Acids, Bases, and Salts: Cheat Sheet PDF

PRASHANT KIRAD Acids , Bases And Salts Litmus solution is a purple dye from lichen, used as an indicator Chemical Properties of Acid: ACID...

PRASHANT KIRAD Acids , Bases And Salts Litmus solution is a purple dye from lichen, used as an indicator Chemical Properties of Acid: ACID BASES Base with Metal Metal + Base → Salt + Hydrogen Gas Usually sour in taste. Bitter in taste and soapy to touch. eg; Zn + 2NaOH → Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂ {Hydrogen gas evolved; indicates Turns blue litmus paper red. Turns red litmus paper blue. a reaction with the base} Gives hydrogen ions in solution Gives hydroxyl ions in solution Base with Non- Non-Metallic Oxide + Base → Salt + Water pH < 7 pH > 7 Metal Oxide {Neutralization reaction; forms e.g. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), eg. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) eg; CO₂ + Ca(OH)₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O salt and water, indicating acidic Acetic Acid (CH₃COOH) nature of non-metal oxide}. tant Impor Base + Acid → Salt + Water NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O Natural Source Acid Natural Source Acid Vinegar Acetic acid Sour milk (Curd) Lactic acid Chemical Properties of Acids: Orange Citric acid Lemon Citric acid Acid with Metal eg: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂ Tamarind Tartaric acid Ant sting {Hydrogen gas evolved; bubbles in soap solution ignite with a Methanoic acid Oxalic acid Nettle sting popping sound when a burning candle is brought near.} Tomato Methanoic acid Metal Carbonate eg: Na₂CO₃ + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O INDICATORS: A chemical compound that changes its colour in {Carbon dioxide turns lime water milky, indicating its presence} presence of an acid or a base. Metal Hydrogencarbonate eg: NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O OLFACTORY: substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic {Carbon dioxide turns lime water milky, indicating its presence.} medium are called Olfactory indicators. eg- Vanilla, Onion. clove oil. base (no smell), acid (smell remains) Metallic Oxide eg: CuO + 2HCl → CuCl₂ + H₂O {The solution turns blue-green, indicating the formation of Natural: (found in nature) copper(II) chloride.} Indicator Neutral solution Reac. with Acid Reac. with Base Strength of Acids and bases: Litmus Pale purple (Mauve) Red Blue Strength of Acid and Base can be estimated using universal Hydrangea Blue Blue pink indicator. flowers It shows different colours at different concentrations of H+ Turmeric yellow yellow Red ions in the solution. Synthetic: (from chemical proesses) P(potenz)H: pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. {power of hydrogen} Indicator Reac. with Acid Reac. with Base pH7 { Basic } H: strong acid + strong base are neutral (pH 7). Strong acids release more H⁺ ions, while weak acids release strong acid + weak base are acidic (pH < 7), fewer H⁺ ions. The same applies to bases. strong base + weak acid are basic (pH > 7). Dilution occurs when an acid or base is mixed with water, reducing the concentration of H₃O⁺ or OH⁻ ions per unit volume, making the Sodium Chloride (NaCl) HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O (Neutral) acid or base less concentrated. Found in seawater and Used in food seasoning, raw rock salt deposits material for chemicals like NaOH,. diluted acid - small amount of Concentrated acid - large Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 2NaCl + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + Cl₂ + H₂ acid (solute) dissolved in a amount of acid dissolved in a (Basic) (Chlor-alkali process) large amount of water (solvent) small amount of water. Produced by electrolysis of brine At anode: Cl₂ (uses Water treatment, PVC, disinfectants) Importance of pH in daily life: At cathode: H₂ gas (uses Fuels, margarine.) Digestion: The stomach uses hydrochloric acid with a pH of 1 to Near cathode: NaOH solution is formed (Soap, paper, 3 to break down food. textiles.) Soil: Plants thrive in soil with a pH of 6.3 to 7.3. If soil is too acidic, adding lime helps; if too basic, gypsum is added. Tooth Decay: Bacteria in the mouth make it acidic, leading to tooth decay. Toothpaste, being basic, balances the mouth's pH. Blood: Blood functions best with a pH between 7.0 to 7.8. Plants and Animals: They prefer specific pH levels, with most plants growing best in soil around pH 7. Bee Stings: Baking soda neutralizes the acidity caused by bee stings. Acid Rain: Pollution can cause rain to become acidic, harming fish and other animals. Sodium Hydrogen NaCl + H₂O + CO₂ + NH₃ → NH₄Cl + NaHCO₃ Salts Carbonate (NaHCO₃) (Basic) Used in bakng powder, alts are ionic compounds composed of positively charged ions Produced using sodium chloride, antacids, soda-acid fire (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions), These ions are water, and carbon dioxide extinguisher. held together by ionic bond Sodium Carbonate 2NaHCO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O Baking Soda Are the Crystals of Salts really Dry? (Na₂CO₃) (Basic) Copper sulphate, contain water molecules in their crystal Obtained by heating sodium Used in glass, soap, and structure, known as water of crystallisation. hydrogen carbonate and paper industries, and to When copper sulphate crystals are heated, they lose their recrystallization remove water hardness. water of crystallisation and turn from blue to white. Rehydration: Adding water back to the white, anhydrous copper Calcium Oxychloride Ca(OH)₂ + Cl₂ → CaOCl₂ + H₂O sulphate restores its blue color. (CaOCl₂) Bleaching powder Chemical Formula: The hydrated form of copper sulphate is Produced by reacting Used for bleaching in textile represented as CuSO₄·5H₂O, indicating it has five water chlorine with slaked lime and paper industries, molecules per formula unit.. Calcium Sulphate CaSO₄·2H₂O (gypsum) → CaSO₄·½H₂O (Plaster Hemihydrate of Paris) + 1½H₂O (Neutral) (CaSO₄·½H₂O) Chapter ka KAZAANA: Found as gypsum in Used for removing permanent natural deposits hardness of water. Indicators + pH scale Chlor - Alkali Process Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate Na₂CO₃ + 10H₂O → Na₂CO₃·10H₂O POP, Washing, Baking Soda (Specially (Basic) (Na₂CO₃·10H₂O) Washing Soda Baking Soda) Produced by Used as washing soda, in glass, recrystallization of sodium soap, and paper industries, and carbonate for removing permanent hardness of water. Copper(II) Sulphate CuSO₄·5H₂O (blue) → CuSO₄ (white) + 5H₂O (CuSO₄·5H₂O) (Acidic)