction · Rxn between an acid and a base to form water and a salt Dissociation and las formed Process which ionic compounds split into ions when dissolved by in water · acids/bases > - dissociate completely strong acids/bases & dissociate weak partially  Curve Solubility -> shows between and relationship solubility temperature ↑ solids-solubility With temp Gases & increases solubility as temp - Boyles Law At constant temperature and moles pressure and volume of gas are inversely proportional · the a , P, V , = P2Vz Charles Law and volume is directly proportional its absolute temperature · At pressure moles the of to constant , a gas VI It Kelvin = in 5 Gay-Lussac's Law abs · At constant volume and moles , the proportional to its pressure of a gas is directly temp = It in Kelvin Law Avogadros · At constant temperature and pressure the volume of is directly proportional to the # of moses gas , a # Va M2 Kelvin Temperature T(() = + %) + 273. 13 T (oc) = T(k) - 273 15. Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT ↑ variable find rearrange for you are trying to HCl - + 21 acid ↓ proton gets released Nach e Nat ↓ - base release OH in water Neutralization & HCl + NaOH > - H20 + NaCl